BISC 227 chapter 17
serous, mucous
A salivary gland has two types of cells: ______ cells that produce a watery fluid containing salivary amylase to digest starch and glycogen, and ______ cells that produce a thicker secretion that binds food particles together and lubricates the bolus for swallowing.
pancreas
A spongy retroperitoneal organ located posterior to the stomach and partially attached to the small intestines is the ______________.
enamel of teeth
Dental caries (i.e., cavities) are degeneration of which structure?
mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa
Describe the wall of the alimentary canal
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food in forms that cell membranes can absorb
Digestion
carbohydrates
Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of ______ in the mouth.
cephalic; gastric; intestinal
Gastric secretion is controlled by the brain during the ______ phase, by the stomach in the ______ phase, and by the small intestine during the ______ phase.
bile
Hepatic cells produce a yellowish-green liquid called ___________ that assists with lipid digestion.
teeth
In the mouth, the structures that begin the mechanical digestion of food by breaking it down into smaller pieces are the ______________.
endocrine secretion
Insulin is secreted in what kind of secretion process
stomach
Name the J-shaped, pouch-like organ that hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity.
soft palate
Name the structure indicated by the arrow in the picture.
mixing and propelling movements
Name the types of movements in the alimentary canal.
chyme
Once food is mixed with gastric juice, it is called
pits or pit
Openings at the ends of tubular gastric glands in the gastric mucosa, as indicated by the arrows are called gastric ________________.
carbohydrates; disaccharides
Pancreatic amylase breaks ______ down into ______.
deciduous
Permanent teeth replace milk or ________teeth.
1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis externa 4. serosa
Place the layers of the wall of the digestive tract in order, starting with the innermost (deepest) layer at the top. -mucosa -muscularis externa -serosa -submucosa
gastric cephalic intestinal
Secretions essential to stomach function are regulated in three phases: the __________ phase, the ____________ phase, and the ____________ phase.
Blank 1: amylase Blank 2: mucus
Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary ___________ which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called _____________ , which lubricates the food during swallowing.
hardest; are not
Teeth are the ______ structures in the body and ______ part of the skeletal system.
permanent, deciduous
Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth.
stomach
The J-shaped, 25- to 30-centimeter long, pouchlike organ located inferior to the diaphragm in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity is the ________________.
lips
The ______ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. They contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods.
tongue
The ______ is a thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed.
anterior
The ______ part of the tongue is freely moveable.
Blank 1: mucosa or mucous membrane Blank 2: serosa or serous layer
The alimentary canal consists of four layers that are, beginning with the innermost tissues, the ___________, submucosa, muscularis externa, and _____________.
Blank 1: sympathetic Blank 2: parasympathetic
The alimentary canal is innervated by the ___________and_______________ divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Pharynx
The cavity located posterior to the mouth, extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus, is the ______.
oropharynx; voluntary
The first stage of swallowing involves the tongue moving the bolus into the ______. This process is a(n) ______ action.
teeth or tooth
The hardest structures in the mouth that are not part of the skeletal system are called ______________.
bicarbonate ions
The hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a solution high in ______.
secretin
The hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete an abundant amount of fluid rich in bicarbonate ions when acidic chyme enters the duodenum is ____________.
upper; diaphragm
The liver is located in the right ______ quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just inferior to the ______.
digestion
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that the cells can use is called ______.
Blank 1: mixing or segmentation Blank 2: propelling or peristalsis
The motor functions of the alimentary canal are ______________ movements that combine food with digestive fluids and _______________ movements that move materials along the digestive tract.
mastication, speech, and sensory perception
The oral cavity functions in ______.
digestive enzymes; insulin
The pancreas secretes ______ by exocrine mechanisms, and ______ by endocrine mechanisms.
amylase
The pancreatic enzyme that digests starch is called pancreatic ______________.
crown
The part of a tooth that projects upward beyond the gum is called the ________________.
esophagus
The part of the digestive tract indicated by the arrow is the .
root
The portion of the tooth within the alveolus is known as the _____________.
common
The right and left hepatic ducts converge to form the ______________ hepatic duct.
hard palate; soft palate
The roof of the mouth consists of a bony anterior portion called the ______ and a muscular posterior portion called the ______.
cheeks
The structures forming the lateral walls of the mouth, consisting of outer layers of skin, pads of subcutaneous fat, muscles associated with expression and chewing, and inner linings of moist, stratified squamous epithelium, are the __________________.
Blank 1: lips or labia
The structures surrounding the mouth opening that contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods are the _______________.
saliva
The substance that functions to moisten the mouth, clean the teeth, inhibit bacterial growth, and aid in swallowing by moistening food is called
mechanical; chemical
There are two main components to digestion, ______ digestion and ______ digestion.
gastric
Tubular glands that open into gastric pits of the fundus and body of the stomach are called _____________________glands.
1. mix the contents with fluids 2.move the contents along the tract.
What are functions of motor movements in the alimentary canal? -chemical digestion of the food -mix the contents with fluids -secrete enzymes to aid in digestion -move the contents along the tract.
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What are the accessory organs?
begin mechanical digestion
What is the function of teeth?
part of the tooth below the gumline
What part of the tooth is the root?
the portion of the tooth that extends above the gumline
What portion of the tooth is the crown?
caries
When bacteria digest sugars and produce acids, they can create cavities within tooth enamel called dental ___________.
posterior to the parietal peritoneum and posterior to the stomach
Where is the pancreas located?
posterior to oral cavity
Where is the pharynx located?
-polymerizes glucose to glycogen -breaks down glycogen to glucose -converts noncarbohydrates to glucose
Which are functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?
1. sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system 2. parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system
Which nervous systems innervate the alimentary tract of the digestive system?
mouth
Which part of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration?
esophagus
Which structure has no digestive function, but conveys food to the stomach?
mucosa
Which wall layer is in direct contact with food substances?
uptake of substances
absorption
cec-
blind
blind-ended sac at the origin of the large intestine
cecum
hydrolysis
chemical digestion is done through a process called
juice
chym-
Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.
chyme
cari-
decay
falling off
decidu-
baby teeth
deciduous teeth
tooth decay
dental caries
opening in the diaphragm for the esophagus
esophageal hiatus
aliment-
food
membranous fold that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth
frebulum
bridle, restraint
frenul-
stomach
gastr-
part of the stomach that secretes gastric juice
gastric gland
liver
hepat-
duct that carries bile from the liver to the bile duct
hepatic duct
opening
hiat-
water digestive
hydrolysis uses _____and ________ ________ to break down the complex molecules
tongue
lingu-
mass of lymphatic tissue at the root of the tongue
lingual tonsil
Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces without altering the chemical composition
mechanical digestion
exocrine secretion
pancreatic juice is secreted in what kind of secretion process
around
peri-
waves of muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract
peristalsis
gatekeeper, door
pyl-
muscle that serves as a valve between the stomach and the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
straight
rect-
distal (end) portion of the large intestine
rectum
to soak up
sorpt-
tubelike part of the digestive system
tubelike part of the digestive system
hairy
vill-
tiny projections of mucous membrane in the small intestine
villi
carries out ingestion of food, mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption, propulsion, and defecation
what are the general functions of the digestive system?
part of the tooth below the gumline
what part of the tooth is the root
the mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine the anal canal
which organs constitute the alimentary canal