Bisc Chapter 4
carbons in glucose
All of the carbons in glucose are incorporated into carbon dioxide. One carbon dioxide molecule is released as the three-carbon pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis is converted into a two-carbon molecule that enters the citric acid cycle, which then releases two carbon dioxide molecules.
anorexia
BMI below 18.5
Substrate
Chemicals that are metabolized by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
Stage 3
Electron Transport and ATP synthesis -electrons harvested during the citric acid cycle are now carried by NADH to the final stage of cellular respiration -
Activation Energy
Energy required to start the metabolic reaction, it serves as a barrier to catalysts
Which reaction occurs during glycolysis?
Glucose is converted into pyruvic acid.
What do enzymes do?
Help break down or build up substances, or build complex substances from simpler ones.
The citric acid cycle transfers electrons to
NADH and FADH2.
Stage 1 of Cellular Respiration?
Stage 1: Glycolysis(harvest energy, the 6 carbon glucose molecule is first broken down into two3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules. Occurs outside the mitochondria. Does not require oxygen and after after initial input of energy produces a net total of molecules of ATP
Stage 2 of Cellular Respiration
The Citric Acid Cycle. -pryuvic acid is decarboxylated(loses a carbon dioxide molecule) and the 2-carbon fragment enters the citric acid cycle, a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions that take place in the matrix of the mitochondria. -original glucose is further broken down -more of its electrons are harvested and the remaining carbons are released as carbon dioxide
Which process takes place outside of the mitochondrion during cellular respiration?
The process of glycolysis, which breaks down glucose, takes place in the cytosol.
Active site
The region of the enzyme where the substrate binds
During the citric acid cycle what happens?
The remains of the carbohydrate are broken down, electrons are harvested, and carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.
Induced Fit
The shape change by the enzyme in response to substrate binding
nderweight individuals have a greater risk of being sterile because?
estrogen is blocked from its role in fertility
what influences BMR?
exercise habits,biological sex, and genetics
Metabolism
general term used to describe all the chemical reactions happening in the body.
anaerobic respiration
generating energy in the abscise of oxygen help muscle cells produce ATP
When muscle cells are running low on oxygen where do they get their ATP from?
glycosis
Metabolic Rate
is a measure of his or her energy use
fermentation
is an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available. Fermentation occurs in yeast cells, and a form of fermentation takes place in bacteria and in the muscle cells of animals.
What kind of molecule is ATP?
nucleotide triphosphate.
Mitochondria
produce energy in the form of ATP, which cells can use to perform work. An increased number of mitochondria in the cell increases the amount of ATP available for cell functions such as muscle contraction.
Basal Metabolic Rate
represents the energy use of a wakeful person
Cellular respiration
series of metabolic reactions that converts the energy stored in chemical bonds of food into energy that cells can use.
ATP carries?
stored chemical energy that can be used to perform cellular work
phosphorylation
transferring a phosphate to another molecule