Bisc Chapter 4

carbons in glucose

All of the carbons in glucose are incorporated into carbon dioxide. One carbon dioxide molecule is released as the three-carbon pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis is converted into a two-carbon molecule that enters the citric acid cycle, which then releases two carbon dioxide molecules.

anorexia

BMI below 18.5

Substrate

Chemicals that are metabolized by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Stage 3

Electron Transport and ATP synthesis -electrons harvested during the citric acid cycle are now carried by NADH to the final stage of cellular respiration -

Activation Energy

Energy required to start the metabolic reaction, it serves as a barrier to catalysts

Which reaction occurs during glycolysis?

Glucose is converted into pyruvic acid.

What do enzymes do?

Help break down or build up substances, or build complex substances from simpler ones.

The citric acid cycle transfers electrons to

NADH and FADH2.

Stage 1 of Cellular Respiration?

Stage 1: Glycolysis(harvest energy, the 6 carbon glucose molecule is first broken down into two3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules. Occurs outside the mitochondria. Does not require oxygen and after after initial input of energy produces a net total of molecules of ATP

Stage 2 of Cellular Respiration

The Citric Acid Cycle. -pryuvic acid is decarboxylated(loses a carbon dioxide molecule) and the 2-carbon fragment enters the citric acid cycle, a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions that take place in the matrix of the mitochondria. -original glucose is further broken down -more of its electrons are harvested and the remaining carbons are released as carbon dioxide

Which process takes place outside of the mitochondrion during cellular respiration?

The process of glycolysis, which breaks down glucose, takes place in the cytosol.

Active site

The region of the enzyme where the substrate binds

During the citric acid cycle what happens?

The remains of the carbohydrate are broken down, electrons are harvested, and carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.

Induced Fit

The shape change by the enzyme in response to substrate binding

nderweight individuals have a greater risk of being sterile because?

estrogen is blocked from its role in fertility

what influences BMR?

exercise habits,biological sex, and genetics

Metabolism

general term used to describe all the chemical reactions happening in the body.

anaerobic respiration

generating energy in the abscise of oxygen help muscle cells produce ATP

When muscle cells are running low on oxygen where do they get their ATP from?

glycosis

Metabolic Rate

is a measure of his or her energy use

fermentation

is an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available. Fermentation occurs in yeast cells, and a form of fermentation takes place in bacteria and in the muscle cells of animals.

What kind of molecule is ATP?

nucleotide triphosphate.

Mitochondria

produce energy in the form of ATP, which cells can use to perform work. An increased number of mitochondria in the cell increases the amount of ATP available for cell functions such as muscle contraction.

Basal Metabolic Rate

represents the energy use of a wakeful person

Cellular respiration

series of metabolic reactions that converts the energy stored in chemical bonds of food into energy that cells can use.

ATP carries?

stored chemical energy that can be used to perform cellular work

phosphorylation

transferring a phosphate to another molecule