Bisci 4 - Mastering Biology Final Exam

Part complete Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.

25 mm Hg

n which of the following places are doctors likely to see the highest percentage of young people dying of cirrhosis?

A community with a large percentage of Native Americans.

Which of the following is an FDA required component of a food packaging label?

A food label must include the common name of the product on the front of the package.

Which of the following is NOT a reason that glomerular filtration works?

Aldosterone binds to the cells of the glomerulus, permitting them to "loosen up" and allow wastes to move into the filtrate.

Which of the following statements about the organs of the digestive system is true?

Although protein digestion begins in the stomach, pancreatic enzymes break the final polypeptide chains into amino acids.

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

Alveoli

Which statement about carbon dioxide transport is FALSE?

An increase in the number of hydrogen ions increases the pH of the blood.

Which of the following people is most likely to suffer from cirrhosis?

An obese man with an alcohol problem.

Which of the following describe(s) how to keep teeth and gums healthy?

Avoid sticky foods. Choose a diet low in sugar. Use fluoridated toothpaste or get fluoride treatments from your dentist. Brush your teeth twice a day and floss regularly. All of the listed responses describe good dental practices.

_____ is secreted by the _____ and acts to emulsify _____ in the _____.

Bile ... liver ... fats ... small intestine

What is the function of bile

Bile aids in the digestion of fats by emulsifying fats

Which of the following appears most likely to be true?

Binge drinking increases the risk of cirrhosis in young people.

This procedure will ultimately be most likely to help patients with which of the following diseases?

Cystic fibrosis

Which of the following statements is not true about carbohydrate digestion?

Disaccharides like sucrose do not need to be further broken down before being absorbed.

Chemical digestion of protein begins in the mouth with enzymes found in the saliva.

False

Foods contain only one type of fatty acid, either saturated or unsaturated, but never both.

False

Foods only contain one type of carbohydrate.

False

Meats are the only food group with a significant amount of iron.

False

Small fat-soluble molecules, such as free fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, are absorbed through facilitated diffusion in the small intestine.

False

The mouth is involved only in mechanical breakdown of food

False

The total lung capacity and the vital capacity are equal.

False

The urethra is a tube that connects the kidney to the urinary bladder.

False

The urinary system is the only system to contain excretory organs.

False

What would happen if the liver were unable to produce enough bile salts?

Fatty acid absorption would decrease.

The agency that regulates the information on a food label is the __________.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Your aunt is a biochemical engineer assigned to improve the ECMO machine. This would help with which of the following?

Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Which of the following statements regarding glucose absorption is TRUE?

Glucose is absorbed mostly through the lining of the small intestine.

You are a doctor seeing a patient. Which of the following would be most likely to lead you to think he has a problem with his liver?

He has a yellow hue.

You are a transplant doctor. When doing a transplant, you would use ECLS to do the work of which of the following?

Heart and lungs

Part complete This patient is still on dialysis. Why is this?

Her kidneys are not working properly.

Your cousin is quite ill and needs Novalung. Which of the following will it be connected to?

His heart

Which statement is correct?

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

Which of the following statement(s) regarding digestion is/are correct?

Mechanical digestion in the stomach mixes and churns the bolus until it becomes a liquid called chyme. The presence of chyme in the duodenum stimulates the gallbladder and the pancreas to release bile and pancreatic juice. The gallbladder secretes bile, which emulsifies the fat, breaking it into smaller particles. All of these statements are correct.

The Dietary Guidelines recommended limiting added sugar in a diet. Which of the following foods would be considered a significant source of added sugar?

Nutri-Grain cereal bar

Which of the following statements regarding absorption of monosaccharides is TRUE?

Some, but not all, monosaccharides are absorbed by passive transport.

Although the stomach contents are very acidic, the stomach usually does NOT cause damage to itself. Why?

The stomach lining is quick to repair itself. Food and water dilute the gastric juices. The release of gastric juices is controlled to avoid too high a concentration. Mucus forms a thick protective coating for the stomach. All of the listed responses are correct.

Amino acids are absorbed through the process known as active transport.

True

The alveoli are the site of external respiration.

True

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide both in the tissues and the lungs is by simple diffusion

True

The pharynx is shared by the digestive and respiratory systems

True

The respiratory system is involved in the regulation of the acidity of body fluids

True

Which of the following statements about oxygen transport is FALSE?

Under normal circumstances, about 50% of the oxygen is unloaded at the cellular level.

You are a gastroenterologist seeing a 37-year-old patient with alcohol-related cirrhosis. Which of the following is true?

Your patient may be able to reverse the disease if she quits drinking.

Food that has been moistened with saliva and then swallowed through the esophagus is called __________.

a bolus

By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____.

acidic

Glucose is removed from filtrate by _____.

active transport

Which of these is reabsorbed from filtrate?

all of these: sodium chloride glucose water amino acids

What is the first structure to receive carbon dioxide from the blood during exhalation?

alveolus

Which of these enzymes begins the breakdown of starch?

amylase

Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____.

as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -)

Which of the following lists presents the foods in order from the best to the poorest source of iron?

beef, dark meat chicken, white meat chicken

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?

blood cells and large particles

When digested, proteins are broken down into _____.

both glycerol and fatty acids

A patient with a restrictive lung disease such as tuberculosis is likely to see an increase in his or her __________.

breathing rate

Which of the following foods contains primarily saturated fats?

butter

Which of the following macromolecules go directly from the lumen of the small intestine to the epithelial cells of the intestine and on through to the blood stream?

carbohydrates and proteins

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

chemical and mechanical breakdown of food

In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____.

combined with hemoglobin

Which of the following foods is the best source of polyunsaturated fatty acid?

corn oil

The outer part of the kidney is the _____.

cortex

he absorption mechanism that requires a specific carrier molecule, but no energy, to move digested nutrients across the cell membrane is called __________.

facilitated diffusion

It takes more than 8 hours for ingested carbohydrate to be digested, absorbed, and circulated in the cells.

false

The movement of substances out of the glomerulus and into Bowman's capsule is referred to as _____.

filtration

Your small intestine can absorb ____ without their being further digested.

fructoses

A muscle located at the end of the esophagus must relax before the bolus can enter the stomach. This muscle is called the __________.

gastroesophageal or lower esophageal sphincter

Another name for the alimentary canal is ________.

gastrointestinal tract

Which of the following substances initially occurs in the kidney's filtrate but is entirely moved back to the blood in the proximal tubule?

glucose

When digested, fats are broken down into _____.

glycerol only

Which of the following nutrients is a carbohydrate?

high fructose corn syrup fructose starch All of these are correct.

What acid is responsible for stomach acidity?

hydrochloric acid

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

Which of the following best describes vital capacity?

inspiratory reserve plus expiratory reserve plus tidal volume

Which lung volume tends to be the largest in healthy male and female adults?

inspiratory reserve volume

Hemoglobin

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

After blood becomes oxygenated,

it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen.

Which of the following organs is responsible for filtering the blood and regulating its volume and solute concentration?

kidneys

Jessi is a vegan and knows she needs to consume more iron. She does not want to take supplements, but instead get iron from natural foods. Which of the following would be the best source of iron for Jessi that does not include animal products?

lentils

The filtrate flows into which region of the nephron after it leaves the proximal tubule?

loop of Henle

Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as _____.

maltose

Which of the following foods is the best source of iron?

meat

Which of the following foods would be a good source of naturally occurring sugar?

milk

The body absorbs which form of digested carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

As filtrate moves down the loop of Henle, the surrounding interstitial fluid becomes _____ concentrated than the filtrate, so _____ leaves the filtrate.

more ... water

Where does chemical digestion of food begin?

mouth

Which of the following systems is NOT involved in eliminating waste from the body?

muscular system

Which structure/organ of the respiratory system is responsible for filtering and warming inhaled air?

nasal cavity

Which of these is the functional unit of a kidney?

nephron

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?

net filtration would decrease

Which of the following is NOT an FDA required component of a food packaging label?

nutrient claim

Chemical digestion __________.

occurs when enzymes break apart large molecules into smaller molecules

Which of the following is NOT a function of the sinuses?

olfaction

If you could observe the activities in the area where your lung tissue and blood vessels meet, you would see __________.

oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusing into and out of the blood

Which of the following foods is the best source of monounsaturated fatty acids?

peanut oil

Starch is a type of _____.

polysaccharide

The tongue functions to __________.

position food for swallowing

Which of the following would only be found in the glomerular filtrate if the glomerular membrane were damaged?

protein

Hemoglobin acts as a buffer because ________.

protons released by the dissociation of carbonic acid bind to hemoglobin, preventing large swings in blood pH

Two-thirds of the water and electrolytes that were filtered out of the blood are returned back into the blood from which part of the nephron?

proximal tubule

The _____ are the major blood vessels transporting blood to the kidneys.

renal arteries

Urine formed by a kidney collects in the _____ before being drained from the kidney by the _____ and transported to the _____.

renal pelvis ... ureter ...urinary bladder

This lung volume CANNOT be directly measured using a spirometer.

residual volume

Which of the following is likely to be the MOST significant source of fiber in a cereal bar?

rolled oats, cracked oats, steal cut oats

What secretions are needed to digest complex proteins into single amino acids for absorption?

saliva from the salivary glands in the mouth proteases secreted from the pancreas and the small intestine hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach All of the listed responses are correct.

Which type of fatty acid is most common in animal-based foods, such as steak, butter, and milk?

saturated fat

The movement of substances from the blood into the proximal tubule is known as _____.

secretion

Which of the following behaviors would most likely result in an increased alveolar ventilation rate as compared to that of normal breathing?

slow, deep breathing

Chemical digestion of fats first occurs in the __________.

small intestine

The absorption of the majority of ingested nutrients takes place largely in the __________.

small intestine

The main area of absorption in your digestive system is found in the __________.

small intestine

Which of the following vegetables would be the best source of iron?

spinach

Protein digestion begins in the _____.

stomach

Where does protein digestion begin?

stomach

Where does the chemical digestion of proteins begin?

stomach

During inhalation,

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

The interface between the air and the blood is composed of ________.

the epithelial cells of the alveolus, the extracellular fluid, and the capillary wall

When referring to the osmotic gradient in the loop of Henle, we can say that ________.

the osmolarity is lower toward the cortex and higher toward the medulla

What is denaturation?

the uncoiling of the protein molecule by hydrochloric acid in the stomach

What is primarily the role of the bacteria found in the large intestine?

to help digest food and produce vitamins

What is the function of the ureters?

transport of urine to the bladder

Fiber is not digested by the human digestive tract.

true

True or false. When discussing breathing, we can say that air enters the lungs because the diaphragm contracts and in the process, oxygen passes into the alveoli and then down its concentration gradient from an alveolus to the blood. When we breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes and carbon dioxide passes down its concentration gradient from the blood to the alveolus and then out of the lungs.

true

The most abundant solute in urine is _____.

urea (and other nitrogenous wastes

Which of the following is the best definition for carbon dioxide in the context of the respiratory system?

waste product of cellular respiration

What is the main component of gastric juice?

water

The fluid that eventually forms your urine comes most directly from __________.

your blood

When you inhale, __________.

your diaphragm lowers the pressure in your chest cavity

When you exhale, __________.

your diaphragm relaxes