Blood and Heart Study guide

The bicuspid, or mitral, valve is located in the opening of the aorta. in the opening of the pulmonary trunk. where the venae cavae join the right atrium. between the left atrium and left ventricle. between the right atrium and right ventricle.

between the left atrium and left ventricle.

The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium. semicaval semilunar bicuspid pulmonic tricuspid

bicuspid

Within macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, each heme unit is stripped of its iron and is first converted to which of the following organic compounds? bilirubin stercobilin biliverdin urobilin

biliverdin

If the pacemaker cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, the heart rate will decrease. the membrane will hyperpolarize. the membrane will depolarize. the heart rate will increase. both heart rate will decrease and membrane will hyperpolarize.

both heart rate will decrease and membrane will hyperpolarize

The level of erythropoietin in the blood would rise due to all of the following except during periods of fasting. when blood flow to the kidneys is disrupted. as a consequence of hemorrhage. at high altitudes. during anemia.

during periods of fasting.

What does the ECG wave tracing represent? contraction of the heart electrical activity in the heart

electrical activity in the heart

The ________ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium. epicardium myocardium parietal pericardium endocardium visceral pericardium

endocardium

Which of the following are the most abundant of the formed elements? platelets leukocytes globulins erythrocytes

erythrocytes

The process of red blood cell production is called erythropoiesis. erythrocytosis. erythropenia. hematopenia. hemocytosis.

erythropoiesis.

Erythropoiesis is stimulated by a kidney-derived hormone called estrogen. testosterone. fibrin. erythropoietin (EPO). colony-stimulating factor.

erythropoietin (EPO).

Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone angiotensin. albumin. renin. thymosin. erythropoietin.

erythropoietin.

A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is platelets. immunoglobulin A. albumin alpha. fibrinogen. transport proteins.

fibrinogen

What causes the aortic semilunar valve to close? higher ventricular pressure than aortic pressure equal ventricular and aortic pressures greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle

greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle

The pulmonary veins carry blood to the intestines. liver. lungs. heart. brain.

heart.

The waste product bilirubin is produced from heme molecules lacking iron. globin chains of hemoglobin. abnormal proteins found in red blood cells. heme molecules plus iron. iron found in hemoglobin molecules.

heme molecules lacking iron.

More than 95 percent of the protein in a red blood cell is porphyrin. hemoglobin. albumin. fibrinogen. immunoglobulin.

hemoglobin.

Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of starvation. hemorrhage. thrombocytopenia. anemia. acidosis.

hemorrhage.

________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Vascular spasm Fibrinolysis Retraction The platelet phase Coagulation

Coagulation

Which of the following vitamins is needed for the formation of clotting factors? A B K D E

K

________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells. Neutrophils Basophils Lymphocytes Eosinophils Monocytes

Monocytes

Which of the following is correct about the filling of the ventricles? The majority of ventricular filling is caused by contraction of the atria. Most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves.

Most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves.

Which of the following statements about blood is false? It is more viscous than water. It contains buffers that control pH. It is about 55 percent plasma. Normal pH is 6.8 to 7.0. None of the statements is false; all are true.

Normal pH is 6.8 to 7.0.

Type O+ blood cannot be given to a type _______ recipient. A+ AB+ O+ O-

O-

Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing? T wave QRS complex P wave

P wave

Describe the pressures in the atria and ventricles that would cause the opening of the AV valves. Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles. Pressures in the atria and ventricles would be equal. Pressure in the ventricles would be greater than in the atria.

Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles.

Jaundice is a symptom where the patient exhibits a yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes. What causes jaundice? The liver is unable to process bilirubin and its level in the blood rises. The colon absorbs bilirubin and secretes excess amounts in the blood. Macrophages increase their breakdown of erythrocytes. The kidney is damaged and is unable to excrete bilirubin.

The liver is unable to process bilirubin and its level in the blood rises.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. both the father and the mother are Rh negative. both the father and the mother are Rh positive. the mother is Rh positive and the father is Rh negative. an Rh-positive mother carries an Rh-negative fetus.

an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus

Which plasma protein is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure of plasma? hormone-binding protein albumin fibrinogen gamma globulin steroid-binding protein

albumin

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are globulins. transport proteins. albumins. lipoproteins. fibrinogens.

albumins.

Pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is specifically treated by injections of Vitamin K. injections of vitamin B12. injections of clotting factors. oral doses of iron. injections of iron.

injections of vitamin B12.

The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the interatrial septum. left ventricle. left atrium. right atrium. right ventricle.

interatrial septum.

The ________ separate(s) the two ventricles. moderator band interatrial septum foramen ovale atrioventricular valves interventricular septum

interventricular septum

Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of copper. sodium. calcium. iron. magnesium.

iron.

Fibrinolysis: is the last phase of coagulation. is the process where the clot dissolves. begins directly with the activation of plasmin. involves the intrinsic pathway.

is the process where the clot dissolves.

Put the phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting after ventricular filling. ventricular ejection, isovolumetric contraction, isovolumetric relaxation isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation ventricular ejection, ventricular relaxation, isovolumetric contraction isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric contraction

isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation

Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes. normoblasts. myeloblasts. erythroblasts. lymphoblasts

megakaryocytes.

The muscle layer of the heart is the epicardium. visceral pericardium. parietal pericardium. endocardium. myocardium.

myocardium.

Which white blood cell population is found in the highest abundance and has lobed nuclei resembling a string of beads? basophils neutrophils lymphocytes eosinophils

neutrophils

During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of reticulocytes. basophils. thrombocytes. eosinophils. neutrophils.

neutrophils.

The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the lymphocytes. basophils. monocytes. eosinophils. neutrophils.

neutrophils.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term eosinophils? defend against specific pathogens or toxins and produce antibodies in response to antigens release histamine kill bacteria using cytotoxic chemicals often elevated in allergic individuals become macrophages

often elevated in allergic individuals

When the semilunar valves close, the AV valves then open. make the third heart sound. close. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

open.

Erythropoiesis is stimulated when blood flow to the kidney declines. oxygen levels in the blood increase. oxygen levels in the blood decrease and blood flow to the kidney declines. oxygen levels in the blood increase and blood flow to the kidney declines. oxygen levels in the blood decrease.

oxygen levels in the blood decrease and blood flow to the kidney declines.

Which blood disorder involves a deficiency of Vitamin B12? pernicious anemia leukemia malaria sickle cell anemia

pernicious anemia

In adults, the only site of red blood cell production, and the primary site of white blood cell formation, is the thymus. red bone marrow. yellow bone marrow. the liver. the spleen

red bone marrow.

What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing? ventricular depolarization atrial depolarization atrial repolarization ventricular repolarization

ventricular depolarization

Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling (two phases of the cardiac cycle) take place during __________. ventricular systole ventricular diastole

ventricular diastole

An equivalent term for epicardium is visceral pericardium. endocardium. myocardium. parietal pericardium. None of the answers is correct.

visceral pericardium.

The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is which of the following? 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 3, 5, 4, 2, 1 3, 2, 4, 5, 1 1, 4, 3, 2, 5

4, 3, 2, 5, 1

Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood? 60 percent 45 percent 55 percent 78 percent 20 percent

45 percent

A typical adult hematocrit is around 85. 65. 75. 45. 25.

45.

Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles? SA node AV bundle (bundle of His) AV node bundle branches Purkinje fibers

AV node

Increased pressure in the ventricles would close what valve(s)? AV valves only semilunar valves only both semilunar and AV valves

AV valves only

When a person who lives at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, you would expect a rise in hematocrit. a drop in oxygen levels. the release of erythropoietin. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

All of the answers are correct

Which of the following is a function of the blood? transport of nutrients and wastes transport of body heat defense against toxins and pathogens transport of gases All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is true of basophils? constitute about 1 percent of WBCs granules contain histamine contain dense blue stained granules in the Wright stain promote inflammation All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the plasma proteins or blood components function in clotting and normally accounts for roughly 4 percent of plasma proteins? globulins fibrinogen electrolytes albumins

Fibrinogen

With large numbers of erythrocytes dying and being replaced every day, what happens to the heme released from the erythrocytes? Heme is catabolized into two pigments, biliverdin and bilirubin. The liver secretes heme into the blood stream to be excreted. The liver secretes heme with the bile into the digestive tract. The macrophage returns heme to the bone marrow to enter newly formed erythrocytes. The kidney excretes heme in the urine causing hemoglobinuria.

Heme is catabolized into two pigments, biliverdin and bilirubin.

________ transport(s) oxygen and CO2 in the RBCs. Mitochondria Hemoglobin molecules Ribosomes DNA Components of the cytoskeleton

Hemoglobin molecules

Which of the following is incorrect about hemoglobin? It has a complex quaternary structure. Normally, each red blood cell contains about 280 million molecules of hemoglobin molecules. It is associated with the transport of respiratory gases. It is a plasma protein.

It is a plasma protein.

The most common form of hemolytic disease of the newborn happens after an ___ woman has carried an __ fetus. Rh+; Rh- Rh -; Rh- Rh-; Rh+ Rh+; Rh+

Rh-; Rh+

Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart? SA node AV node AV bundle (bundle of His) Purkinje fibers

SA node

Because of their short lifespan, a huge number of erythrocytes are recycled by macrophages. Which of the following is NOT a function of the macrophage? The macrophage phagocytizes hemoglobin from the bloodstream. The macrophage synthesizes a small amount of hemoglobin and transports it to the bone marrow. The macrophage dismantles the globin portion of hemoglobin into individual amino acids. The macrophage extracts iron from the heme portion of hemoglobin. The macrophage phagocytizes deteriorating and fragmented erythrocytes.

The macrophage synthesizes a small amount of hemoglobin and transports it to the bone marrow.

Choose the correct statement regarding hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). In the second pregnancy of an Rh- mother with an Rh+ fetus, the fetal demand for blood cells decreases precipitously. After delivery, the infant's entire blood volume may require replacement to remove the fetal anti-Rh antibodies. Unlike anti-A and anti-B antibodies, anti-Rh antibodies are able to cross the placenta and enter the fetal bloodstream. A newborn with severe HDN has a low concentration of circulating bilirubin.

Unlike anti-A and anti-B antibodies, anti-Rh antibodies are able to cross the placenta and enter the fetal bloodstream.

Which of the following statements is false? Veins return blood to the capillaries The heart propels blood and helps maintain blood pressure. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Capillaries permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids.

Veins return blood to the capillaries

In which of the following would you expect the blood level of bilirubin to be elevated? a person suffering from hemolysis an alcoholic with a damaged liver a person with an iron-deficient diet a person suffering from hemolysis and an alcoholic with a damaged liver All of the answers are correct.

a person suffering from hemolysis and an alcoholic with a damaged liver

A rouleaux is: the shape of a hemoglobin molecule. the term given to the surface of the red blood cell. a stack of red blood cells the systemic venous system.

a stack of red blood cells

Which of these is not one of the formed elements of blood? lymphocytes RBCs antibodies basophils platelets

antibodies

A person with Type A blood has antigen A on the RBCs. anti-A antibodies on the red blood cells. antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. anti-B antibodies in the plasma and anti-A antibodies on the red blood cells. anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

The ________ valve opens when left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic blood pressure. right atrioventricular pulmonary aortic left atrioventricular All of the answers are correct.

aortic

The inferior point of the heart is called the right border. apex. left border. base. inferior border.

apex

The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the right border. base. inferior border. apex. left border.

base.

Which of the following is not a phagocytic cell? monocytes eosinophil basophil neutrophil

basophil

White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are lymphocytes. eosinophils. neutrophils. basophils. monocytes.

basophils.

Each of the following is a way that blood transports materials around the body except nutrients from the digestive tract to the body. hormones from endocrine glands to target cells. stored nutrients from the liver to the tissues. carbon dioxide from the lungs to the tissues. wastes from the cells to the kidneys.

carbon dioxide from the lungs to the tissues.

Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of chondrocytes. smooth muscle cells. fibrocytes. epithelial cells. cardiac muscle cells.

cardiac muscle cells.

The function of hemoglobin is to carry oxygen. aid in the process of blood clotting. defend against infection. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

carry oxygen.

The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with opening of the mitral valve. opening of the aortic valve. closing of the mitral valve. atrial systole. closing of the aortic valve.

closing of the mitral valve.

The common pathway of coagulation begins with the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. sticking of platelets to damaged tissue. release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium. activation of a proenzyme exposed to collagen. conversion of Factor X to prothrombin activator.

conversion of Factor X to prothrombin activator.

Platelets are red cells that lack a nucleus. cytoplasmic fragments of large cells. blue cells that have a nucleus. tiny cells with a polynucleus. large cells with a prominent, concave nucleus.

cytoplasmic fragments of large cells.

What term is associated with elevated values of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (MCH)? polycythemia reticulocytosis macrocytic hyperchromic

hyperchromic

Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the platelets. fibrinogens. transport proteins. immunoglobulins. albumins.

immunoglobulins

RBCs typically live about 120 days. The main reason for this short lifespan in RBCs is their cell shape. concentration of Hb. large surface area-to-volume ratio. lack of nucleus. flexibility.

lack of nucleus.

The ________ has a greater workload than the ________. left ventricle; right ventricle right ventricle; left ventricle right ventricle; pulmonary circulation right ventricle; systemic circulation None of the answers is correct.

left ventricle; right ventricle

A cancer of the white blood cells is called pernicious anemia. hemophilia. leukocytosis. leukemia. jaundice

leukemia.

Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins? liver kidney pancreas heart brain

liver

The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the liver. heart. lungs. brain. intestines.

lungs.

The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is heparin. fibrinase. phosphokinase. plasmin. thrombin.

plasmin.

Megakaryocytes are precursors for which formed elements of blood? basophils platelets monocytes erythrocytes

platelets

As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk. aorta pulmonary valve inferior vena cava pulmonary veins superior vena cava

pulmonary valve

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium. sticking of platelets to damaged tissue. release of heparin from the liver. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. activation of Factor VII exposed to collagen.

release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.

The developmental stage at which erythrocytes enter the circulation is as myeloid cells. proerythroblasts. hemocytoblasts. reticulocytes. band forms.

reticulocytes.

The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium. pulmonary veins. pulmonary trunk. aorta. right ventricle.

right ventricle

Each heartbeat begins with an action potential generated at which of the following? atrioventricular node Purkinje fibers sinoatrial (SA) node AV bundle

sinoatrial (SA) node

The normal pH of blood is slightly alkaline. extremely acidic. extremely alkaline. neutral. slightly acidic.

slightly alkaline.

The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in the atrioventricular node. the sinoatrial node. both the left and right ventricles. the wall of the left ventricle. the Purkinje fibers.

the sinoatrial node.

People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because their blood lacks A or B antibodies. their blood is plentiful in A and B antibodies. they are usually Rh negative. their blood cells lack A and B antigens. they usually have very strong immune systems.

their blood lacks A or B antibodies.

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by prothrombin activator. thrombin. factor VIII. plasmin. fibrinogen-converting enzyme

thrombin.

Muscular ridges on the inner surface of the ventricles are called trabeculae carneae. ligamentum arteriosum. fossa ovalis. pectinate muscles. None of the answers is correct.

trabeculae carneae.