Blood (Ch. 17) Heart (Ch.18)

During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of a) thrombocytes. b) neutrophils. c) eosinophils. d) reticulocytes. e) basophils.

b) neutrophils.

What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing? a) ventricular depolarization b) atrial repolarization c) ventricular repolarization d) atrial depolarization

a) ventricular depolarization *Yes, the QRS complex represents depolarization in the ventricles, which have greater mass than the atria.*

Afterload

*RESISTANCE* to blood flow in Aorta & Pulmonary Artery

What causes jaundice in adults?

-Bile Duct Blockage -Liver Disease

Eileen is a strict vegan and therefore eats no animal products. She develops an anemia that her doctor thinks is caused by a nutritional deficiency. Which of the following is the likeliest candidate? a) vitamin K deficiency b) iron deficiency c) lack of intrinsic factor d) vitamin B12 deficiency e) vitamin B6 deficiency

b) & d) vitamin B12 deficiency

Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary? a) 1 mm Hg b) 34 mm Hg c) 12 mm Hg

b) 34 mm Hg

Which of the following statements is correct concerning the cardiac cycle? a) The backflow of blood towards the ventricles causes the semilunar valves to open. b) The first event of ventricular systole is ventricular ejection. c) In late ventricular diastole, all chambers are relaxed and filling to about seventy percent of their capacity. d) At the beginning of the cardiac cycle, the atria are relaxed and the ventricles are contracting. e) The event of the cardiac cycle that completes ventricular filling is ventricular systole.

c) In late ventricular diastole, all chambers are relaxed and filling to about seventy percent of their capacity.

What event causes the closing of the AV valves, which results in the first heart sound? a) atrial systole b) ventricular diastole c) ventricular systole d) atrial diastole

c) ventricular systole

Total peripheral resistance

The amount of friction blood encounters during flow through blood vessels.

Blood Pressure

The force of the blood against the vessel wall.

Blood viscosity

The friction red blood cells encounter when moving past each other.

Which of the following changes would produce the greatest change in total peripheral resistance? a) 10% change in blood viscosity b) 10% change in cardiac output c) 10% change in vessel diameter d) 10% change in vessel length

c) 10% change in vessel diameter *The main determinant of total peripheral resistance is the diameter of the small arterioles. As blood vessel diameter increases, resistance goes down, and vice versa. Resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the blood vessel radius. Radius is one-half of the vessel diameter. This means any change in vessel diameter will affect resistance by a factor of 1/r4 where r is the radius. For example, a doubling of the vessel diameter will have a 2*2*2*2 or 16-fold reduction in resistance.*

Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles? a) Purkinje fibers b) bundle branches c) AV node d) SA node e) AV bundle (bundle of His)

c) AV node *Yes, the AV node slows down the impulse giving the atria time to contract before the ventricles contract.*

Heart rate (HR)

The number of heart beats per minute

End systolic volume (ESV)

The volume of blood in one ventricle after contraction

End diastolic volume (EDV)

The volume of blood in one ventricle before contraction

Stroke volume (SV)

The volume of blood per heart beat pumped out by one ventricle

Venous return (VR)

The volume of blood per minute flowing into one atrium

Cardiac output (CO)

The volume of blood per minute pumped out by one ventricle. Blood flow through peripheral tissues.

Cardiac output

The volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle each minute.

Which is the longest phase in the Cardiac Cycle?

Ventricular Diastole

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the

Stroke Volume

The ________ is the volume of blood in a ventricle at the beginning of systole.

End-diastolic volume

The ________ is the amount of blood in a ventricle after it has contracted and before it begins to refill.

End-systolic Volume

A cancer involving neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils is called a a) jaundice. b) hemophilia. c) myeloid leukemia. d) lymphoid leukemia. e) pernicious anemia.

c) myeloid leukemia.

There are ________ pulmonary veins.

4

The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with

Closing of the mitral valve

The amount of blood returning to the heart is the

Venous return

Compute Joe's stroke volume if his end-systolic volume (ESV) is 40 mL and his end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 125 mL. (Module 18.16B)

85 ML *SV=EDV-ESV*

Heart rate is controlled by neurons of the cardiovascular center located in the a) pons. b) medulla oblongata. c) thalamus. d) hypothalamus. e) higher centers.

b) medulla oblongata.

When the semilunar valves close, the AV valves then a) close. b) open. c) make the third heart sound. d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.

b) open.

Intercalated discs serve to transfer all of the following from cell to cell except a) Z-lines. b) small molecules. c) action potentials. d) the force of contraction. e) ionic currents.

a) Z-lines

With large numbers of erythrocytes dying and being replaced every day, what happens to the heme released from the erythrocytes? a) The kidney excretes heme in the urine, causing hemoglobinuria. b) The macrophage returns heme to the bone marrow to enter newly formed erythrocytes. c) Heme is catabolized into two pigments, biliverdin and bilirubin. d) The liver secretes heme with the bile into the digestive tract. e) The liver secretes heme into the bloodstream to be excreted.

c) Heme is catabolized into two pigments, biliverdin and bilirubin.

The normal pH of blood is a) neutral. b) slightly acidic. c) extremely alkaline. d) slightly alkaline. e) extremely acidic.

d) slightly alkaline.

Which of the following is characteristic of a typical artery? a) usually flattened, or collapsed, general appearance in sectional view b) absent internal elastic membrane of tunica intima c) smooth endothelium d) thick tunica media, dominated by smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

d) thick tunica media, dominated by smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle is the blood pumped to the body? a) ventricular diastole b) atrial systole c) atrial diastole d) ventricular systole

d) ventricular systole

Isovolumetric contraction is associated with which cardiac cycle phase? a) atrial systole b) atrial diastole c) ventricular diastole - late d) ventricular systole - first phase

d) ventricular systole - first phase

Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels? a) medium veins b) capillaries c) venous valves d) venules e) large veins

d) venules

Choose the correct statement regarding hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). a) A newborn with severe HDN has a low concentration of circulating bilirubin. b) After delivery, the infant's entire blood volume may require replacement to remove the fetal anti-Rh antibodies. c) In the second pregnancy of an Rh- mother with an Rh+ fetus, the fetal demand for blood cells decreases precipitously. d)Unlike anti-A and anti-B antibodies, anti-Rh antibodies are able to cross the placenta and enter the fetal bloodstream.

d)Unlike anti-A and anti-B antibodies, anti-Rh antibodies are able to cross the placenta and enter the fetal bloodstream.

Why can't a person with type A blood safely receive blood from a person with type B blood? (Module 17.7D) a) A person with type A blood will have anti-A antibodies that will agglutinate with type B blood. b) A person with type A blood will have anti-A platelets that will cause abnormal clotting with type B blood. c) A person with type A blood will have anti-B platelets that will cause abnormal clotting with type B blood. d) A person with type A blood will have anti-AB antibodies that will agglutinate with type B blood. e) A person with type A blood will have anti-B antibodies that will agglutinate with type B blood.

e) A person with type A blood will have anti-B antibodies that will agglutinate with type B blood.

Which of the following statements concerning red blood cells is false? a) Red cells are specialized for carrying oxygen. b) Red cells can form stacks called rouleaux. c) Red cells are biconcave discs. d) Red cells lack mitochondria. e) Red cells are about 18 µm in diameter.

e) Red cells are about 18 µm in diameter. *Correct: 7.2-8.4 µm in diameter*

The heart pumps approximately ________ milliliters of blood each minute. a) 15,000 b) 20,000 c) 100,000 d) 50,000 e) 6,000

e) 6,000

Which is the shortest phase in the Cardiac Cycle?

Atrial Systole

Steps of Hemostasis

1) Vascular Spasm 2) Platelet Plug- PLatelets stcik together and damaged tissue to form plug (CA) 3) Coagulation - Prothrombin converts to thrombin and then activates Fibrinogen to convert to Fibrin and form a fibrous . network (CA) 4) Fibrinolysis- Thrombin and TPA (Tissue Plasminogen Activator) convert Plasminogen in to Plasmin to break down the clot

Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the heart back to the heart in the cardiovascular circuit. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries

4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 elastic arteries muscular arteries arterioles capillaries venules medium veins large veins

Polycythemia

Abnormal excess of RBCs... increases blood viscosity. (increase hematocrit) How would this happen? -High altitudes (where oxygen content of air is lower) -Blood transfusions

Preload

Amount of *STRETCH* of ventricle during ventricular diastole

What causes jaundice in newborns?

Bilirubin accumulation

Increasing cardiac output and increasing_________ have the same effects on blood pressure.

Blood volume

Whole blood

Blood with all its components

Whats the formula for Cardiac Output?

CO = HR x SV

Contractility

Force of contraction (related to Calcium)

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium

Which of the following is an effect of renin released by endocrine cells in the kidney? a) ADH secretion b) inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system c) suppression of thirst d) increased red blood cell production

a) ADH secretion

How does a treatment with anti-Rh antibodies (RhoGAM) prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)? a) It destroys fetal RBCs that enter the maternal circulation. b) It destroys maternal anti-Rh antibodies. c) It prevents maternal anti-Rh antibodies from crossing the placenta. d) It destroys maternal RBCs that enter the fetal circulation. e) It destroys fetal anti-Rh antibodies.

a) It destroys fetal RBCs that enter the maternal circulation.

In which of the following would the blood flow be highest? a) a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long b) a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 2 meters long c) a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 4 meters long d) a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 10 meters long

a) a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long

The main control of peripheral resistance by the vasomotor centers occurs in the a) arteriole. b) artery. c) capillary. d) vein. e) venule.

a) arteriole.

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________. a) blood pressure b) proteins in the blood

a) blood pressure *Yes, blood pressure is the driving force for filtration.*

Which valve(s) close(s) during ventricular contraction? a) both AV valves b) only the mitral valve c) both semilunar valves d) only the aortic valve

a) both AV valves

Erythropoiesis is stimulated when a) both oxygen levels in the blood decrease and blood flow to the kidney declines. b) oxygen levels in the blood increase. c) oxygen levels in the blood decrease. d) both oxygen levels in the blood increase and blood flow to the kidney declines. e) blood flow to the kidney declines.

a) both oxygen levels in the blood decrease and blood flow to the kidney declines.

RBCs move single file through this structure. a) capillary b) artery c) arteriole d) venule e) vein

a) capillary

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________. a) capillary; interstitial fluid b) interstitial fluid; capillary

a) capillary; interstitial fluid

An increase in sympathetic stimulation of the heart would increase stroke volume by increasing __________. a) contractility b) end diastolic volume c) end systolic volume d) heart rate

a) contractility Increased sympathetic activity increases heart contractility. This causes cardiac fibers to contract more forcefully at all levels of preload. Regardless of end diastolic volume, this mechanism increases stroke volume by reducing end systolic volume. Although an increase in end diastolic volume would increase stroke volume, an increase in sympathetic stimulation of the heart does not increase end diastolic volume.

The level of erythropoietin in the blood would rise due to all of the following except a) during periods of fasting. b) when blood flow to the kidneys is disrupted. c) as a consequence of hemorrhage. d) during anemia. e) at high altitudes.

a) during periods of fasting.

White blood cells that are increased in individuals with allergic reactions are the a) eosinophils. b) lymphocytes. c) monocytes. d) basophils. e) neutrophils.

a) eosinophils.

The muscle layer of the heart is the a) myocardium. b) parietal pericardium. c) epicardium. d) visceral pericardium. e) endocardium.

a) myocardium.

Which of the following would be *greater*? a) the end-diastolic volume when the heart rate is 60 beats/minute b) the end-diastolic volume when the heart rate is 150 beats/minute

a) the end-diastolic volume when the heart rate is 60 beats/minute

What effect would an increase in venous return have on the stroke volume? (Module 18.15B) a) An increase in venous return would fill the ventricles with less blood, decreasing sarcomere length, which would increase the stroke volume. b) An increase in venous return would fill the ventricles with more blood, increasing sarcomere length, which would increase the stroke volume. c) An increase in venous return would fill the ventricles with less blood, increasing sarcomere length, which would decrease the stroke volume. d) An increase in venous return would fill the ventricles with less blood, decreasing sarcomere length, which would decrease the stroke volume. e) An increase in venous return would fill the ventricles with more blood, decreasing sarcomere length, which would decrease the stroke volume.

b) An increase in venous return would fill the ventricles with more blood, increasing sarcomere length, which would increase the stroke volume.

How is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity? (Module 19.4B) a) Blood pressure is maintained in veins because the valves reduce the flow of blood as blood passes by. b) Blood pressure is maintained in veins by the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood. c) Blood pressure is maintained in veins because the heart pumps blood through the veins. d) Blood pressure is maintained in veins by using the valves as pumps to push blood back toward the heart. e) Blood pressure is maintained in veins by contractions of the smooth muscle in the walls of the veins that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood.

b) Blood pressure is maintained in veins by the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood.

Define hemostasis. (Module 17.10A) a) Hemostasis is the regulation of the hormones that control blood composition. b) Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding. c) Hemostasis is the production of new blood components in the red bone marrow. d) Hemostasis is an antigen-antibody binding response that alerts the immune system to a non-self antigen. e) Hemostasis is the maintenance of relatively normal internal conditions in the face of a changing external environment.

b) Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding.

Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing? a) QRS complex b) P wave c) T wave

b) P wave *Yes, the P wave represents atrial depolarization, which leads to atrial contraction.*

Identfiy the valve located at the exit of the right ventricle. a) Tricuspid valve b) Pulmonary semilunar valve c) Bicuspid valve d) Aortic semilunar valve

b) Pulmonary semilunar valve

Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart? a) Purkinje fibers b) SA node c) AV node d) AV bundle (bundle of His)

b) SA node *Yes, the SA Node spontaneously depolarizes, causing the wave of depolarization that spreads through the rest of the conduction system and heart.*

Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle? (Module 18.6A) a) The left ventricle began forming earlier in development so it grew larger than the right ventricle. b) The left ventricle must generate enough force to propel blood through the systemic circuit, whereas the right ventricle must generate only enough force to propel blood the short distance from the heart to the lungs in the pulmonary circuit. c) The left ventricle is supplied with more coronary vasculature so it hypertrophies over time, whereas the right ventricle receives less blood so it atrophies over time. d) The left ventricle supplies blood to the brain and vital organs so it must be more reliable than the right ventricle which supplies blood to the limbs. e) The left ventricle pumps a higher volume of blood to the systemic circuit than the volume of blood the right ventricle pumps to the pulmonary circuit.

b) The left ventricle must generate enough force to propel blood through the systemic circuit, whereas the right ventricle must generate only enough force to propel blood the short distance from the heart to the lungs in the pulmonary circuit.

Jaundice is a symptom where the patient exhibits a yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes. What causes jaundice? a) Macrophages increase their breakdown of erythrocytes. b) The liver is unable to process bilirubin, so its level in the blood rises. c) The kidney is damaged and is unable to excrete bilirubin. d) The colon absorbs bilirubin and secretes excess amounts in the blood.

b) The liver is unable to process bilirubin, so its level in the blood rises. *The liver processes many metabolically produced chemicals. It will take the bilirubin and put it in bile to be secreted into the duodenum to help in the digestion of fats. Once this material is in the colon, bacteria convert it into urobilins and stercobilins, which can leave with the feces or be absorbed into the blood.*

Because of their short lifespan, a huge number of erythrocytes are recycled by macrophages. Which of the following is NOT a function of the macrophage? a) The macrophage phagocytizes deteriorating and fragmented erythrocytes. b) The macrophage synthesizes a small amount of hemoglobin and transports it to the bone marrow. c) The macrophage extracts iron from the heme portion of hemoglobin. d) The macrophage phagocytizes hemoglobin from the bloodstream. e) The macrophage dismantles the globin portion of hemoglobin into individual amino acids.

b) The macrophage synthesizes a small amount of hemoglobin and transports it to the bone marrow. *Macrophages are found in many locations in the body. Some of these are areas with an abundant blood supply. This makes them ideal for recycling the chemical components of hemoglobin from old erythrocytes. They can then make those chemicals available to the developing blood cells in the red bone marrow for the synthesis of new hemoglobin. This is particularly important for iron, because it is difficult for some humans to maintain proper levels of iron in the body from their diet.*

Which is a characteristic of continuous capillaries? a) They permit the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins. b) They permit the diffusion of water, small solutes, and lipid-soluble materials into the surrounding interstitial fluid but prevent the loss of blood cells and plasma proteins. c) They do not allow exchange to occur between blood and interstitial fluid. d) They are located along absorptive areas of the intestinal tract and at filtration sites in the kidneys.

b) They permit the diffusion of water, small solutes, and lipid-soluble materials into the surrounding interstitial fluid but prevent the loss of blood cells and plasma proteins.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if a) both the father and the mother are Rh negative. b) an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. c) an Rh-positive mother carries an Rh-negative fetus. d) the mother is Rh positive and the father is Rh negative. e) both the father and the mother are Rh positive.

b) an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.

What factor would decrease stroke volume? a) vasodilation b) an increase in afterload c) increased contractility d) an increase in preload

b) an increase in afterload

All of the following occur during exercise except a) venous return increases. b) blood flow to skin decreases. c) blood flow to the brain stays relatively constant. d) both cardiac output and stroke volume increase. e) vasodilation occurs to the active skeletal muscles.

b) blood flow to skin decreases.

What does the ECG wave tracing represent? a) contraction of the heart b) electrical activity in the heart

b) electrical activity in the heart *Yes, the ECG waves show the depolarization and repolarization in various areas of the heart.*

Caffeine has effects on conducting cells and contractile cells that are similar to those of NE. What effect would drinking large amounts of caffeinated beverages have on the heart rate? (Module 18.14C) a) heart rate would stay the same but contraction would decrease b) heart rate would increase c) heart rate would decrease d) heart rate would stay the same but contraction would increase

b) heart rate would increase

What factor would increase heart rate? a) decrease in body temperature b) increase in thyroxine (T4) c) increased acetylcholine d) parasympathetic stimulation

b) increase in thyroxine (T4)

Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors results in a) stimulation of the vasoconstrictive center. b) increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system. c) increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. d) stimulation of the cardioacceleratory center in the brain. e) increased heart rate.

b) increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Plasma is closest in ionic composition to a) sterile water. b) interstitial fluid. c) urine. d) isotonic saline solution. e) CSF.

b) interstitial fluid.

The ________ separate(s) the two ventricles. a) atrioventricular valves b) interventricular septum c) foramen ovale d) moderator band e) interatrial septum

b) interventricular septum

Cardiac muscle cells are __________. a) nonstriated in appearance b) mechanically, chemically, and electrically connected to one another c) almost totally dependent on anaerobic metabolism d) multinucleated, with a low demand for nutrients

b) mechanically, chemically, and electrically connected to one another

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary? a) net hydrostatic pressure b) net osmotic pressure

b) net osmotic pressure *Yes, the proteins exert colloid osmotic pressure, which draws fluid into the capillary.*

From superficial to deep, name the layers of the heart wall. (Module 18.3A) a) endocardium, pericardium, myocardium b) pericardium, myocardium, endocardium c) pericardium, endocardium, myocardium d) myocardium, pericardium, endocardium e) endocardium, myocardium, pericardium

b) pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

Contractions of the papillary muscles a) eject blood from the atria into the ventricles. b) prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria. c) close the atrioventricular valves. d) close the semilunar valves. e) eject blood from the ventricles.

b) prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria.

Where is the majority of blood volume located during rest? a) pulmonary circuit b) systemic venous system c) systemic arterial system d) systemic capillaries

b) systemic venous system *64% of blood at rest is in the veins*

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by a) fibrinogen-converting enzyme. b) thrombin. c) factor VIII. d) prothrombin activator.

b) thrombin.

The phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is the a) atrial systole. b) ventricular ejection of ventricular systole. c) late diastolic filling phase. d) dicrotic phase. e) early diastolic filling phase.

b) ventricular ejection of ventricular systole.

Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C) a) It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low so that blood doesn't stay in the peripheral circulation too long before returning to the lungs. b) It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to maintain peripheral resistance. c) It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid. d) It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low because it helps speed up the flow of blood into the venous system. e) It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low so that the valves are not damaged.

c) It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.

How would removal of calcium ions from a blood sample affect coagulation? a) The coagulation pathway would be lacking a required cofactor at many steps. b) There would be no effect because magnesium can substitute for calcium. c) The coagulation pathway would be lacking a required cofactor at many steps and coagulation would be prevented. d) There would be no effect because calcium is not a necessary cofactor in coagulation. e) Coagulation would be prevented.

c) The coagulation pathway would be lacking a required cofactor at many steps and coagulation would be prevented.

If the cells of the SA node failed to function, how would the heart rate be affected? (Module 18.12B) a) The heart would stop beating because the SA node was not acting as the pacemaker. b) The heart would go into an arrhythmia because the Purkinje fibers would try to be the pacemaker. c) The heart would beat slower because the AV node would be the pacemaker. d) The heart would beat faster because the AV node would be the pacemaker. e) The heart would beat faster because the inherent rate of myocardial depolarization is faster than the SA node pacemaker.

c) The heart would beat slower because the AV node would be the pacemaker.

Which of the following is a characteristic of chemoreceptors of the aortic bodies? a) They respond to the concentration of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the CSF. b) They trigger reflexive adjustments in the depth and rate of respiration. c) They are sensitive to changes in the pH, PCO2, and PO2 in arterial blood. d) They respond to the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH) in venous blood.

c) They are sensitive to changes in the pH, PCO2, and PO2 in arterial blood.

Which of the following would you expect to have the lowest resting heart rate? a) an unconditioned adult b) an 80-year-old woman c) a trained athlete d) a person with heart failure e) a teenager with a sedentary lifestyle

c) a trained athlete

A person with Type A blood has a) antigen A on the RBCs. b) anti-A antibodies on the red blood cells. c) antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. d) anti-B antibodies in the plasma. e) anti-B antibodies in the plasma and anti-A antibodies on the red blood cells.

c) antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

The ________ valve opens when left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic blood pressure. a) right atrioventricular b) left atrioventricular c) aortic d) pulmonary e) All of the answers are correct.

c) aortic

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is the shortest? a) ventricular diastole b) atrial diastole c) atrial systole d) ventricular systole

c) atrial systole

During the isovolumetric contraction phase of ventricular systole, the a) atria are contracting and the ventricles are relaxing. b) blood is ejected into the great vessels. c) atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed. d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.

c) atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.

Which of the following IS NOT a phagocytic cell? a) eosinophil b) monocytes c) basophil d) neutrophil

c) basophil

Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in __________. a) blood viscosity b) blood volume c) blood vessel diameter d) cardiac output

c) blood vessel diameter

The heart is innervated by ________ nerves. a) neither parasympathetic nor sympathetic b) sympathetic c) both parasympathetic and sympathetic d) somatomotor e) parasympathetic

c) both parasympathetic and sympathetic

Platelets are a) large cells with a prominent, concave nucleus. b) red cells that lack a nucleus. c) cytoplasmic fragments of large cells. d) blue cells that have a nucleus. e) tiny cells with a polynucleus.

c) cytoplasmic fragments of large cells.

The ________ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium. a) parietal pericardium b) visceral pericardium c) endocardium d) myocardium e) epicardium

c) endocardium

Each hemoglobin molecule contains a) two heme groups. b) one alpha and one beta chain. c) four iron ions. d) four alpha chains. e) one heme group.

c) four iron ions.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the blood? a) regulates the pH and ion concentrations of interstitial fluids b) restricts fluid losses at injury sites c) generates body temperature d) transports nutrients to the tissues

c) generates body temperature

Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in all of the following places except the a) liver. b) bone marrow. c) kidney. d) spleen. e) None of the answers is correct.

c) kidney.

Which heart chamber receives blood from the lungs? a) right ventricle b) left ventricle c) left atrium d) right atrium

c) left atrium

Which vessel(s) supplies/supply the left ventricle, left atrium, and the interventricular septum? a) marginal arteries b) posterior interventricular artery c) left coronary artery d) superior vena cava

c) left coronary artery

During the T wave of the electrocardiogram, the ventricles are electrically ________ and functionally ________. a) repolarizing; contracting b) depolarizing,; relaxing c) repolarizing; relaxing d) neutral; at rest e) depolarizing; contracting

c) repolarizing; relaxing

The type of capillary that permits the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins are the a) discontinuous capillaries. b) fenestrated capillaries. c) sinusoids. d) vasa vasorum. e) perforated capillaries.

c) sinusoids.

The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is which of the following? a) 3, 5, 4, 2, 1 b) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5 c) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 d) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 e) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1

d) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1

Cardiac output is increased by a) more sympathetic stimulation. b) increased stroke volume. c) increased end-diastolic volume. d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

Define cardiac cycle. (Module 18.9A) a) Cardiac cycle is time it takes the entire volume of blood to cycle through the heart. b) Cardiac cycle is the time it takes one blood cell to make a complete circuit through the systemic and pulmonary circuits. c) Cardiac cycle is the number of heartbeats in one day. d) Cardiac cycle is the period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next. e) Cardiac cycle is the number of heartbeats in one minute.

d) Cardiac cycle is the period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next.

Compare the types of cells that lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells produce. (Module 17.3C) a) Lymphoid stem cells give rise to all the formed elements except lymphocytes. Myeloid stem cells give rise to lymphocytes. b) Lymphoid stem cells give rise to the white blood cells and the red blood cells. Myeloid stem cells give rise to the platelets. c) Lymphoid stem cells give rise to all of the white blood cells and platelets. Myeloid stem cells give rise to the red blood cells. d) Lymphoid stem cells give rise to lymphocytes. Myeloid stem cells give rise to all the formed elements except lymphocytes. e) Lymphoid stem cells give rise to all of the white blood cells. Myeloid stem cells give rise to the red blood cells and platelets.

d) Lymphoid stem cells give rise to lymphocytes. Myeloid stem cells give rise to all the formed elements except lymphocytes.

What structure carries the electrical signal from the septum of the heart through the ventricular myocardium? a) SA node b) internodal pathways c) AV bundle d) Purkinje fibers

d) Purkinje fibers

The portion of the tracing of an electrocardiogram, ECG, that represents ventricular depolarization is the __________. a) T wave b) P wave c) Q wave d) QRS complex e) P-R segment

d) QRS complex

If the connection between the vagus nerve and the heart is cut, which of these changes will occur? a) Cardiac output will decrease. b) Stroke volume will decrease. c) Heart will beat slower. d) The heart will beat faster. e) Nodal fibers will depolarize more slowly.

d) The heart will beat faster. *PARASYMPATHETIC*

What statement is true regarding pressures and volumes in the cardiac ventricles? a) Pressure and volume are always equal in the two ventricles. b) The volumes in each ventricle are different because the right ventricle generates less pressure. c) The left ventricle generates less pressure due to the increase in cardiac muscle on that side. d) The pressure is greater in the left ventricle, but the volumes are equal in the two chambers.

d) The pressure is greater in the left ventricle, but the volumes are equal in the two chambers.

The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if a) red blood cells bind too much oxygen. b) the diet is deficient in iron. c) hemolysis is prevented by a bad gene. d) a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal. e) there is insufficient heme in the hemoglobin.

d) a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal.

Which of these descriptions best matches the term platelets? a) produce antibodies in response to antigens b) often elevated in allergic individuals c) helper cells are one type d) adhere to collagen beneath endothelium e) kill bacteria using hydrogen peroxide

d) adhere to collagen beneath endothelium

Elastic fibers in the walls of which vessels are stretched as the heart beats? a) veins b) arterioles c) capillaries d) arteries e) venules

d) arteries

An increase in the rate of action potentials from baroreceptors will lead to a) increase in heart rate. b) decrease in blood pressure. c) decrease in heart rate. d) both decrease in heart rate and decrease in blood pressure. e) both increase in heart rate and decrease in blood pressure.

d) both decrease in heart rate and decrease in blood pressure.

The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to a) interatrial septa. b) trabeculae carneae. c) papillary muscles. d) chordae tendineae. e) coronary sulci.

d) chordae tendineae.

Identify the hormones responsible for short-term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and blood volume. (Module 19.10A) a) erythropoietin and thrombopoietin b) aldosterone and cortisol c) ADH and aldosterone d) epinephrine and norepinephrine e) natriuretic peptides

d) epinephrine and norepinephrine

The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the a) viscosity. b) specific gravity. c) packed volume. d) hematocrit. e) differential cell count.

d) hematocrit.

Which of the following would decrease heart rate? a) increased sympathetic stimulation of SA node b) faster depolarization of the pacemaker potential c) decreased parasympathetic stimulation of nodal fibers d) increased parasympathetic stimulation of nodal fibers. e) increased levels of norepinephrine and/or epinephrine

d) increased parasympathetic stimulation of nodal fibers.

Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins? a) brain b) kidney c) heart d) liver e) pancreas

d) liver

The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the a) intestines. b) brain. c) heart. d) lungs. e) liver.

d) lungs.

Name the hormones secreted by the heart. (Module 16.15A) a) antidiuretic hormone b) thrombopoietin c) thymosin d) natriuretic peptides e) erythropoietin

d) natriuretic peptides

The cavity that contains only the heart is the a) mediastinum. b) anterior cavity. c) thoracic cavity. d) pericardial cavity. e) pleural cavity.

d) pericardial cavity.

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except a) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). b) reduced thirst. c) decrease in blood volume. d) release of renin. e) decreased peripheral resistance.

d) release of renin.

Identify the correct sequence for blood flow through the heart. a) right atrium, coronary sinus, right ventricle, pulmonary valve b) pulmonary arteries, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle c) left ventricle, trabeculae carneae, aortic valve, aorta d) right ventricle, through pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries

d) right ventricle, through pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries

Define autorhythmicity. (Module 18.12A) a) Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract with neural stimulation. b) Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract with hormonal stimulation. c) Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to relax after each contraction. d) Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to respond to sympathetic stimulation. e) Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract without neural or hormonal stimulation.

e) Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract without neural or hormonal stimulation.

Define mediastinum. (Module 18.2A) a) The mediastinum is the region that contains each lung. b) The mediastinum is the region anterior to the sternum that is pressed during cardiac pulmonary resuscitation. c) The mediastinum is the region from the diaphragm to the superior border or the rib cage and from each lateral side of the rib cage. d) The mediastinum is the serious membrane that surrounds the heart. e) The mediastinum is the region between the two pleural cavities that contains the heart, along with the great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea.

e) The mediastinum is the region between the two pleural cavities that contains the heart, along with the great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea.

List the phases of the cardiac cycle. (Module 18.10A) a) atrial systole and ventricular systole b) ventricular systole and ventricular diastole c) atrial diastole and ventricular diastole d) atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole e) atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole

e) atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole

The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium. a) semilunar b) tricuspid c) semicaval d) pulmonic e) bicuspid

e) bicuspid

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the a) concentration of plasma waste products. b) concentration of plasma sodium ions. c) concentration of plasma glucose. d) number of red blood cells. e) concentration of plasma proteins.

e) concentration of plasma proteins. *Albumins*

Pacemaker cells in the SA node a) are located in the left atrium. b) are highly contractile. c) have a well-defined resting potential. d) have an action potential identical to contractile cardiac muscle cells. e) generate action potentials that spread to the myocardium.

e) generate action potentials that spread to the myocardium.

Compared to arteries, veins a) have a pleated endothelium. b) are usually round when cut. c) have more smooth muscle in their tunica media. d) have internal and external elastic membranes. e) have thinner walls.

e) have thinner walls.

The pulmonary veins carry blood to the a) brain. b) lungs. c) intestines. d) liver. e) heart.

e) heart.

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except a)relaxation of precapillary sphincters. b) decreased peripheral resistance. c) increased vessel diameter. d) increased blood pressure. e) increased hematocrit.

e) increased hematocrit.

Activation of the renin-angiotensin system would result in all of the following except a) increased water retention. b) increased blood volume. c) elevated blood pressure. d) increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney. e) increased urine production.

e) increased urine production.

What are the two phases of ventricular systole? (Module 18.10B) a) isovolumetric contraction and ventricular filling b) isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling c) isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular ejection d) left ventricular systole and right ventricular systole e) isovolumetric contraction and ventricular ejection

e) isovolumetric contraction and ventricular ejection

The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is a) heparin. b) thrombin. c) phosphokinase. d) fibrinase. e) plasmin.

e) plasmin.

Which of the following is not a component of plasma? a) water b) fibrinogen c) electrolytes d) albumin e) platelets

e) platelets

Damage to the semilunar valve on the right side of the heart would affect blood flow to which vessel? (Module 18.6B) a) superior vena cava b) pulmonary veins c) aorta d) inferior vena cava e) pulmonary trunk

e) pulmonary trunk

Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics except that it a) contracts harder. b) has a thicker wall. c) is round in cross section. d) produces about four to six times more pressure when it contracts. e) pumps a greater volume.

e) pumps a greater volume.

People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because a) they usually have very strong immune systems. b) their blood cells lack A and B antigens. c) their blood is plentiful in A and B antibodies. d) they are usually Rh negative. e) their blood lacks A or B antibodies.

e) their blood lacks A or B antibodies.

People with type AB+ blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because a) they usually have very strong immune systems. b) their blood cells lack A and B antigens. c) their blood is plentiful in A and B antibodies. d) they are usually Rh negative. e) their blood lacks A or B antibodies.

e) their blood lacks A or B antibodies.