Blood Chapter 11

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Leukopenia

low WBC count

Thrombocytopenia

low platelet count

Agranular WBCs

lymphocytes and monocytes

granular WBCs

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

7.35-7.45

normal pH range

red blood cells

pick up oxygen in the lungs and carry it to the cells in the body

Antithrombin

produced by liver, slowly inactivates thrombin

Albumin

protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood

fibrin

protein that forms the basis of a blood clot

thrombus

stationary blood clot

Three mechanisms of hemostasis

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Leukocytes

white blood cells

regulation

Body temperature

carbon dioxide

Carried in the plasma in the form of bicarbonate ions

Radiation

Caused by low white blood count

stem cells

Cells in hemopoietic tissue that undergo mitosis to produce all the types of blood cells are called

HCO3-

Chemical formula bicarbonate

embolism

Clot or other tissue transported from elsewhere that lodges in and obstructs a vessel

Mitosis

Constantly undergo this process to produce new cells

protection

Destroys pathogens

Eosinophils

Detoxify foreign proteins

colon

Eliminates bilirubin in feces

regulation

Fluid-electrolyte balance

Megokaryocytes

Formed in bone marrow, break apart to form platelets

RBCs, WBCs, platelets

Formed in red bone marrow

Rev bone marrow

Found in flat and irregular bones

transportation

Gases and hormones

T lymphocytes

Help recognize foreign antigens

clotting factors

Helps prevent blood loss when blood vessels rupture

Bilirubin

Heme portion of the hemoglobin is old red blood cells is converted to

Carbon transport

Hemoglobin able to bond to carbon dioxide and does transport some co2 from the tissues to the lungs

Rh antibodies

If a rh negative person receives rh positive blood produce

postive feedback mechanism

If excess thrombin is not activated clotting may become a vicious cycle of harmful clotting

Eosinophils

Important in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

Normoblast

In Rbc formation the last stage with a nucleus

thrombin

In chemical clotting fibrinogen is split to fibrin

stem cells

In red bone marrow the precursor cell for blood cells

thrombin

In stage 2 prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to

fibrin

In stage 3 thrombin converts fibrinogen to

yolk sac

In the embryo rbcs are produced by an external membrane called

Globulins

Include carrier molecules for fats in the blood

clotting factors

Include fibrinogen and prothrombin

Stage 1 of clotting

Involves chemical factors released by platelets and other chemicals from damage tissues

globin portion of hemoglobin

Is digested to amino acids which may be used in the process of protein synthesis

smooth muscle

Large artery that is cut contract in vascular spasm because it's wall contains

simple squamous epithelium

Lines blood vessels is very smooth and repels platelets

Plasma

Liquid part of blood

hypoxemia

Low blood oxygen level

Hypoxia

Low oxygen in tissues

liver

Lymphatic tissue is found in all of these except the

Nucleus

Major cellular structure that mature rbcs lack

Presence of cells and plasma proteins

Makes blood more viscous than water

vascular spasm

Mechanism of hemostasis necessary in large vessels that are ruptured or cut

Calcium

Mineral needed for chemical clotting

colon

Most of a persons supply of vitamin K is produced by the bacteria in the person own

slightly alkaline

Normal ph of blood is

transportation

Nutrients and waste products

Fibrinolysis

Once a clot has accompanied its function it is dissolved in a process called

platelet plug

Only effective mechanism of hemostasis for the rupture of capillaries

kidney

Organ that produces erythropoietin durin hypoxia

Iron

Oxygen carrying mineral in hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells

red blood cells

Picks up oxygen when they circulate through the pulmonary capillaries

52%-62%;91%

Plasma makes up ____ of the total blood and is itself _____ %water

intrinsic factor

Prevent the digestion of vitamin B12 and promote its absorption in the small intestine

Anti-thrombin

Produced by the liver to inactivate excess thrombin

white blood cells

Protect the body from pathogens and to provide immunity to certain infectious diseases

HLA

Provide a comparison for the immune system to be able to recognize foreign antigens

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

Provide a self comparison for the immune system to use when pathogens enter the body

Process of clot retraction

Pulls the edges of the break in the vessel together which makes repair of the area easier

Albumin

Pulls tissue fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume

Macrophages

RE cells that phagocytize old red blood cells are found in the liver the spleen and the red blood marrow

all types of blood cells

Red bone marrow produces

Viscosity

Refers to its thickness

red blood cells

Release oxygen in systemic capillaries and their hemoglobin is then called reduced hemoglobin

prothrombin activator

Results of stage 1 is the formation of

Bilirubin

Since it has no usefulness it is considered a waste products and is removed from circulation by the liver and excreted into bile

Lymphocytes

Stem cells of lymphatic tissue produce the wbcs called

Solvent

Substance may dissolve in water and be transported

Nutrients and waste products

Substances that are transported in dissolved form in the plasma

Globulins

Synthesized by lymphocytes or by the liver

Albumin

Synthesized only by the liver

clotting factors

Synthesized only by the liver

RBCs of people who are Rh positive

The RH factor is an antigen that is found on the

Monocytes and Neutrophils

The WBCs that carry out most phagocytosis of pathogens

lympocytes

The WBCs that recognize foreign antigens and produce antibodies

jaundice

The blood level of bilirubin rises perhaps because of liver disease the white of the eyes may appear yellow

Vitamin B12

The extrinsic factor needed for dna synthesis in the red bone marrow

stomach

The intrinsic factor needed for absorption of the extrinsic factor is produced by cells lining the

Vitamin B12

The intrinsic factor needed for the synthesis of DNA by the stem cells in red bone marrow

stomach

The intrinsic factor produced by the lining of

Hypoxia

The kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin which stimulates the red bone marrow to increase the rate of RBC production causing

Bones

The mineral necessary for chemical clotting is calcium which the body stores in

Neutrophils

The most abundant phagocytes

Albumin

The most abundant plasma protein

Ruptured RBCs

The most serious effects of a transfusion reaction occurs in the kidneys when the capillaries there becomes clogged by free hemoglobin from

7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)

The normal pH of blood in life is

protein and iron

The nutrients needed for RBC formation include ___ and ___, which will become part of the hemoglobin molecule.

blood clot

The opening in the vessels is made smaller and may then be covered by a ______

After birth

The primary hemopoietic tissue is red blood marrow which is found in flat and irregular

Reticulocyte

The stage in which fragments of the ER are present

rough surface

The stimulus for the formation of a platelet plug

embolism

The term for a clot that dislodges and travels to another vessel

thrombus

The term for an abnormal clot in an intact vessel

ABO group and Rh factor

The two most important RBC types

Serotonin

This causes tissue to contract in response to ____ releases by platelets or to the damage caused when the vessels ruptured

smooth muscle

Tissue in arteries and veins permits them to constrict

hemopoietic tissue

Tissue in which blood cells are formed

4-6 liters

amount of blood in the human body

Thrombocytes

another name for platelets

lymphatic tissue

found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland

function of platelets

hemostasis- blood clotting to prevent blood loss in bleeding

Leukocytosis

high WBC count

Thrombopoietin

hormone from liver stimulates platelet formation

Erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow

band cell

immature neutrophil

Band cells

immature neutrophils wbc's

Globulins

include antibodies

Erythropoietin

increases red blood cell production

High WBC

infection

Hypoxia

lack of oxygen

120 days

lifespan of RBC

blood plasma

91% water

ABO group

A B AB and O

Type AB blood

A and B antigens, no antibodies

platelet plug

Abnormal clot that forms on a rough surface in an intact vessel

Leukopenia

Abnormally low white blood cell count

regulation

Acid-base balance

red blood cells

Also called erythrocytes and formed in red bone marrow

38% to 48%

Amount of blood cells that make up total blood

Heparin

Anticoagulant produced by basophils

HLA

Antigens found on WBCs that represents the antigens found on all the cells of an individual's

Clotting factor such as prothrombin and fibrinogen

Are synthesized by the liver and circulate in the blood plasma until activated in the clotting mechanism

blood viscosity

Based on the presence of red blood cells and plasma proteins

liver and spleen

Before the red blood marrow takes over completely two other fetal organs contribute to rbc production are

protection

Blood clotting

52% to 62%

Blood plasma makes up approximately ___ of the total blood.

Rh positive

blood with Rh antigens

Rh negative

blood without Rh antigens

NormL range of hemoglobin HB level

12-18 g/100ml

The range of a normal platelet count is

150,000-300,000

Granular and agranular

2 types of leukocytes

The normal range of hematocrit Hct

38-48%

Characteristics of blood

4-6 liters 38-48% total blood volume 7.35-7.44 slightly alkaline five times thicker than water

The range of a normal RBC count is

4.5-6.0 cell/uL

Range of normal WBC count

5,000-10,000

pernicious anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Vitamin K

Vitamin necessary for prothrombin

mature

WBCs differ from RBCs in that all WBCs have nuclei present when they are

Bilirubin;liver ,in bile

When old RBCs are destroyed the waste ____product is formed and then excreted by the ______

Reticulocyte

When these immature RBCs are present in large numbers In circulating blood,it means that there are not enough mature RBCs to transport sufficient oxygen through out the body

Iron

_____From old red blood cells may be stored in the liver or transported to the red bone marrow for the synthesis of new hemoglobin

Hematocrit

a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood

The stimulus for chemical clotting

a rough surface in a ruptured vessel

Monocytes

become macrophages to phagocytize pathogens or damaged tissue

B lymphocytes

become plasma cells and produce antibodies

Basophils

contain heparin (prevents clotting) and histamine (involved in allergic responses)

Basophils

contain histamine which contributes to inflammation


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