Blood Chapter 11
Leukopenia
low WBC count
Thrombocytopenia
low platelet count
Agranular WBCs
lymphocytes and monocytes
granular WBCs
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
7.35-7.45
normal pH range
red blood cells
pick up oxygen in the lungs and carry it to the cells in the body
Antithrombin
produced by liver, slowly inactivates thrombin
Albumin
protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood
fibrin
protein that forms the basis of a blood clot
thrombus
stationary blood clot
Three mechanisms of hemostasis
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
Leukocytes
white blood cells
regulation
Body temperature
carbon dioxide
Carried in the plasma in the form of bicarbonate ions
Radiation
Caused by low white blood count
stem cells
Cells in hemopoietic tissue that undergo mitosis to produce all the types of blood cells are called
HCO3-
Chemical formula bicarbonate
embolism
Clot or other tissue transported from elsewhere that lodges in and obstructs a vessel
Mitosis
Constantly undergo this process to produce new cells
protection
Destroys pathogens
Eosinophils
Detoxify foreign proteins
colon
Eliminates bilirubin in feces
regulation
Fluid-electrolyte balance
Megokaryocytes
Formed in bone marrow, break apart to form platelets
RBCs, WBCs, platelets
Formed in red bone marrow
Rev bone marrow
Found in flat and irregular bones
transportation
Gases and hormones
T lymphocytes
Help recognize foreign antigens
clotting factors
Helps prevent blood loss when blood vessels rupture
Bilirubin
Heme portion of the hemoglobin is old red blood cells is converted to
Carbon transport
Hemoglobin able to bond to carbon dioxide and does transport some co2 from the tissues to the lungs
Rh antibodies
If a rh negative person receives rh positive blood produce
postive feedback mechanism
If excess thrombin is not activated clotting may become a vicious cycle of harmful clotting
Eosinophils
Important in allergic reactions and parasitic infections
Normoblast
In Rbc formation the last stage with a nucleus
thrombin
In chemical clotting fibrinogen is split to fibrin
stem cells
In red bone marrow the precursor cell for blood cells
thrombin
In stage 2 prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to
fibrin
In stage 3 thrombin converts fibrinogen to
yolk sac
In the embryo rbcs are produced by an external membrane called
Globulins
Include carrier molecules for fats in the blood
clotting factors
Include fibrinogen and prothrombin
Stage 1 of clotting
Involves chemical factors released by platelets and other chemicals from damage tissues
globin portion of hemoglobin
Is digested to amino acids which may be used in the process of protein synthesis
smooth muscle
Large artery that is cut contract in vascular spasm because it's wall contains
simple squamous epithelium
Lines blood vessels is very smooth and repels platelets
Plasma
Liquid part of blood
hypoxemia
Low blood oxygen level
Hypoxia
Low oxygen in tissues
liver
Lymphatic tissue is found in all of these except the
Nucleus
Major cellular structure that mature rbcs lack
Presence of cells and plasma proteins
Makes blood more viscous than water
vascular spasm
Mechanism of hemostasis necessary in large vessels that are ruptured or cut
Calcium
Mineral needed for chemical clotting
colon
Most of a persons supply of vitamin K is produced by the bacteria in the person own
slightly alkaline
Normal ph of blood is
transportation
Nutrients and waste products
Fibrinolysis
Once a clot has accompanied its function it is dissolved in a process called
platelet plug
Only effective mechanism of hemostasis for the rupture of capillaries
kidney
Organ that produces erythropoietin durin hypoxia
Iron
Oxygen carrying mineral in hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells
red blood cells
Picks up oxygen when they circulate through the pulmonary capillaries
52%-62%;91%
Plasma makes up ____ of the total blood and is itself _____ %water
intrinsic factor
Prevent the digestion of vitamin B12 and promote its absorption in the small intestine
Anti-thrombin
Produced by the liver to inactivate excess thrombin
white blood cells
Protect the body from pathogens and to provide immunity to certain infectious diseases
HLA
Provide a comparison for the immune system to be able to recognize foreign antigens
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)
Provide a self comparison for the immune system to use when pathogens enter the body
Process of clot retraction
Pulls the edges of the break in the vessel together which makes repair of the area easier
Albumin
Pulls tissue fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume
Macrophages
RE cells that phagocytize old red blood cells are found in the liver the spleen and the red blood marrow
all types of blood cells
Red bone marrow produces
Viscosity
Refers to its thickness
red blood cells
Release oxygen in systemic capillaries and their hemoglobin is then called reduced hemoglobin
prothrombin activator
Results of stage 1 is the formation of
Bilirubin
Since it has no usefulness it is considered a waste products and is removed from circulation by the liver and excreted into bile
Lymphocytes
Stem cells of lymphatic tissue produce the wbcs called
Solvent
Substance may dissolve in water and be transported
Nutrients and waste products
Substances that are transported in dissolved form in the plasma
Globulins
Synthesized by lymphocytes or by the liver
Albumin
Synthesized only by the liver
clotting factors
Synthesized only by the liver
RBCs of people who are Rh positive
The RH factor is an antigen that is found on the
Monocytes and Neutrophils
The WBCs that carry out most phagocytosis of pathogens
lympocytes
The WBCs that recognize foreign antigens and produce antibodies
jaundice
The blood level of bilirubin rises perhaps because of liver disease the white of the eyes may appear yellow
Vitamin B12
The extrinsic factor needed for dna synthesis in the red bone marrow
stomach
The intrinsic factor needed for absorption of the extrinsic factor is produced by cells lining the
Vitamin B12
The intrinsic factor needed for the synthesis of DNA by the stem cells in red bone marrow
stomach
The intrinsic factor produced by the lining of
Hypoxia
The kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin which stimulates the red bone marrow to increase the rate of RBC production causing
Bones
The mineral necessary for chemical clotting is calcium which the body stores in
Neutrophils
The most abundant phagocytes
Albumin
The most abundant plasma protein
Ruptured RBCs
The most serious effects of a transfusion reaction occurs in the kidneys when the capillaries there becomes clogged by free hemoglobin from
7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)
The normal pH of blood in life is
protein and iron
The nutrients needed for RBC formation include ___ and ___, which will become part of the hemoglobin molecule.
blood clot
The opening in the vessels is made smaller and may then be covered by a ______
After birth
The primary hemopoietic tissue is red blood marrow which is found in flat and irregular
Reticulocyte
The stage in which fragments of the ER are present
rough surface
The stimulus for the formation of a platelet plug
embolism
The term for a clot that dislodges and travels to another vessel
thrombus
The term for an abnormal clot in an intact vessel
ABO group and Rh factor
The two most important RBC types
Serotonin
This causes tissue to contract in response to ____ releases by platelets or to the damage caused when the vessels ruptured
smooth muscle
Tissue in arteries and veins permits them to constrict
hemopoietic tissue
Tissue in which blood cells are formed
4-6 liters
amount of blood in the human body
Thrombocytes
another name for platelets
lymphatic tissue
found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland
function of platelets
hemostasis- blood clotting to prevent blood loss in bleeding
Leukocytosis
high WBC count
Thrombopoietin
hormone from liver stimulates platelet formation
Erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow
band cell
immature neutrophil
Band cells
immature neutrophils wbc's
Globulins
include antibodies
Erythropoietin
increases red blood cell production
High WBC
infection
Hypoxia
lack of oxygen
120 days
lifespan of RBC
blood plasma
91% water
ABO group
A B AB and O
Type AB blood
A and B antigens, no antibodies
platelet plug
Abnormal clot that forms on a rough surface in an intact vessel
Leukopenia
Abnormally low white blood cell count
regulation
Acid-base balance
red blood cells
Also called erythrocytes and formed in red bone marrow
38% to 48%
Amount of blood cells that make up total blood
Heparin
Anticoagulant produced by basophils
HLA
Antigens found on WBCs that represents the antigens found on all the cells of an individual's
Clotting factor such as prothrombin and fibrinogen
Are synthesized by the liver and circulate in the blood plasma until activated in the clotting mechanism
blood viscosity
Based on the presence of red blood cells and plasma proteins
liver and spleen
Before the red blood marrow takes over completely two other fetal organs contribute to rbc production are
protection
Blood clotting
52% to 62%
Blood plasma makes up approximately ___ of the total blood.
Rh positive
blood with Rh antigens
Rh negative
blood without Rh antigens
NormL range of hemoglobin HB level
12-18 g/100ml
The range of a normal platelet count is
150,000-300,000
Granular and agranular
2 types of leukocytes
The normal range of hematocrit Hct
38-48%
Characteristics of blood
4-6 liters 38-48% total blood volume 7.35-7.44 slightly alkaline five times thicker than water
The range of a normal RBC count is
4.5-6.0 cell/uL
Range of normal WBC count
5,000-10,000
pernicious anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Vitamin K
Vitamin necessary for prothrombin
mature
WBCs differ from RBCs in that all WBCs have nuclei present when they are
Bilirubin;liver ,in bile
When old RBCs are destroyed the waste ____product is formed and then excreted by the ______
Reticulocyte
When these immature RBCs are present in large numbers In circulating blood,it means that there are not enough mature RBCs to transport sufficient oxygen through out the body
Iron
_____From old red blood cells may be stored in the liver or transported to the red bone marrow for the synthesis of new hemoglobin
Hematocrit
a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood
The stimulus for chemical clotting
a rough surface in a ruptured vessel
Monocytes
become macrophages to phagocytize pathogens or damaged tissue
B lymphocytes
become plasma cells and produce antibodies
Basophils
contain heparin (prevents clotting) and histamine (involved in allergic responses)
Basophils
contain histamine which contributes to inflammation