Blood
Choose the discipline that specifically deals with the study of blood.
Hematology
Which term refers to the production of blood, especially the formed elements?
Hematopoiesis
Name the protein that binds oxygen and buffers blood pH.
Hemoglobin
Which term refers to the multipotent stem cells in bone marrow?
Hemopoietic stem cell
Severe extensive burns, starvation and liver disease can lead to which of the following?
Hypoproteinemia
Globulins
Immunity
Which can cause anemia?
Inadequate hemoglobin synthesis Increased hemolysis Hemorrhage
Anemia may occur in the elderly due to gastric atrophy, which decreases secretion of which of the following?
Intrinsic factor
Why is the liver considered part of the circulatory system?
It produces most of the plasma proteins.
Which organ is responsible for producing most of the plasma proteins?
Liver
Due to menstrual losses, higher body fat and diminished androgen production, RBC count and hemoglobin concentration tend to be different in women and men. How are these values different in women?
Lower hematocrit, hemoglobin and RBC values
Where does lymphoid hemopoiesis occur?
Lymphatic organs
The formed elements of the blood are platelets, erythrocytes, and five types of leukocytes, which include eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes and ____________.
Lymphocytes
Hypoxemia triggers the production of erythropoietin. Erythropoietin increased the rate of erythropoiesis. This an example of which of the following?
Negative feedback control
Why are only old RBCs destroyed in the spleen?
Old cells rupture in the narrow channels of the spleen because they are no longer flexible or resilient
The fluid component of blood that is a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones and gases is called what?
Plasma
Which produces gamma globulins?
Plasma cells
Choose all that are the components of blood.
Platelets Red blood cells Plasma White blood cells
What are the formed elements of blood?
Platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells
Which condition is associated with high blood volume, high blood pressure and high blood viscosity?
Polycythemia
Cancer of the erythropoietic line can lead to which of the following?
Primary polycythemia
What is the role of plasma cells in the blood?
Produce gamma globulins
Which is not true regarding the life cycle of erythrocytes?
Production of red blood cells takes about one month.
Edema and ascites can both occur due to which of the following?
Protein deficiency
Choose all that would directly reduce blood viscosity.
Protein deficiency Decreased hematocrit
Choose all the clinical measurements that express the blood's ability to carry oxygen.
RBC count Hematocrit Hemoglobin concentration
How do reticulocytes differ from mature red blood cells? Select all that apply.
RBCs are more numerous; only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes. Reticulocytes have polyribosomes; RBCs do not.
What is erythropoiesis?
Red blood cell production
At which stage of erythrocyte development are the RBCs released into the blood?
Reticulocyte
Which condition can be caused by emphysema, high altitude, hypoxemia, or dehydration?
Secondary polycythemia
Choose all that may cause hemolytic anemia
Sickle cell disease, thalassemia, malaria Penicillin allergy Snake and spider venom Blood type incompatibilities
Albumin
Solute transport, pH buffering, regulation of blood viscosity and osmolarity
Old blood cells usually die as they pass through what organ?
Spleen
Why does kidney failure often cause anemia?
Synthesis of erythropoietin declines.
The hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration are clinical data that describe which of the following?
The amount of oxygen the blood can carry
What is colloid osmotic pressure?
The contribution of protein to the total blood osmotic pressure
The term hematopoiesis refers to which of the following?
The production of blood
What is hemolysis?
The rupture of red blood cells
What is true about vitamin B12, copper and folic acid?
They are all required for erythropoiesis.
What happens to the fragments of old red blood cells after they rupture?
They are recycled by macrophages.
What role do the kidneys play in erythrocyte homeostasis?
They detect hypoxemia and secrete erythropoietin (EPO).
Which statement is true about erythrocytes?
They lack internal organelles and perform anaerobic fermentation.
Why do red blood cells rely on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP?
They lack mitochondria.
What role do macrophages play in RBC death and disposal?
They separate the heme from the globin of hemoglobin, and hydrolyze globin into free amino acids.
Which protein transports iron in the blood?
Transferrin
True or false: Erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before they die.
True
Which is a nitrogenous waste that is transported in the plasma?
Urea
Which term refers to the thickness or "stickiness" of a fluid?
Visocity
What is the main component of blood plasma by weight?
Water
A generalized condition in which there is too little hemoglobin or too few erythrocytes is called ______.
anemia
Red blood cells are also called ______.
erythrocytes
A blood clot is based on a mesh framework of the protein ______.
fibrin
The rupture of red blood cells is called
hemolysis
High levels of bilirubin in the blood lead to a condition called ______.
jaundice
Erythropoietin is secreted by the ______.
kidneys
The formation of blood cells in the bone marrow is called ________ hemopoiesis.
myeloid
Urea is an example of which of the following?
nitrogenous waste
Choose all that albumin plays a role in.
pH buffering of plasma Solute transport Maintenance of osmolarity
The main components of blood are a fluid portion called ___________ and formed elements that include the blood cells.
plasma
Hemoglobin is a ______ pigment.
red
Transferrin does which of the following?
transports iron in blood
Adult hemoglobin consists of which of the following?
2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains
The process of erythropoiesis normally takes how many days?
3-5
How long does erythropoiesis take to complete?
3-5 days
How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?
4
One molecule of hemoglobin contains which of the following?
4 globin chains and 4 heme groups
Which would be a normal hematocrit?
45%
Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin due to which of the following?
Accumulation of bilirubin
The most abundant plasma protein is ___________. Changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow.
Albumin
Which is the most abundant plasma protein? Changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow.
Albumin
What are the three primary types of plasma proteins?
Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
The clinical values for the RBC and hemoglobin content of the blood differ significantly between women and men. Choose three factors from the list below that help explain the difference.
Androgens stimulate RBC production. Women sustain menstrual losses. Men have less body fat.
Which term refers to a deficiency of either erythrocytes or hemoglobin?
Anemia
Hematology is the study of which of the following?
Blood
Where does myeloid hemopoiesis occur?
Bone marrow
How do blood-viscosity reducing drugs increase blood flow?
By making the blood thinner and less sticky
How is hypoxemia detected?
By the kidneys and liver and results in the secretion of erythropoietin.
How does hemoglobin transport CO2?
CO2 binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin.
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the formation of which of the following?
Carbonic acid
Name the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction combining water and CO2 to form carbonic acid.
Carbonic anhydrase
Fibrinogen
Clotting
Choose some functions of plasma proteins.
Clotting Transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones Immune defense
Which term refers to the contribution of protein to the osmotic pressure of the blood?
Colloid osmotic pressure
In addition to water, choose all the blood plasma consists of.
Electrolytes and nutrients Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
Choose all that are causes of hypoxemia.
Emphysema Abrupt increases in activity level COPD
Which blood cells are biconcave and lack a nucleus and other organelles?
Erythrocytes
Which blood cells are critical to survival because of their ability to transport oxygen?
Erythrocytes
Hypoxemia, resulting from hemorrhage, high altitude, or emphysema, may stimulate which of the following?
Erythropoiesis
Which is a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production?
Erythropoietin
Under normal circumstances only 0.5 - 1.5% of the circulating blood cells are reticulocytes. Which medical condition might cause this number to increase?
Excessive blood loss
True or false: Hypoxemia can occur transiently, but it is always associated with disease conditions.
False
Which molecule is the precursor to fibrin?
Fibrinogen
Choose all the nutrients that are necessary for erythropoiesis.
Folic acid Vitamin C Copper
Hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to colony forming units, which in turn give rise to what?
Formed elements
Choose all that describe normal erythrocytes.
Have a biconcave shape Contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen
Choose all that are included in the cardiovascular (not circulatory) system.
Heart Blood vessels
The circulatory system consists of which of the following?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
The percentage of the blood's volume composed of erythrocytes is called the ____________.
Hematocrit