Blood

Choose the discipline that specifically deals with the study of blood.

Hematology

Which term refers to the production of blood, especially the formed elements?

Hematopoiesis

Name the protein that binds oxygen and buffers blood pH.

Hemoglobin

Which term refers to the multipotent stem cells in bone marrow?

Hemopoietic stem cell

Severe extensive burns, starvation and liver disease can lead to which of the following?

Hypoproteinemia

Globulins

Immunity

Which can cause anemia?

Inadequate hemoglobin synthesis Increased hemolysis Hemorrhage

Anemia may occur in the elderly due to gastric atrophy, which decreases secretion of which of the following?

Intrinsic factor

Why is the liver considered part of the circulatory system?

It produces most of the plasma proteins.

Which organ is responsible for producing most of the plasma proteins?

Liver

Due to menstrual losses, higher body fat and diminished androgen production, RBC count and hemoglobin concentration tend to be different in women and men. How are these values different in women?

Lower hematocrit, hemoglobin and RBC values

Where does lymphoid hemopoiesis occur?

Lymphatic organs

The formed elements of the blood are platelets, erythrocytes, and five types of leukocytes, which include eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes and ____________.

Lymphocytes

Hypoxemia triggers the production of erythropoietin. Erythropoietin increased the rate of erythropoiesis. This an example of which of the following?

Negative feedback control

Why are only old RBCs destroyed in the spleen?

Old cells rupture in the narrow channels of the spleen because they are no longer flexible or resilient

The fluid component of blood that is a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones and gases is called what?

Plasma

Which produces gamma globulins?

Plasma cells

Choose all that are the components of blood.

Platelets Red blood cells Plasma White blood cells

What are the formed elements of blood?

Platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells

Which condition is associated with high blood volume, high blood pressure and high blood viscosity?

Polycythemia

Cancer of the erythropoietic line can lead to which of the following?

Primary polycythemia

What is the role of plasma cells in the blood?

Produce gamma globulins

Which is not true regarding the life cycle of erythrocytes?

Production of red blood cells takes about one month.

Edema and ascites can both occur due to which of the following?

Protein deficiency

Choose all that would directly reduce blood viscosity.

Protein deficiency Decreased hematocrit

Choose all the clinical measurements that express the blood's ability to carry oxygen.

RBC count Hematocrit Hemoglobin concentration

How do reticulocytes differ from mature red blood cells? Select all that apply.

RBCs are more numerous; only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes. Reticulocytes have polyribosomes; RBCs do not.

What is erythropoiesis?

Red blood cell production

At which stage of erythrocyte development are the RBCs released into the blood?

Reticulocyte

Which condition can be caused by emphysema, high altitude, hypoxemia, or dehydration?

Secondary polycythemia

Choose all that may cause hemolytic anemia

Sickle cell disease, thalassemia, malaria Penicillin allergy Snake and spider venom Blood type incompatibilities

Albumin

Solute transport, pH buffering, regulation of blood viscosity and osmolarity

Old blood cells usually die as they pass through what organ?

Spleen

Why does kidney failure often cause anemia?

Synthesis of erythropoietin declines.

The hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration are clinical data that describe which of the following?

The amount of oxygen the blood can carry

What is colloid osmotic pressure?

The contribution of protein to the total blood osmotic pressure

The term hematopoiesis refers to which of the following?

The production of blood

What is hemolysis?

The rupture of red blood cells

What is true about vitamin B12, copper and folic acid?

They are all required for erythropoiesis.

What happens to the fragments of old red blood cells after they rupture?

They are recycled by macrophages.

What role do the kidneys play in erythrocyte homeostasis?

They detect hypoxemia and secrete erythropoietin (EPO).

Which statement is true about erythrocytes?

They lack internal organelles and perform anaerobic fermentation.

Why do red blood cells rely on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP?

They lack mitochondria.

What role do macrophages play in RBC death and disposal?

They separate the heme from the globin of hemoglobin, and hydrolyze globin into free amino acids.

Which protein transports iron in the blood?

Transferrin

True or false: Erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before they die.

True

Which is a nitrogenous waste that is transported in the plasma?

Urea

Which term refers to the thickness or "stickiness" of a fluid?

Visocity

What is the main component of blood plasma by weight?

Water

A generalized condition in which there is too little hemoglobin or too few erythrocytes is called ______.

anemia

Red blood cells are also called ______.

erythrocytes

A blood clot is based on a mesh framework of the protein ______.

fibrin

The rupture of red blood cells is called

hemolysis

High levels of bilirubin in the blood lead to a condition called ______.

jaundice

Erythropoietin is secreted by the ______.

kidneys

The formation of blood cells in the bone marrow is called ________ hemopoiesis.

myeloid

Urea is an example of which of the following?

nitrogenous waste

Choose all that albumin plays a role in.

pH buffering of plasma Solute transport Maintenance of osmolarity

The main components of blood are a fluid portion called ___________ and formed elements that include the blood cells.

plasma

Hemoglobin is a ______ pigment.

red

Transferrin does which of the following?

transports iron in blood

Adult hemoglobin consists of which of the following?

2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

The process of erythropoiesis normally takes how many days?

3-5

How long does erythropoiesis take to complete?

3-5 days

How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?

4

One molecule of hemoglobin contains which of the following?

4 globin chains and 4 heme groups

Which would be a normal hematocrit?

45%

Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin due to which of the following?

Accumulation of bilirubin

The most abundant plasma protein is ___________. Changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow.

Albumin

Which is the most abundant plasma protein? Changes in its concentration can significantly affect blood volume, pressure, and flow.

Albumin

What are the three primary types of plasma proteins?

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

The clinical values for the RBC and hemoglobin content of the blood differ significantly between women and men. Choose three factors from the list below that help explain the difference.

Androgens stimulate RBC production. Women sustain menstrual losses. Men have less body fat.

Which term refers to a deficiency of either erythrocytes or hemoglobin?

Anemia

Hematology is the study of which of the following?

Blood

Where does myeloid hemopoiesis occur?

Bone marrow

How do blood-viscosity reducing drugs increase blood flow?

By making the blood thinner and less sticky

How is hypoxemia detected?

By the kidneys and liver and results in the secretion of erythropoietin.

How does hemoglobin transport CO2?

CO2 binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin.

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the formation of which of the following?

Carbonic acid

Name the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction combining water and CO2 to form carbonic acid.

Carbonic anhydrase

Fibrinogen

Clotting

Choose some functions of plasma proteins.

Clotting Transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones Immune defense

Which term refers to the contribution of protein to the osmotic pressure of the blood?

Colloid osmotic pressure

In addition to water, choose all the blood plasma consists of.

Electrolytes and nutrients Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

Choose all that are causes of hypoxemia.

Emphysema Abrupt increases in activity level COPD

Which blood cells are biconcave and lack a nucleus and other organelles?

Erythrocytes

Which blood cells are critical to survival because of their ability to transport oxygen?

Erythrocytes

Hypoxemia, resulting from hemorrhage, high altitude, or emphysema, may stimulate which of the following?

Erythropoiesis

Which is a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production?

Erythropoietin

Under normal circumstances only 0.5 - 1.5% of the circulating blood cells are reticulocytes. Which medical condition might cause this number to increase?

Excessive blood loss

True or false: Hypoxemia can occur transiently, but it is always associated with disease conditions.

False

Which molecule is the precursor to fibrin?

Fibrinogen

Choose all the nutrients that are necessary for erythropoiesis.

Folic acid Vitamin C Copper

Hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to colony forming units, which in turn give rise to what?

Formed elements

Choose all that describe normal erythrocytes.

Have a biconcave shape Contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen

Choose all that are included in the cardiovascular (not circulatory) system.

Heart Blood vessels

The circulatory system consists of which of the following?

Heart, blood vessels, and blood

The percentage of the blood's volume composed of erythrocytes is called the ____________.

Hematocrit