Blood

Normal reticulocyte count in RBC

.8%

importance of RBC biconcave shape?

7.5 micrometers diameter. Helps RBC squeeze through capillaries, shape helps transport gases due to gas diffusion, shape places cell membrane closer to oxygen carrying hemoglobin.

blood plasma

92% water. the function is transporting nutrients, gases, vitamins, regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, maintaining good pH. plasma proteins are most abundant dissolved substances in plasma. (albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens).

B cells

A type of lymphocyte and makes up 15%. These cells produce antibodies: proteins that attack foreign molecules. The plasma cells: antibody production. Needed for humoral immunity.

LGL'S or NK cells

A type of lymphocyte and makes up 5%. These cells kill some virally infected cells.

T cells

A type of lymphocyte and makes up 80%. These cells are a major part of controlling the immune system. They directly attack microorganisms, tumor cells, and transplanted cells.

how does hemoglobin break down?

After liberated from RBC's this protein breaks down into 4 component polypeptide globin chains, each surrounded by a heme group. Heme decopmposes into iron and biliverdin. Iron combines with transferrin (protein) and carried red bone marrow to be reused in new hemoglobin.

Function of monocytes

Are avid phagocytes. Secrete chemotactic for fibroblasts, thus beginning scar formation. Secrete some blood clotting factors. Are significant to the immune system due to secreting some complement components.

Precursor of fibrin

Fibrinogen

Importance of vitamin 12

Important for nucleic acid formation. A lack of this vitamin usually due to stomach liner disorder rather than nutrient deficiency, for certain cells in stomach release intrinsic factor a substance that is needed for the absorption of this vitamin.

Hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Inherited tendency to bleed from localized lesion of the capillaries

Lack of nutritional factors that cause anemia

Lack of iron, amino acids, folic acid, or vitamin B12 can cause anemia. The availability of 2 b complexes- vitamin b12 and folic acid- significantly influences the production of RBC's. These vitamins are necessary for DNA synthesis: growth and division. High division needed for RBC's

Lymphocytes

Large spherical nucleus and thin cytoplasm. Accounts for 30% of WBC's. They can be small 6-9 micrometer or large 9-15 micrometer diameter. Contains 3 types: T cells (80%), B cells (15%), And LGL'S or NK cells (5%)

Where are RBC recylced

Liver and spleen

What releases heparinin

Mast cells, basophils in CT surrounding capillaries. Blocks prothrombin activator. This prevents abnormal clotting

Amino acids

Necessary for glob in formation in RBC's

Iron

Necessary for heme formation. Much iron can be reused after decomposition of hemoglobin but some needs to be replaced. Absorbed in small intestines.

Folic acid

Necessary for nucleic acid formation

Citrated whole blood

Normal blood to which a solution of acid citrate has been added to prevent coagulation.

Plasmin

Protein splitting enzyme that can digest fibrin threads and other proteins associated with blood clots

RBC count in females and average lifespan

RBC count is 4.2-5.4 miilion cells per mm*3 or 4.2-5.4 million per micro-liter. RBC last 109 days on average

RBC count in males and average lifespan

RBC count is 4.6- 6.2 million cells per mm*3 or 4.6-6.2 million per micro-liter. RBC last for 120 on average

erythrocytes

Red blood cells. 7.5 micrometers in diameter. biconcave discs. This special size helps these cells transport gases, this increases surface area that gases can diffuse. shape allows cell membrane closer to hemoglobin. RBC are 1/3 hemoglobin by volume.

What is the most common ion found in blood

Sodium

what are the affects of sickle cell anemia on the body?

The sickle shape of the RBC's blocks circulation in small vessels, causing excruciating joint pain and damaging many organs. the spleen must work harder to recycle the short lived sickle RBC's which makes infection more likely. Many are diagnosed at birth with this and recieve antibiotics daily for years to prevent infection.

how are WBC's distinguished?

There are usually 5 types of the cells circlating through blood and are distinguished by size, nature of cytoplasm, shape of nucleus, staining characteristics, have or lack granules.

What is the word for clot?

Thromb

Leukopenia

Total number of WBC's below 5,000 per mm*3 of blood, may be typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, AIDS, chicken pox, polio, anemia, arsenic, lead or mercury poisoning

Leukocytosis

Total number of WBC's exceeding 10,000 per mm*3 of blood, indicating an acute infection such as appendicitis. May also occur after vigorous exercise, emotional disturbances, or great loss of body fluids.

agranulocyte

WBC group lacking granules in ctyoplasm. Includes monocytes, arise from red bone marrow, and lymphocytes, arise from red bone marrow and lymphatic system.

granulocyte

WBC group that have granules in cytoplasm. this WBC type is twice the size of RBC's. These include neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. Develop in red bone marrow and have a 12 hour lifespan.

Eosinophils

WBC has course uniformly sized granules that stains red in acid. Nucleus is bi-lobed (2 lobes). Make up 1%-4% of WBC's. 12-17 micrometers in diameter.

Leukocytosis

White blood cell count exceeding 10,000 or 10,500 per mIcroliters

Leukopenia

White blood cell count less Than 3,500 per mIcroliters blood. May accompany typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chickenpox, AIDS, poliomyelitis. May be a result from anemia,lead arsenic, mercury poisoning.

anemia

a condition that develop when blood lacks healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin (this binds oxygen). This causes RBC's to have low oxygen and the common symptom of this is fatigue because organs are not getting the oxygen they need to function properly. It affects 3.5 million americans

erythropoietin

a hormone for negative feedback mechanism that is released with prolonged oxygen deficiency and diminished oxygen supply to tissues. It is released primarily from the kidneys and some from liver (in fetus the liver is main factor). More RBC's circulate into blood until oxygen levels normal, the hormone decreases release

pancytopenia

abnormal depression of all the cellular components of blood.

anisocytosis

abnormal variation in the size of erythrocytes

macrocytosis

abnormally large erythrocytes

microcytosis

abnormally small erythocytes

diapedesis

allows white blood cells to leave the circulation. Cellular adhesion molecules (proteins) help guide leukocytes to the site of injury, called leukocyte trafficking. Once outside the blood, they move through interstitial spaces called ameboid motion. neutrophils and monocytes most mobile.

Neutrophil

also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN(L)). The first to arrive at infection site. These cells phagocytize bacteria, fungi, and some viruses. Accounts for 54%-62%(50-65) of WBC. 12 micro-meters in diameter.

positive chemotaxis

basophils release chemicals for inflammation by dialating blood vessels when foreign organisms invade. The swelling delays spread of microorganisms to other regions. Damaged WBC's release chemicals that attract new leukocytes, when combined with diapedesis brings WBC's to inflammed areas quickly.

where do blood cells originate

blood cells originate in red blood marrow from hematopoietic stem cells. A stem cell can divide to give rise to specialized cells as well as more stem cells. As hematopoietic stem cells divide, new cells respond to different secreted growth factors called colony-stimulating factors that turn some genes on and others off.

Neutrophils characteristics

can appear light purple with combination of Wright's acid (red) and base (blue) stain or take no color at all. older nucleus is lobed and consists of 2-5 section/segments connected by thin chromatin. young nucleus called bands because nuclei is C shaped.

plasma components

complex mixture that includes water, amino acids, proteins, carbs, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes and cellular waste

packed red cells

concentrated suspension of red blood cells from which the plasma has been removed

how are erythrocytes formed?

erythroblasts give rise to new cells. the nuclei of new cells shrink and are pinched off in thin coverings of cytoplasm and cell membrane, these are erythrocytes. Some new cells contain contain reticulum for 1-2 days, this is the remainder of the endoplasmic recticulum. average lifespan 120 days circulate body 75,000 times

formed elements of blood

erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leucocytes

histiocytes

fixed monocytes in Connective tissue

Microglial cells

fixed monocytes in central nervous system

kupffer cells

fixed monocytes in liver

tunica externa (tunica adventita) in typical vein

for support, fibrous connective (elastic and collagen) thickest layer in this type of blood system

erthropoiesis

formation of RBC's initially in yolk sacs, liver and spleen once born this occurs in red bone marrow. hematopoietic cells make erythroblasts which can synthasize 2-3 million hemoglobin molecules per second.

thalassemia

group of hereditary hemolytic anemias resulting from very thin, fragile erythrocytes. globin chains are missing. occurs when RBC's cant mature and grow properly.

tunica mediain typical vein

helps with constriction and dialation. this layer is thin, smooth muscle (ANS) and collagen fiber. external elastic membrane is absent!

spherocytosis

hemolytic anemia caused by defective proteins supporting the cell membranes of RBC's. These cells are abnormally spherical.

embolus

if a clot disloges or if a fragment of it breaks loose and is carried away by blood flow. can be solid body or air in circulation

function of eosinophils

if high levels of this type of WBC is present it means that parasite (worms) or severe allergies are present. They bind to parasitic worms and kill them by releasing destructive enzymes. release enzymes that neutralize histamine by affecting regulation of inflammatory reactions.

neutrophilla

increase in the number of circulating neutrophils

poikilocytosis

irregularly shaped erythrocytes

hemophilia

lack of clotting factors

monocytes

largest blood cells 2-3X bigger than RBC's. make up 2%-8% of WBC count. lifespan of several weeks to months. 14-19 micrometer diameter. nucleus looks punched in, foamy, indented. use diapedesis to leave bloodstream and become macrophages.

basophils functions

migrate to injury site, very motile uses amoeboid and diapedesis. release histamines, promotes inflammation and heparin, blood thinner for more blood flow to injury. releases ECF, attracts eosinophils and resemble mast cells

is internal elastic membrane found in vein?

no internal elastic membrane is absent

dried plasma

normal blood plasma that had been vacuum dried to prevent the growth of microorganisms

antihemophiliac plasma

normal blood plasma that has been processed to preserve an anti-hemophiliac factor

heparinized whole blood

normal blood to which a solution of heparin has been added to prevent coagulation

platelets/ thrombocytes

not complete cells. arise from megakaryocytes which are very large cells in red bone marrow that fragment releasing small sections of cytoplasm into circulation. lacks nucleus and is 1/2 size of RBC's. lifespan is 10 days

sickle cell anemia

one DNA base change causes an incorrect amino acid to be incorporated into the protein production of hemoglobin, causing hemoglobin to crystallize in a low oxygen environment, bending the red blood cells into sickle shape.

thrombocytopenia

reduction in the number of platelets

septicemia

reproduction of disease causing microorganisms in the blood. pathogen in blood

platelets function

shattered pieces of cytoplasm from megakaryocytes and circulate in blood. They help repair damaged blood vessels by sticking to broken surfaces. Release serotonin, which contracts smooth muscles in the vessel walls, reducing blood flow.

Basophils

similar to eosinophils nuclei, have fewer more irregularly shaped granules that are deep blue (alkaline) that obscure view of nucleus. less than 1% of WBC's. 10 micrometers in diameter and 2 lobed nucleus.

albumins

smallest plasma proteins, 60% of p.p. by wieght. Synthesized in liver, and due to being plentiful are useful in determining osmotic pressure.

tunica intima endothelium in typical vein

smooth, semilunar valves

purpura

spontaneous bleeding into the tissue and through the mucous membranes. causes purplish patches on skin and mucous membranes due to ruptured subcutaneous blood vessels.

what factor sculpts blood?

the exposure of colony-stimulating factors ultimately sculpts the distinctive formed elements of blood including the cellular components of the immune system

what causes anemia?

there are 400 types but 3 main causes: 1. by blood loss: ulcers, hemorrhoids, gastritis, cancer, menstruation, child bearing. 2. decreased or faulty RBC production: lack of vitamins and minerals 3. destruction of RBC.

two types of monocytes

there are two types of this WBC, the fixed and the free. The fixed (remain in one place) are: 1. Kupffer cells found in liver 2. Histiocytes found in CT 3. Microglial cells found in CNS. The free are tissue roamer WBC's

reticulocytes

these are the cells that exist the bone marrow and enters the blood. When the reticulum degenerates, the RBC is fully matured.

causes of hypoxia?

this condition may result from hemorrhage, inadequate breathing, high altitudes, anemia.

function of neutrophils

uses diapedesis, through blood vessel walls and amoenoid. are phagocytes, when die use chemotaxis to summon more. use lysozyme which is an antibacterial enzyme. Defensins versus some bacteria, fungi, and viruses

typical vein appearance

usually flattened or collapsed, relatively thin wall

oxyhemoglobin

when hemoglobin combines with oxygen in RBC's the color is bright red. Hemoglobin is responsible for RBC's red color

deoxyhemoglobin

when oxygen is released from hemoglobin in RBC's the color is dark blue