Blood Vessels
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? 110/60 120/80 140/90 170/96
170/96
Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________. 90/55 130/80 150/90 120/80
90/55
Which statement best describes arteries? All carry blood away from the heart. All carry oxygenated blood to the heart. All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.
All carry blood away from the heart.
Which will NOT occur if blood pressure drops below homeostatic levels? Cardiac output will increase. The cardioacceleratory center of the medulla will be activated. Vasomotor center of the medulla will trigger vasoconstriction. Baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch will be stimulated.
Baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch will be stimulated.
Select the correct statement about blood flow. It is relatively constant through all body organs. It is greatest where resistance is highest. It is measured in mm Hg. Blood flow through the entire vascular system is proportional to cardiac output.
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is proportional to cardiac output.
If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so? Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance. The heart has increased its contractile force increasing cardiac output. The sympathetic nervous system has increased its nervous impulses. The heart has increased its rate to increase cardiac output.
Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance.
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? The skin will be cold and clammy. Blood flow to the kidneys increases. Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
Which of the following is most likely to occur in the arteriovenous shuts present in the blood vessels of the finger tips and toes? Warmer temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. Colder temperatures will result in vasodilation in the arteriovenous shuts. Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. Exercise will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts.
Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts.
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase. Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas. An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery. Excess albumen transport protein production would decrease blood pressure.
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart. T/F
F
Which of the following is NOT true regarding fenestrated capillaries? Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier. Fenestrated capillaries are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney. Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine organs allow hormones rapid entry into the blood. Fenestrated capillaries in the small intestine receive nutrients from digested food.
Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier.
Each of the following describes the action of aldosterone except one. Which of the following does NOT describe the activity of aldosterone hormone? It will reduce urine output. It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine. It promotes an increase in sodium reabsorption from the kidney to the blood. It promotes an increase in blood pressure.
It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine.
Atherosclerosis causes elastic arteries to become less stretchy. How does this affect pulse pressure? Pulse pressure is unaffected by atherosclerosis. Pulse pressure is temporarily increased. Pulse pressure is temporarily decreased. Pulse pressure is chronically decreased. Pulse pressure is chronically increased.
Pulse pressure is chronically increased.
An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance. T/F
T
An obstruction in the superior vena cava would decrease the flow of blood from the head and neck to the heart. T/F
T
Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses. T/F
T
The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation. T/F
T
The carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole. T/F
T
Whereas diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid, bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid. T/F
T
The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which of the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy of the aorta? The aorta's tunica media is thick with dense regular connective tissue to withstand the blood's pressure. The tunica external of the aorta is nearly absent compared to other vessels. Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart. Smooth muscle is relatively thin in the aorta to increase lumen size and systemic blood flow.
The aorta's tunica media is thick with dense regular connective tissue to withstand the blood's pressure.
Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? They distribute blood to various parts of the body. Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells. They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue. The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.
The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.
Which of the following would NOT result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds? a local increase in histamine a local increase in pH a decrease in local tissue oxygen content an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide
a local increase in pH
The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? chemoreceptors reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers reflex arcs involving baroreceptors altering blood volume
altering blood volume
The release of which hormone is most likely to cause a reduction in blood volume and pressure? atrial natriuretic peptide aldosterone antidiuretic hormone norepinephrine
atrial natriuretic peptide
Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? blood vessel diameter total blood vessel length blood viscosity blood vessels type
blood vessel diameter
Which blood vessels lack elastic tissue? muscular arteries and arterioles capillaries and venules arterioles and capillaries venules and veins
capillaries and venules
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? a decrease in oxygen levels a decrease in carbon dioxide changes in arterial pressure an increase in oxygen levels
changes in arterial pressure
If a person were to have substantial blood loss, you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to happen EXCEPT one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss. increases peripheral resistance increasing vasomotor tone decreased heart rate a weak, thread pulse
decreased heart rate
A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes EXCEPT ________. increased work of the left ventricle decreased size of the heart muscle increased damage to blood vessel endothelium increased incidence of coronary artery disease
decreased size of the heart muscle
Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________. increasing hydrostatic pressure and edema will occur decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur increasing hydrostatic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases
decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur
Blood flow is ________ proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Blood flow is ________ proportional to the total peripheral resistance. directly; directly inversely; directly inversely; inversely directly; inversely
directly; inversely
Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? increasing heart rate falling blood volume rising blood volume increasing stroke volume all of these
falling blood volume
Which of the following would NOT be expected from taking a diuretic drug? decreased blood pressure lower plasma volume increased urine output greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion
greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? hydrostatic and osmotic pressure plasma and formed element concentration hydrostatic pressure only blood volume and viscosity
hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
In general, it is expected that ________. osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end hydrostatic pressure will rise as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed
hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed
Peripheral resistance ________. is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals increases as blood vessel diameter increases increases as blood viscosity increases decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel
increases as blood viscosity increases
Blood flow to the skin ________. is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze increases when environmental temperature rises is controlled mainly by decreasing pH
increases when environmental temperature rises
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________. ADH intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms skin temperature the hypothalamic "thermostat"
intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons
is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist
Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________. obesity smoking stress kidney disease
kidney disease
The beginning of a true capillary is surrounded by a precapillary sphincter. The opening and closing of precapillary sphincters is controlled by ________. parasympathetic nervous system blood pressure in the metarteriole sympathetic nervous system local chemical conditions
local chemical conditions
A person suddenly gaining significant amounts of adipose tissue can expect all of the following physiological changes except one. Which of the following is least likely to occur with a sudden and significant gain in adipose tissue? increased angiogenesis and higher peripheral resistance lower heart rate and reduced blood flow higher peripheral resistance and higher blood pressure increased risk of developing atherosclerosis
lower heart rate and reduced blood flow
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart and are named by the organs they supply (renal) are _________. elastic arteries capillaries arterioles muscular arteries
muscular arteries
Which of the following contain oxygenated blood? pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries lobar arteries pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? rapid, thready pulse rapidly falling blood pressure cold, clammy skin increased heart rate
rapidly falling blood pressure
Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? neural controls baroreceptor-initiated reflexes renal regulation chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes
renal regulation
The abdominal aorta splits into which vessels? right and left subclavian arteries right and left common carotid arteries right and left femoral arteries right and left common iliac arteries
right and left common iliac arteries
A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________. left upper arm left side of the head and neck myocardium of the heart right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally always fatal
shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________. significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius the only factor that influences resistance significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary
significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ________ type of capillaries in red bone marrow. continuous sinusoid metarterioles fenestrated
sinusoid
These capillaries may be lined with phagocytes that can extend their process into the plasma to catch "prey." fenestrations sinusoids anastomoses thoroughfare channels
sinusoids
The velocity of blood flow is ________. slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels
slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation? right ventricle left atrium pulmonary arteries and veins superior vena cava
superior vena cava
The pulse pressure is ________. systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer the does NOT affect a pulse rate reading. activity emotions the vessel selected to palpate postural changes
the vessel selected to palpate
Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. tunica intima tunica externa tunica media tunica adventitia
tunica intima
Which structural layer of blood vessels is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure? tunica intima tunica media tunica externa subendothelial
tunica media
Factors that aid venous return include all EXCEPT ________. activity of skeletal muscles venous valves pressure changes in the thorax urinary output
urinary output
Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume
vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
Which of the following does NOT contribute to venous blood pressure? skeletal muscle activity constriction of smooth muscle around veins by the sympathetic nervous system increased abdominal pressure during breathing venous anastomoses
venous anastomoses