BMED 3107 Endocrine System

molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones

A hormone is a ____ and the target cell is _____

none of the above.

A hormone that the adrenal medulla secretes is mineralocorticoid. glucocorticoid. none of the above. aldosterone.

causing synthesis or activating a second messenger

A nonsteroid hormone acts on a target cell by

blood cortisol

A person who is stressed usually has increased

all of the above.

Addison disease lowers blood pressure. increases blood potassium levels. all of the above. decreases blood sodium levels.

kidney cortex medulla neural

Adrenal Glands are the top of ____ , contain outer adrenal ____ and_____ , the inside layer belong to ____ tissue.

conserve sodium and excrete potassium.

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to

the number of receptors available for binding

An upregulated cell has an increase in ______

hypothalamus posterior pituitary increase suckling

Antidiuretic hormone and Oxytocin are secreted from ______ , stored in ______, Antidiuretic hormone is stimulated by ______ (increase or decrease) in blood osmolality, Oxytocin is stimulated by ______

steroid hormones

Clinically, which class of hormone is likely to be administered orally since it will pass through biological membranes without being digested in the gut?

stimulates the production of glucose from glycogen

Cortisol

decreases the permeability of capillaries.

Cortisol is useful in controlling inflammation reactions because it

all of the above.

Cushing syndrome is caused by hypersecretion of cortical hormones. redistribution of fat all of the above. decreases tissue protein.

prolonged increase in the level of a hormone

Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to

cytoplasm; second-messenger

During nongenomic action, the receptor of steroid located in _____ requires ____

It communicates using hormones secreted into the bloodstream. It causes metabolic activity changes in its target cells. Its effects last from minutes to weeks. Its effects may continue after the stimulus is removed.

Endocrine System Functions:

internal secretion

Endocrine means

an autoimmune disorder

Graves disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism, is caused by

all of the above

Growth hormone (PPT 14) enhances the movement of amino acids into cells. increases the rate of fat metabolism. increases the rate of protein synthesis. all of the above.

IGF-1

Growth hormone promote the release of

1. steroid hormones are water-insoluble, so they are transported in blood with the carries 2. steroid hormone reaches a targe cell 3. steroid hormone cross cell membrane 4. hormone bind with the receptor, usually in nucleus 5. hormone- receptor bind with DNA, 6. hormone- receptor activated mRNA synthesis 7. mRNA molecules leave the nucleus and into the cytoplasm 8. use mRNA as a template to synthesize protein, which will change the cell actions

Hormone pathway

all of the above

Hormones from the adrenal medulla increase blood pressure. breathing rate. heart rate. all of the above.

nonpolar; hydrophobic

Hormones that can pass through the plasma membrane are ____ and ____

permissive effects

Hormones that enhance the responsiveness of a target organ to a second hormone have ____

hypothalamus

Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the

Graves' disease

Hyperthyroidism in adults caused by oversecretion of thyroxine is known as

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Hypothalamic factors/hormones that influence the activity of endocrine cells within the anterior pituitary gland, reach the anterior pituitary via:

all of the above.

In diabetes mellitus, fatty acids and ketone bodies accumulate in the blood if untreated. all of the above. the pancreas cannot produce insulin or the body cannot respond to it. insulin must be taken or drugs given that help the body to utilize insulin.

a - c - b

In which order would blood flow through these structures as it travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? a: Primary plexus b: Secondary plexus c: Hypophyseal portal vein

most cells taking up glucose

Insulin results in

1. Steroid hormones travel in the blood attached to protein carriers. 2. Steroid hormones dissociate from the carrier protein and diffuse across the plasma membrane 3. Steroid hormones bind with a specific receptor molecule inside the cytoplasm 4. the receptor-hormone complex binds with a DNA molecule to produce a mRNA molecule 5. stimulation of mRNA transcription

Intracellular receptor model: steroid hormones

cytoplasm or nucleus outer surface of the plasma membrane

Lilophilic hormone receptors are in ____ Water-soluble hormone receptors are on ____

Addison disease.

Low secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex leads to

T4 Calcitonin PTH

Matching Follicular cells: Parafollicular Cells: Parathyroid:

ligand binding domain and DNA binding domain

Nuclear hormone receptor have two regions:

coactivators

Proteins that must bind to a nuclear receptor protein that aids in its activation are called ____

antidiuretic hormone

Secreted in Hypothalamus , Stored in the posterior pituitary gland

an increase in the concentration of blood glucose.

Secretion of glucagon causes

a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.

Secretion of insulin causes

both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus

Steroid hormone receptors may be found ___

cholesterol

Steroid hormones are lipids derived from _____

True

T/F A cell is only able to respond to hormones if specific hormone receptors are present on the membrane or within the cell.

False

T/F A chronically high hormone concentration often leads to an increased number of receptors on the target cell

True

T/F A hormone is a secreted molecule that is carried in the bloodstream to where it acts on target cells that bear specific receptors for that hormone.

False

T/F Endocrine glands secrete their products into ducts

false

T/F Feedback Control of Anterior Pituitary is positive controlling

False

T/F For hormone action, the high concentration of the hormone is required

True

T/F Glucagon and cortisol both promote glucose sparing.

True

T/F Glucagon is produced by pancreatic alpha cells.

true

T/F Higher brain centers can influence pituitary secretions, and therefore, target organ secretion

false

T/F Parathyroid hormone stimulates the activity of bone-resorbing osteoblasts.

True

T/F Type I diabetes is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes.

true

T/F hypothalamus controll hormone secretion from peripheral endocrine glands via regulating pituitary gland

anterior pituitary gland

Target cells for releasing hormones are in the

thyroid gland

The _______ secretes triiodothyronine.

adrenal gland

The ________ has a medulla derived from ectoderm and a cortex derived from mesoderm.

Ca 2+ balance

The adrenal cortex is NOT involved in regulation of ________.

calcitonin

The hormone that stimulates calcium deposition into bone is

Cushing's disease

The hypersecretion of corticosteroids results in ________.

Addison's disease

The hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids results in ________.

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal l system of blood capillaries and veins

The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary gland by

releasing and inhibiting hormones

The hypothalamus influences the anterior pituitary by producing

blood glucose

The pancreas secretes hormones involved in regulation of ________.

target cell receptors that are unique for each hormone.

The specificity of hormone action derives from?

target cell receptors that are unique for each hormone

The specificty of hormone action derives from

iodine

The thyroid gland has a special ability to remove the element ______ from the blood.

d = hypothalamus, e = anterior pituitary

This figure shows an example of regulation of hormone secretion by a negative feedback loop. The large box labeled 1 represents the initial stimulus. What endocrine glands are indicated by the letters d and e?

Elevates basal metabolic rate Promotes maturation of the nervous system T3 Receptor proteins located inside the nucleus control gene transcription

Thyroid Hormone (PPT19-21)

1. Iodide (I-) is transported secrete it into the thyroid follicles colloid 2. Iodide bind to tyrosines within thyroglobulin 3. Produce T3 and T4 4. T3 T4 dissociate from thyroglobulin 5. T3 and T4 secreted into the blood with TSH stimulation

Thyroid Production

T3 T4 TSH calcitonin calcium

Thyroid gland produces 3 hormones: _____ and _____ ( response to _____ secretion) and______ response to high ______ ( mineral) concentration

thyroglobulin

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves the secretion of a glycoprotein called ________ by the follicular cells.

regulate gene transcription

Thyroid hormones bind to receptors that?

enhances the rate at which proteins are synthesized.

Thyroxine

T4

Thyroxine is also known as

results in sugar in the urine

Type I diabetes mellitus

1. Water-soluble hormone reach target cell 2. Water-soluble hormone bind cell membrane receptor 3. Hormone- receptor activates adenylate cyclase 4. adenylate cyclase break ATP to cAMP 5. cAMP binds the inactive protein kinase and activate the protein kinase 6. protein kinase (activated) causes a series of reactions leading to cellular changes

Water-soluble hormone pathway

CRH → ACTH → cortisol

What is the correct order hormones release during stress response (general adaptation syndrome)?

Decreasing blood glucose levels

What is the stimulus for the release of glucagon?

Increasing blood glucose levels

What is the stimulus for the release of insulin?

synergistic

When two or more hormones work together to produce a particular result, their effects are _____

The system is the circulatory connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary.

Which is not correct regarding the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

pituitary gland

Which of the following glands is found in the brain?

pancreas

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Hyperglycemia

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Addison's disease?

Raises blood glucose levels

Which of the following is NOT an action of aldosterone secretion?

Lowers blood levels of free fatty acids

Which of the following is NOT an action of cortisol secretion?

Glycogenesis

Which of the following is NOT an effect of glucagon secretion?

Thyrocorticoids

Which of the following is NOT one of the three functional categories of corticosteroids?

Stage of denial

Which of the following is NOT one of the three stages in the response to stress?

released from the anterior pituitary gland.

Which of the following is NOT true about the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and Oxytocin ?

it diffuses into the cell to cause cellular changes

Which of the following is NOT true of a peptide hormone?

it activates a second messenger to cause cellular changes

Which of the following is NOT true of a steroid hormone?

high blood glucose inhibits secretion of glucagon

Which of the following provides an accurate example of negative feedback regulation

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Which of these hormone pairs have antagonistic (opposite) effects?

negative feedback

____ controls hormone concentrations

insulin glucagon insulin insulin glucagon glucagon glucagon insulin

_______ Promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, _____ Stimulates the liver to breakdown glycogen _____ Decreases blood glucose levels. ______ increase blood glucose levels ____ Stimulates the breakdown of fats . ______ Enhances synthesis of proteins _____ Secreted by alpha cells. _____ Secreted by beta cells

1. higher brain center 2. Hypothalamus 3. CRH 4. ACTH 5. ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex 6. Cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH secretion 7. protein 8. fatty acid 9. increase

cortisol feed back and function

1. low blood pressure or blood Na stimulate Renin 2. In blood, Renin transfer Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I, ACE transfer Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II 3. Angiotensinogen 4. renin 5. Angiotensin II 6. Angiotensin II, promotes secretion of aldosterone from Adrenal Cortex 7. aldosterone into blood and transported to kidney 8. aldosterone act on the kidney to conserves Na+, and H2O is retained by osmosis. 9. blood pressure and blood level of Na are back to normal, renin secretion is reduced

matching (PPT8,9)

anterior lobe posterior lobe nervous

pituitary gland divided into ______, (which belong endocrine) and _______ which is ______ tissue.

Zona glomerulosa: aldosterone fasciculata: cortisol reticularis: sex hormones adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine

structure of adrenal and secretion Zona glomerulosa: fasciculata: reticularis: adrenal medulla: