BMS251-Chapter25Learnsmart

a hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex that causes a decrease in urine output

aldosterone

hormone that increases K+ secretion into the urine

aldosterone

in the ECF, the ____________ has a higher concentration of protein than the interstitial fluid

blood plasma

on average, how much of the body is composed of fluid?

65%

low levels of Na+

hyponatremia

where in the brain is the thirst center located?

hypothalamus

only the __________ form of calcium is physiologically active

ionized

fixed acid examples

lactic acid and ketoacid and phosphoric acid

you've been very sick with the flue for a week and vomitting non-stop. aside from dehydration, your physician is worried about the pH of your blood becoming ___________

too basic

true or false: most americans consume meat and wheat which act to acidify the blood

true

obligatory __________ loss always occurs regardless of the hydration status of the organism

water

carbonic acid is formed by which two reactants?

water and carbon dioxide

examples of ways that fluid imbalances with changes in osmolarity can occur

water intoxication and profuse sweating

which of the following is NOT an electrolyte?

- H3PO4 ** Albumin - NaCl CaCl2

which of the following is an anion involved in maintaining acid-base balance?

** HCO3- - PO4^3- - Na+ - Cl-

all are correct statements about Cl- and its regulation except which one?

- Cl- is the most abundant anion in the ECF ** Cl- regulation is independent of Na+ - most Cl- is obtained in the diet

all of the following options are physiological roles of calcium except?

- initiating muscle contraction - initiating release of neurotransmitter - participating in blood clotting ** establishing the resting membrane potential

physiological roles of phosphate

- with Ca2+, hardening of extracellular matrix. - component of phospholipids

place the following events in order

1. lactic acid levels rise 2. blood pH drops 3. kidneys reabsorb HCO3- 4. blood pH rises

normal level of K+ in the extracellular fluid range

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

true or false: K+ imbalances are the most lethal of the electrolyte imbalances

true

systemic arterial blood should have a pH between

7.35-7.45

weak acid of the bicarbonate buffer system

H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

weak base of the bicarbonate buffer system

HCO3- (bicarbonate)

After K+, what is the second most abundant cation in the ICF?

Mg2+

an increase in aldosterone levels results in the increased reabsorption of what ion?

Na+

the ECF has higher concentrations than the ICF of which of the following ions?

Na+, Ca2+, Cl-

common electrolytes found in body fluids

Na+, Cl-, K+

the Na+ concentration gradient across the cell membrane is maintained by __________.

Na+/K+ pumps

hypoventilation leads to

acidosis

hormones that play a major role in homeostatic regulation of both electrolytes and fluids include ______, ________, and __________.

aldosterone, angiotensin II, and antidiuretic hormone.

an increased respiratory rate, or rapid deep breathing can cause ____________

alkalosis

_____________ is converted by renin into angiotensin I which is then converted by ACE into angiotensin II.

angiotensinogen

the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

ascites

sources of magnesium

beans and leafy green vegetables

the most abundant electrolyte in bones and teeth.

calcium

levels of carbonic acid in the body are regulated by

changing the respiratory rate

true or false: the extracellular fluid contains more negatively charged proteins then the intracellular fluid

false

if a person is overhydrated with pure water, the Na+ content in the ECF will ___________

decrease

which of the following could contribute to the development of edema?

decreased fluid removal by lymph nodes

ANP exerts its physiological effects in what ways?

decreases vasoconstriction in peripheral blood vessels and decreases renin release.

which systems are involved in fluid balance?

digestive, cardiovascular, and urinary

weak acid in the phosphate buffering system

dihydrogen phosphate

an increase in the pH of the ECF will result in movement of K+ ions in which direction?

from the ECF into the ICF

organ responsible for synthesizing ANP

heart

ADH secretion is stimulated by

high blood osmolarity and low blood pressure

weak base of the phosphate buffering system

hydrogen phosphate

if water loss is greater than the solute loss, then the blood plasma becomes ____________________

hypertonic

water will move into the ECF compartment from other compartments if the ECF becomes ___________

hypertonic

stimuli that increases activation of the thirst center

increase in blood osmolarity and decrease in blood pressure

if an acid is added to a solution, the concentration of H+ will _______, and the pH will ___________.

increase; decrease

Angiotensin II effects

increased ADH secretion, increased thirst, and vasoconstriction

antidiuretic hormone exerts its effects by doing what?

increasing thirst in the hypothalamus and increasing water reabsorption in the kidney.

the hormone that is released after a meal and stimulates cellular uptake of glucose and K+

insulin

extracellular fluid includes

interstitial fluid and blood plasma

fluid imbalances with constant osmolarity happen when ______ fluid is lost or gained.

isotonic

dietary sources of phosphate ions

meat, fish, and milk

water in the body produced from aerobic respiration

metabolic water

if the blood becomes more alkaline, the kidneys will respond by secreting _______ bicarbonate ions

more

a solute that does not dissociate in solution

nonelectrolyte

fluid movement between compartments occurs because of changes to the relative ________________

osmolarity

the greater the difference in the number of solutes between two compartments, the greater the _________ pressure.

osmotic

the most abundant anion in the ICF

phosphate

chemical buffering systems of the body

protein, bicarbonate, and phosphate

an increase in blood pressure inhibits renal secretion of the hormone ________ which in turn inhibits thirst

renin

an increase in what would ultimately or directly result in a decrease in fluid output by the kidneys?

renin, aldosterone, and ADH

_________ fluid loss can be measured.

sensible

the condition in which there is a fluid imbalance in one part of the body even though the total body fluid is normal is called fluid _________.

sequestration

most calcium is obtained from the diet. how is it lost?

sweat, feces, and urine.

fluid imbalances include

volume depletion and volume excess

a chemical buffering system is composed of what?

weak acid and weak base