Board Exams

Which has the highest value? 1) SPTP 2) SPTA 3) SAPA 4) SATA

1) SPTP

Name 3 phases of diastole in order as they occur

1. Rapid filling 2. Diastasis 3. Atrial systole

For wavelength in soft tissue

1.54mm/frequency

Nyquist limit

1/2 PRF

How many veins dump deoxygenated blood into the right atrium in a normal heart?

3 1. Inferior vena cava 2. Superior vena cava 3. Coronary sinus

Which of the following is not a common finding in systemic hypertension? 1. Aortic root dilation 2. Aortic valve stenosis 3. Increased LV systolic function 4. Concentric LV hypertrophy

3. Increased LV systolic function

Mild pulmonary HTN is defined as

30-40 mmHG

Which has lowest value? 1) SPTP 2) SPTA 3) SAPA 4) SATA

4) SATA

At what temperature is it unsafe to use a TEE probe?

40-45 C

What is power directly related to?

Amplitude and intensity

Sonographer can change

Amplitude, power, intensity

What does left anterior descending coronary artery supply?

Anterior wall Anterior septum LV apex

What anatomy is seen in this image

Aortic arch Descending aorta Ascending aorta Right pulmonary artery

Rarefaction

Areas of decreased pressure and density

Rarefactions

Areas of decreased pressure and density

Compressions

Areas of increased pressure and density

Type 1 aortic dissection involves the

Ascending and descending aorta

Mitral valve inflow velocity should NOT be affected by: A)age B)gender C)heart rate D)preload

B)gender

50% of coarcts have what?

Bicuspid valve

Cardiac tamponade is rapid filling of fluid: A) with diastole B)causing restrictive filling C) causing restrictive diastolic filling D) causing restrictive systolic filling

C) causing restrictive diastolic filling

Biplane Simpsons rule is used for calculating: A. regurgitant fraction B. aortic valve area C. ejection fraction D. mitral stenosis

C. ejection fraction

What accompanies bicuspid aortic valves?

Coarctation of aorta

What valve is least likely to be affected by rheumatic heart disease? A)mitral B)aortic C)tricuspid D)pulmonic

D) pulmonic

What is primary effect of long-standing aortic regurgitation?

Decreased ejection fraction

The coronary arteries mainly fill during:

Diastole

A Stanford A type aortic dissection best describes:

Dissections involving the ascending aorta

Are right-sided pressures elevated with a Valsalva maneuver?

During the strain phase=No During the release phase=Yes

Which valve sits at junction of IVC and RA?

Eustachian Valve

T/F: SPL can be changed by sonographer.

False

What is period inversely related to?

Frequency

Impaired early LV relaxation with normal filling pressures displayed as E/A wave reversal of MV Doppler and normal LA size are common findings of which diastolic dysfunction grade

Grade 1

What is the name of the vein that returns deoxygenated blood back from liver and dumps into the IVC

Hepatic veins

The primary factor causing pulmonary HTN is:

Increased peripheral resistance

A papillary muscle rupture is most commonly seen in the posteromedial pap muscle. The infarction that causes the rupture typically involves this wall:

Inferior

What does left circumflex coronary artery supply?

Lateral wall Posterior wall

A peak pulmonic gradient of 50mmhg best describes

Moderate PS

innominate, left carotid, left subclavian

Name vessels coming off the arch and most proximal to distal

Aliasing

Occurs when Doppler shift exceeds nyquist limit

What does RVSP equal

PAP

mitral valve prolapse should be diagnosed in which views

PLAX, A4C

What portion of the ecg represents spread of electricity through the atria?

PR interval

The best view to image a sinus of valsalva aneurysm is

PSAX at aortic level

longitudinal wave

Particles move in same direction

isovolumetric contraction

Period of time all 4 valves are closed, ventricles contracting and ventricular pressure is increasing

Determined by sound source

Period, frequency, amplitude, power, intensity

What are the tricuspid leaflets?

Posterior and anterior

What is amplitude directly related to?

Power and intensity

What type of shunt causes cyanosis in newborns?

R to L shunts

Which aortic leaflet is the superior one in the parasternal long axis view?

RCC (right coronary cusp)

Which aortic cusps are seen in PLAX?

RCC and NCC

What does the right coronary artery supply?

RV apex RV free wall LV inferior wall Inferior septum

Diagnosis of bicuspid aorta should be done during opening because this tissue may mimic third cusp

Raphe

IVC

Red inflow at the fat arrow would be?

The Doppler of mitral inflow in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy and wall thickness greater than 15mm will display

Restrictive pattern (high E wave and low A wave)

Most common type of pediatric cardiac tumor

Rhabdomyomas

Which coronary supplies the interatrial septum?

Right (also usually supplies the SA and AV nodes)

Where is Chiara network located?

Right atrium

paradoxical septal motion in a patient with pulmonary regurgitation is most likely due to

Right ventricular volume overload

Normal mitral and tricuspid closure causes this heart sound

S1

The aortic and pulmonic valves closing cause this heart sound

S2

What is most relevant intensity for thermal bio effects?

SPTA

What portion of ecg is best for diagnosis of myocardial ischemia or injury?

ST segment

Nodules of Arantius

Small, fibrous nodules located at the center of each aortic cusp

Myocardium that has been salvaged by coronary reperfusion that exhibits prolonged dysfunction after reperfusion is referred to as

Stunned

Which form of hypertension is considered "white coat" hypertension?

Systemic hypertension

What is a classic finding in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Systolic anterior motion

Which valve sits at opening of coronary sinus?

Thebesian valve

Lambl's excrescences

Thin filiform strands (fronds) that form on edges of valve leaflets

Rapid ejection of blood flow into the aorta and pulmonary arteries describes this phase of cardiac cycle.

Ventricular systole

Unit for power

Watts (W)

atrial contraction (systole)

What does A wave of pulmonary venous PW Doppler represent?

Diastolic inflow

What does D represent?

Systolic inflow

What does S represent?

coronary sinus

What is arrow pointing at?

Right pulmonary artery

What is the structure under the arch

Right and left upper pulmonary veins

Which pulmonary veins are seen in this view?

cardiac tamponade

acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

Compressions

areas of increased pressure and density

wavelength influences __ resolution

axial

The first branch off the aortic arch is the

brachiocephalic (innominate)

Where do the coronary arteries drain?

coronary sinus

Amplitude is expressed in

decibels (dB)

When is LV pressure the lowest?

early diastole

Shallow image, _____ duty factor

higher

Which coronary supplies LV apex?

left anterior descending

Deep image , _____ duty factor

lower

What kind of wave is a sound wave?

mechanical and longitudinal

transverse wave

particles move perpendicular to the direction of the wave

Equation for wavelength

propagation speed/frequency

From the left parasternal window which of the following are you most likely to get accurate velocity measurements?

pulmonary artery

What is most anterior valve in the heart?

pulmonic valve

Which coronary artery feeds the inferoseptal wall?

right coronary artery

What is the most anterior chamber of the heart?

right ventricle

Pulse duration is determined by

sound source

Determined by medium

speed

spatial pulse length

the distance that a pulse occupies in space from the start to the end of a pulse

duty factor

the percentage or fraction of time that the system transmits a pulse

Period

the time required for one cycle

2 layers of pericardium

visceral and parietal