Bolles US History quiz 5.3, 9.1, 9.2
Muckrakers
Journalist who wrote about corrupt side of business and public life in magazines during early 20th century
Oliver Kelley
Started the patrons of husbandry, an organization for farmers the became popularly known as the grange
Farmers' Problems
Vicious economic cycle, prices of crops were falling and farmers mortgaged their farms so that they could buy more land and produce more crops. Bad farmland. Banks taking farms because of failure of payments. Railroads were taking advantage of farmers by overcharging prices for shipping and storage.
Election Reform
Wanted the people to have more power in elections and politics, so created this
Grange
What patrons of husbandry turned to. Spent most of time fighting railroads. Taught how to organize, set up cooperatives, and sponsor state legislatives
Southern Alliance
White southern Farmers, largest alliance
1896 Election
William Jennings Bryan lost to McKinley w/ the "silver issue" dominating the campaign; McKinley won only by 1/2 of a million, we did this the day before the quiz just look at notes
Robert La Follete
"Fighting Bob" Republican who led the way in regulating big business. Served 3 terms as governor before entered as senator. Wanted to drive corporations of politics, not smash them.
WCTU
(Women's Christian Temperance Union) group organized in 1874 that worked to ban the sale of liquor in the U.S. because husbands would get drunk and beat them. 245,000 members and largest women group in history
Initiative, referendum,recall
1- a bill organized by the people rather than just the lawmakers-on the ballot 2- accepted or rejected #1, or a vote on #1 3- enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term if enough voters asked for it
Populism's long-term consequences (legacy)
1: A message that the downtrodden could organize and have political impact 2: An agenda of reforms
Colored Farmers' National Alliance
250,000 members, same as white alliance, but colored farmers that had to work in secret due to racism
Progressive Movement
Aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life
Patrons of Husbandry
An organization founded by Oliver Kelley that was a place or farmers to have a social outlet and an educational forum for isolated farm families.
Secret Ballot
Anonymous voting method that helps to make elections fair and honest
Farmers' Alliance
Another organization like Grange, group included many others who sympathized with farmers. Sent lecturers from town to town to educate.
Women in Industry
As better-paying opportunities became available in towns, and especially cities, women had new options for finding jobs, even though men's labor unions excluded them from membership. 1/5 of women held jobs; 25% of them worked in manufacturing, held least skilled position, received half as much money or less. Many women were single and assumed to only be supporting themselves that is why. Eventually got jobs in offices, stores, and classrooms. These jobs required highschool education
Frances Willard
Became leader of the WCTU. She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor. Also worked to outlaw saloons as step towards strengthening democracy. "Do Everything"
Women and Reform
Because women were not allowed to vote or run for office, women reformers strove to improve conditions at work and home. "Social housekeeping" laws targeted workplace reform, housing reform, edu improvement, and food and drug laws.
17th Amendment/ Direct Election of Senators
Before- each state's legislature had chosen its own US senators, which put even more power in the hands of party bosses and wealthy corporation heads. Then started to push for electing senators, eventually congress approved this amendment, which made direct election of senators the law of the land
Populist Party Ends
Collapsed after Bryan's loss, but really turned into modern day democrats.
Florence Kelly
Daughter of antislavery Republican congressman from Pennsylvania, became a social reformer who helped women and children
William Jennings Bryan
Democratic candidate, shook everyone's hand, liked bimetallism. Said cross of gold speech. Let beliefs not politics guide his actions.
Panic of 1893
Farmers overextended with debts, railroads expanded faster than markets, gov gold supply was running out. Stocks fell rapidly
Three part strategy for suffrage
First, tried to convince state legislatures to grant women the right to vote Second, women pursued court cases to test the 14th amendment, which declared that states denying their male citizens the right to vote would lose congressional representation, "Weren't women citizens too?" Third, women pushed for a national constitutional amendment to grant women to vote. Eventually worked 41 years later
National Association of Colored Women
Founded by merging two earlier organizations. Josephine Ruffin identified mission of the African-American women's club movement as the moral edu of the race with which we are identified. Got nurseries, reading rooms, and kidnergardens.
Anti-Saloon League
Founded in 1895 members sought to close saloons to cure society's problems, tension arose with immigrants
Silverites/ Bimettalist vs. Gold Bugs
Gold Bugs: Bankers and businessmen, wanted gold standard and less money in circulation because loans would be repaid in stable money, DEFLATION. Silverites: Farmers and laborers, wanted bimetallism and more money in circulation because products would be sold at a higher price.
Local Government Reform
Had commissions on reliefs in towns to help with natural disasters
Thomas Watson
He was from Georgia and he appealed to poor farmers of both races to join the Populists party. (p. 387) (Was not in textbook)
Eugene V. Debs/ socialist
Helped organize American socialist party in 1901, commented on uneven balance among big business, government, and ordinary people
Farm Women
In south and midwest, women's roles had not changed substantially since previous century. In addition to household tasks such as cooking, making clothes, and laundering, farm women helped with other things like raising livestock, plow and plant the fields, and harvest the crops
Populist Party Platform
Increase in money supply, rise prices for received goods and services, graduated income tax, and a federal loan program. election of US senators by popular vote. Secret ballot, 8 hour workday. Struggling farmers and desperate workers liked so much that they got almost 10% of the votes in 1892, becomes today's democrats
Women in Higher education
Late 19th century women had attended new women's colleges. Vassar college accepted its first students in 1865, Colleges like smith and wellsley (where bolles keeps mentioning she went) in 1875. Columbia, Brown, and Harvard refused to admit women, so made a separate college for them. By late 19th century, marriage was no longer a woman's only alternative.
Susan B. Anthony
Leading proponent of woman suffrage. Founded national women suffrage association (NWSA)
Scientific managment/ "Taylorism"
Management fad, studies to see just how quickly each task could be performed.
Reform Mayors
Mayors like Pingree from Michigan focused on economics, instituted a faier tax, lowered public transportation, rooted out corruption, and set up a system of work relief for the unemployed. Johnson in Ohio focused on taking out corrupt and greedy private owners
Critics of laissez-faire
Mostly democrats that want everyone to be equal
Ida M. Tarbell
Muckraker who spoke about Rockefeller's company's cutthroat methods of eliminating competition.
National American Woman Suffrage Association
NWSA joined with another group in 1890 to form this organization (NAWSA). Other leaders included Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe (author of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic
Protecting Workers
Number of children rose dramatically, reformers worked to protect workers and to end child labor. Business hired children because they performed unskilled jobs for lower wages. Reformers got child labor laws working hours were too many. Eventually got a 10 hour work day for everyone. Also succeeded in winning workers' compensation to aid families if worker was hurt or killed.
Carrie Nation
Part of WCTU and would go into saloons and use her hatchet to destroy bottles of liquor
Four Goals, p 307
Protecting social welfare Promoting moral improvement Creating economic reform Fostering efficiency
Reform Governors
Republicaan Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin led the way in regulating big business. Major target was the railroad industry. Taxed the property at the same rates as other business property.
William McKinley
Republican candidate, liked gold standard. "Never got off his porch" very wealthy
Bland-Allison Act of 1878
Required the government to buy and coin at least $2-$4 million worth of silver each month. After greenbacks to shut farmers up, but did not work
Cross of Gold Speech
Speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan, impassioned address to the assembled delegates. Tied politics into religon
Suffrage
The right to vote.
Domestic Workers
Without formal education or skills, for survival of families. Did jobs like cleaning, thousands of african american women went to cities to work as cooks, laundress, and maids after civil war. 70% of women employed in 1870 were servants.
Mary Elizabeth Lease
Young adult in early 1870's, left home to teach school on Kansas Plains. After marrying farmer, joined farmers' alliance. Spoke out about problems. Voice hypnotized listeners
Henry Ford
assembly line, payed workers $5 a day, and decreased workday. Attracted thousands of workers.
Cult of Domesticity
idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands
Third parties
parties that organize to compete against the two major American political parties, in our unit it was populist and all of their ideas get added to our gov
Single-Interest Groups
political action committees that concentrate their efforts exclusively on one issue
Prohibition
the banning of alcoholic beverages
Populism
the movement of the people—was born with the founding of the Populist, or People's, Party, in 1892.