Bone fractures and breaks/disorders
pagents disease
-Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption cause bone to be made fast and poorly -Very high ratio of spongy to compact bone and reduced mineralization
steps for repair in simple fracture:
1. A hematoma forms 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. bony callus forms 4. bone remodeling occurs
three major bone diseases:
1. Osteomalacia and Rickets 2. Osteoporosis 3. Paget's disease
there classifications either/or fracture
1. Position of bone ends after fracture 2. Completeness of break 3. Whether skin is penetrated
rickets (osteomlaica of children)
Results in bowed legs and other bone deformities because bones ends are enlarged and abnormally long
what injuries does osteoporosis cause?
Vertebral and hip fractures common -deterioration of vertebral support
greenstick fracture
bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children, only one side of the shaft breaks, the other side bends
communited fracture
bone fragments into three or more pieces; particularly common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle
compression fracture
bone is crushed; common in porous bones (i.e. osteoporotic bones) subjected to extreme trauma, as in a fall
fracture
breaks in a bone
depressed fracture
broken bone portion is pressed inward, typical of skull fracture
2) completeness of break
complete: broken all the way through incomplete: not broken all the way through
Imbalances between bone deposit and bone resorption underlie nearly every
disease that affects the human skeleton
epiphyseal fracture
epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate, a break common in younger individuals, tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying
Osteoporosis
group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposit
where does pagents disease occur?
in spine, pelvis, femur, and skull
Hematoma
mass of clotted blood
1) position of bone ends after fracture
non-displaced: ends retain normal position displaced: ends are out of normal alignment
immobilization
of bone by cast or traction is needed for healing
3) whether skin is penetrated
open: skin is penetrated closed: skin is not penetrated
closed (external) reduction
physician hands manipulates bone ends to correct position
spiral fracture
ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury
open (internal) reduction
surgical pins or wires secure bone ends together
treatment involves reduction:
the realignment of broken bone ends
cause of rickets?
vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium
osteomalacia
•Bones are poorly mineralized •Osteoid is produced, but calcium salts not adequately deposited •Results in soft, weak bones •Pain upon bearing weight
How can osteoporosis be treated?
•Calcium •Vitamin D supplements •Weight-bearing exercise •Hormone replacement therapy •Drugs that decrease osteoclast activity and number
what causes fractures?
•During youth, most fractures result from trauma •In old age, most result from weakness of bone due to bone thinning
characteristics of osteoporosis
•Matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines •Spongy bone of spine and neck of femur most susceptible
Risk factors for osteoporosis:
•Most often aged, postmenopausal women •Men are less prone due to protection by the effects of testosterone •Insufficient exercise to stress bones •Diet poor in calcium and protein •Smoking
age and cause of pagents?
•Rarely occurs before age 40 •Cause unknown: possibly viral
fractures can also be classified based off of:
•location of fracture •external appearance •nature of break
