Bone fractures and breaks/disorders

pagents disease

-Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption cause bone to be made fast and poorly -Very high ratio of spongy to compact bone and reduced mineralization

steps for repair in simple fracture:

1. A hematoma forms 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. bony callus forms 4. bone remodeling occurs

three major bone diseases:

1. Osteomalacia and Rickets 2. Osteoporosis 3. Paget's disease

there classifications either/or fracture

1. Position of bone ends after fracture 2. Completeness of break 3. Whether skin is penetrated

rickets (osteomlaica of children)

Results in bowed legs and other bone deformities because bones ends are enlarged and abnormally long

what injuries does osteoporosis cause?

Vertebral and hip fractures common -deterioration of vertebral support

greenstick fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children, only one side of the shaft breaks, the other side bends

communited fracture

bone fragments into three or more pieces; particularly common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle

compression fracture

bone is crushed; common in porous bones (i.e. osteoporotic bones) subjected to extreme trauma, as in a fall

fracture

breaks in a bone

depressed fracture

broken bone portion is pressed inward, typical of skull fracture

2) completeness of break

complete: broken all the way through incomplete: not broken all the way through

Imbalances between bone deposit and bone resorption underlie nearly every

disease that affects the human skeleton

epiphyseal fracture

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate, a break common in younger individuals, tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying

Osteoporosis

group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposit

where does pagents disease occur?

in spine, pelvis, femur, and skull

Hematoma

mass of clotted blood

1) position of bone ends after fracture

non-displaced: ends retain normal position displaced: ends are out of normal alignment

immobilization

of bone by cast or traction is needed for healing

3) whether skin is penetrated

open: skin is penetrated closed: skin is not penetrated

closed (external) reduction

physician hands manipulates bone ends to correct position

spiral fracture

ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury

open (internal) reduction

surgical pins or wires secure bone ends together

treatment involves reduction:

the realignment of broken bone ends

cause of rickets?

vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium

osteomalacia

•Bones are poorly mineralized •Osteoid is produced, but calcium salts not adequately deposited •Results in soft, weak bones •Pain upon bearing weight

How can osteoporosis be treated?

•Calcium •Vitamin D supplements •Weight-bearing exercise •Hormone replacement therapy •Drugs that decrease osteoclast activity and number

what causes fractures?

•During youth, most fractures result from trauma •In old age, most result from weakness of bone due to bone thinning

characteristics of osteoporosis

•Matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines •Spongy bone of spine and neck of femur most susceptible

Risk factors for osteoporosis:

•Most often aged, postmenopausal women •Men are less prone due to protection by the effects of testosterone •Insufficient exercise to stress bones •Diet poor in calcium and protein •Smoking

age and cause of pagents?

•Rarely occurs before age 40 •Cause unknown: possibly viral

fractures can also be classified based off of:

•location of fracture •external appearance •nature of break