BONE TISSUE

As bone widens, the matrix at the endosteal surface is resorbed to maintain the proper thickness of walls surrounding the medullary cavity

Bone resorption

This event precedes all others in endochondral ossification

A cartilage model is formed

Yellow bone marrow within the medullary cavity is composed primarily of

Adipose tissue (Fat)

Growth in width involves the adding of layers of lamellar (compact) bone along the bone's outer surface. This process of growth by "layering" is termed______________________ and is distinct from growth by expansion of the interior matrix (interstitial growth).

Appositional growth

The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface

Appositional growth

forms around the bone in the early stages of ossification

Bone collar

Which epiphyseal plate zone contains dying and deterioration chondrocytes?

Calcification zone

Is produced in the thyroid gland, it plays a minor role in regulating Ca2+ homeostasis by decreasing blood calcium levels

Calcitonin

Which hormone is currently ehought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children?

Calcitonin

PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?

Calcitriol

Which hormone works directly, in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels?

Calcitriol

Bone remodeling alters bone structure without adversely affecting bone strength. What divalent cation is required to create additional bone matrix support?

Calcium

The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification

Chondrocytes

The shaft of an adult long bone is composed of

Compact bone

The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth

Epiphyseal line

The sternum is a

Flat bone

What is the first stage in the healing of a bone fracture?

Formation of a hematoma

In a long bone formation, from what embryonic structure does articular hyaline cartilage on the end of an adult long bone rise?

From the original hyaline carrtilage bone model of the embryo

UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling

Glucagon

What single factor plays the largest role in maintaining adequate bone strength?

Gravity

During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is

Growth hormone

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is

Hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling

Endochondral ossification is the formation of bone within_______________.most bones below the base of the skull form by endochondral ossfication

Hyaline cartilage

The articular cartilage at the ends of long bones is formed from

Hyaline cartilage

What tissue is primarily composed the epiphyseal plate?

Hyaline cartilage

bones are made of

Hyaline cartilage

Hypercalcemia can be caused by

Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone

Bone develops from a fibrous membrane

Intramembranous ossification

what process forms the frontal bone of the forehead?

Intramembranous ossification

What controls bone remodeling?

Mechanical stress and hormones

What physiological processes allow growing bones to acquire their unique features such as processes, tuberosities, condyles, and fossae?

Mechanical stress and remodeling

(bone makers) begin bone formation by secreting the bone matrix

Osteoblasts

Helps regulate glucose metabolism

Osteocalcin

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

Osteon

Indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity

PTH

endochondral ossification

Process of transforming cartilage into bone.

In a healthy, young adult, what determines where bone remodeling will occur?

Regional areas of mechanical stress

Hematopoetic tissue is found in the spaces within the red bone marrow found within certain body locations consisting of_______________. Examples include the diploe of flat bones and the proximal epiphyses of the femur and humerus

Spongy bone

What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone?

The epiphyseal plate

What is intramembranous ossification?

The formation of bone from fibrous membranes

Composed of dense irregular connective tissue along with a layer of simple squamous epithelium

The periosteum

what is the role of osteoclast in the endosteum during long bone growth?

They proportionally increase the size of medullary cavity as the bone grows to prevent the weight of the growing skeleton from becoming too heavy

Why does bone remodeling occur in an adult skeleton?

To maintain adequate calcium levels

The honeycomb-like network of spongy bone is constructed of bony plates called

Trabeculae

What would be the physical sign that a bone CANNOT continue longitudinal growth?

an epiphyseal line

Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels?

increase osteoblast on bone