BONE TISSUE
As bone widens, the matrix at the endosteal surface is resorbed to maintain the proper thickness of walls surrounding the medullary cavity
Bone resorption
This event precedes all others in endochondral ossification
A cartilage model is formed
Yellow bone marrow within the medullary cavity is composed primarily of
Adipose tissue (Fat)
Growth in width involves the adding of layers of lamellar (compact) bone along the bone's outer surface. This process of growth by "layering" is termed______________________ and is distinct from growth by expansion of the interior matrix (interstitial growth).
Appositional growth
The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface
Appositional growth
forms around the bone in the early stages of ossification
Bone collar
Which epiphyseal plate zone contains dying and deterioration chondrocytes?
Calcification zone
Is produced in the thyroid gland, it plays a minor role in regulating Ca2+ homeostasis by decreasing blood calcium levels
Calcitonin
Which hormone is currently ehought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children?
Calcitonin
PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?
Calcitriol
Which hormone works directly, in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels?
Calcitriol
Bone remodeling alters bone structure without adversely affecting bone strength. What divalent cation is required to create additional bone matrix support?
Calcium
The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification
Chondrocytes
The shaft of an adult long bone is composed of
Compact bone
The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth
Epiphyseal line
The sternum is a
Flat bone
What is the first stage in the healing of a bone fracture?
Formation of a hematoma
In a long bone formation, from what embryonic structure does articular hyaline cartilage on the end of an adult long bone rise?
From the original hyaline carrtilage bone model of the embryo
UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling
Glucagon
What single factor plays the largest role in maintaining adequate bone strength?
Gravity
During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is
Growth hormone
The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is
Hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling
Endochondral ossification is the formation of bone within_______________.most bones below the base of the skull form by endochondral ossfication
Hyaline cartilage
The articular cartilage at the ends of long bones is formed from
Hyaline cartilage
What tissue is primarily composed the epiphyseal plate?
Hyaline cartilage
bones are made of
Hyaline cartilage
Hypercalcemia can be caused by
Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone
Bone develops from a fibrous membrane
Intramembranous ossification
what process forms the frontal bone of the forehead?
Intramembranous ossification
What controls bone remodeling?
Mechanical stress and hormones
What physiological processes allow growing bones to acquire their unique features such as processes, tuberosities, condyles, and fossae?
Mechanical stress and remodeling
(bone makers) begin bone formation by secreting the bone matrix
Osteoblasts
Helps regulate glucose metabolism
Osteocalcin
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
Osteon
Indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity
PTH
endochondral ossification
Process of transforming cartilage into bone.
In a healthy, young adult, what determines where bone remodeling will occur?
Regional areas of mechanical stress
Hematopoetic tissue is found in the spaces within the red bone marrow found within certain body locations consisting of_______________. Examples include the diploe of flat bones and the proximal epiphyses of the femur and humerus
Spongy bone
What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone?
The epiphyseal plate
What is intramembranous ossification?
The formation of bone from fibrous membranes
Composed of dense irregular connective tissue along with a layer of simple squamous epithelium
The periosteum
what is the role of osteoclast in the endosteum during long bone growth?
They proportionally increase the size of medullary cavity as the bone grows to prevent the weight of the growing skeleton from becoming too heavy
Why does bone remodeling occur in an adult skeleton?
To maintain adequate calcium levels
The honeycomb-like network of spongy bone is constructed of bony plates called
Trabeculae
What would be the physical sign that a bone CANNOT continue longitudinal growth?
an epiphyseal line
Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels?
increase osteoblast on bone
