BONE TISSUE/CHAP7 QUIZ CARDS
Which of the following bones belong to the axial skeleton? -ribs -leg bones -arm bones -bones of the shoulder
RIBS The axial skeleton forms the long axis of the body and includes bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
The two types of osseous tissue are __________. -long bone and short bone -spongy bone and cartilage -bones and cartilage -dense bone and compact bone -compact bone and spongy bone
compact bone and spongy bone Both compact and spongy bone tissues make up bone tissue.
Sesamoid bones are found embedded in ________. joints muscles ligaments tendons
tendons
Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone? canaliculi Volkmann's canals trabeculae calcium salts
trabeculae
The bones in the long axis of the body make up the __________. -long bones -appendicular skeleton -axial skeleton -trabeculae
AXIAL SKELETON The skeleton is divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. Axial refers to the center of the body.
Which of the following statements concerning the periosteum of a bone is NOT true? -The periosteum consists of an outer, dense connective tissue layer and an inner osteogenic layer. -All bone surfaces in the body are covered by the periosteum. -Blood vessels enter bone through periosteum. -The periosteum provides strong attachment and continuity from tendon to bone. -The periosteum is important for bone growth in width.
All bone surfaces in the body are covered by the periosteum. The periosteum does not cover sesamoid bones or the articular surfaces of bones, and it does not extend around tendon and ligament insertions on bone.
Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage? -It grows from the outside. -Cells in the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts. -Cartilage-forming cells divide and secrete new matrix on the external surface of the cartilage. -Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix from within the cartilage.
Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix from within the cartilage.
Which of the following is classified as a short bone? -wrist bone -finger bone -vertebra -sternum
Examples of short bones are WRIST & ANKLE. Short bones are roughly cube-shaped.
Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a calcified model. -True -False
FALSE A cartilage model provides the template of the eventual mature bone.
Appositional growth in a skeletal cartilage will increase its overall length. -True -False
FALSE Appositional growth adds girth to the cartilage.
The central canal of an osteon contains osteocytes. -True -False
FALSE Blood vessels run through central canal of osteon. Osteocytes are located in the LACUNAE!
The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates that long bone growth is still in process. -True -False
FALSE Bone growth continues when epiphyseal plate is still present. Once epiphyseal PLATE is replaced by epiphyseal LINE, bone growth ceases.
Increasing the percentage of collagen in a bone would make it become more rigid. -True -False
FALSE Collagen is an organic molecule that adds flexibility to bone.
Mature bone cells are called chondrocytes. -True -False
FALSE Mature BONE cells are called OSTEOCYTES. Chondrocytes are CARTILAGE cells.
Osseous tissue is avascular. -True -False
FALSE Osseous tissue is VERY VASCULAR and heals readily.
Osteomyelitis is a condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function. -True -False
FALSE Osteoporosis is a condition in which bone mass is reduced and pores in bones develop. Osteomyelitis is a painful infection of the bone.
Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoblast activity. -True -False
FALSE Parathyroid hormone stimulates OSTEOCLAST activity when calcium level in blood is low.
Secondary ossification centers occur in the center of the diaphysis. -True -False
FALSE Secondary ossification centers occur in EPIPHYSES
Scapulae are formed by intramembranous ossification. -True -False
FALSE Some SKULL bones, part of MANDIBLE, and the diaphyses of CLAVICLES develop from membranes.
Vitamin D is necessary for the formation of the organic framework of bone. -True -False
FALSE Vitamin D is necessary for absorption and transport of calcium and phosphate ions.
Red marrow can revert to yellow marrow if a person is anemic and more red blood cells are needed by the body. -True -False
FALSE (trick question-words matter)! YELLOW can revert TO RED MARROW if more RED Blood cells are needed
Spongy bone contains osteons. -True -False
FALSE!!! SPONGY BONE DOES NOT CONTAIN OSTEONS!!! Osteons are in compact bone, not in spongy bone.
The menisci of the knee are made of __________. -fibrocartilage elastic -connective tissue -hyaline cartilage -dense connective tissue similar to ligaments and tendons
FIBROCARTILAGE The menisci of the knee are made of fibrocartilage.
During fetal development, intramembranous ossification takes place in __________. -the center of the epiphysis -lamellae -fibrous connective tissue membranes. -cartilage -the medullary cavity
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE! Intramembranous ossification begins at approximately the eighth week of development. Cells cluster within the mesenchymal membrane and become osteoblasts (bone-forming cells).
A narrow, slitlike opening in a bone is referred to as a __________. -trochanter -spine -fissure -crest
FISSURE A fissure is a narrow, slitlike opening in a bone.
__________ bones act to alter the direction of tendon pull. -Flat -Sesamoid -Short -Long
SESAMOID!
Which of the following sites is the site where bone marrow is routinely sampled in an adult? -the diploë of the skull bones -the sternum -the head of the humerus -the diaphysis of long bones
STERNUM In ADULTS (not Children), red marrow is found mainly in the central skeleton, such as the PELVIS, STERNUM, CRANIUM, RIBS, VERTEBRAE, SCAPULAE, and variably found in the proximal EPIPHYSIS (not diaphysis)!!! ends of long bones such as the femur and humerus. In circumstances of chronic hypoxia, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production.
What are the structural and functional differences between a tarsal and a metatarsal?
Structurally, a tarsal is a short bone, meaning its length, width, and thickness are about equal, -while a metatarsal is a long bone whose length is greater than its width. -Functionally, the tarsal provides limited motion, -while the metatarsal acts as a lever.
The appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limb bones. -True -False
TRUE
A metacarpal is an example of a long bone. -True -False
TRUE Because their length is greater than width, metacarpals are long bones.
The hormone calcitonin may function to decrease the calcium ion in the blood. -True -False
TRUE Calcitonin stimulates osteoblast activity by drawing calcium ions from blood and depositing them in bone tissues.
Collagen in the bone matrix provides flexible strength. -True -False
TRUE Collagen lends flexible strength to the matrix; other minerals give weight-bearing strength.
Most bones BELOW the base of the SKULL form by endochondral ossification. -True -False
TRUE Endochondral ossification forms the majority of bones below the base of the skull. Intermembranous ossification leads to the formation of cranial bones.
Excess growth hormone prior to puberty would result in gigantism. -True -False
TRUE Growth hormone stimulates both skeletal and muscular growth and development.
An increase in parathyroid hormone can cause bones to become porous and brittle. -True -False
TRUE PTH targets bone and liberates calcium into blood.
A bone that is imbedded in a ligament or tendon is a short bone. -True -False
TRUE Sesamoid bones are a special type of short bone that is usually found within tendons, which are made of dense connective tissue.
The shaft of the long bone is called the diaphysis. -True -False
TRUE The diaphysis is the shaft. The epiphysis is the enlarged ends
Spongy bone in flat bones is called diploë. -True -False
TRUE The spongy bone located between compact bone surfaces in flat bones is called Diploë.
All of the following are stored in the matrix of bones, EXCEPT __________. -vitamin D -calcium -insulin-like growth factor -transforming growth factor
VITAIN D
Spongy bone contains all of the following, EXCEPT __________. -collagen fibers -trabeculae -true osteons -hydroxyapatite
TRUE OSTEONS ONLY COMPACT BONE CONTAINS OSTEONS!!
In what ways is the structural makeup of compact and spongy bone well suited to their respective functions?
The densely packed concentric rings of matrix in compact bone are ideal for resisting compressive forces, which is the function of compact bone. The open spaces of the trabeculated network of spongy bone allow spongy bone to support shifts in weight distribution, which is the function of spongy bone.
Yellow marrow has been identified as ________. an area of fat storage a point of attachment for muscles the hard portion of bone the cause of kyphosis
an area of fat storage
Which of the following is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated? thyroxine calcitonin parathyroid hormone vitamin D
calcitonin
A patient is brought to the emergency room with a broken bone. According to the x-ray, the bone is fragmented into three pieces. This would be considered a __________. -comminuted fracture -compound fracture -spiral fracture -compression fracture
comminuted fracture When a bone fragments into three or more pieces, the bone is said to have a comminuted fracture.
The diaphysis contains ________. the metaphysis fat stores spongy bone compact bone
fat stores
Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis? bone growth bone remodeling hematopoiesis shock absorption
hematopoiesis
Which of the following is NOT composed of hyaline cartilage? -respiratory cartilages -costal cartilages -intervertebral discs -nasal cartilages
intervertebral discs Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage in the skeleton. Skeletal hyaline cartilages include the articular, costal, respiratory, and nasal cartilages. Vertebral cartilage is a fibrocartilage.
Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as ________ bones. irregular sesamoid flat short
irregular
Long bones enable body movement by acting as a ________. counterweight resistive force lever fulcrum
lever
Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton? long bone sesamoid bone short bone flat bone
long bone
When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, __________. -interstitial bone growth begins -puberty begins -appositional bone growth begins -long bones have reached their adult length -the bone becomes more brittle
long bones have reached their adult length When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone (ossified), the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line that is the closure of the epiphyseal plate. Growth in bone length ceases.
Without red marrow, bones would not be able to ________. store phosphate store calcium make blood cells move like levers
make blood cells
When calcium levels are too high or too low, which body system is primarily affected? skeletal system endocrine system digestive system nervous system
nervous system
Interstitial growth __________. -occurs when chondrocytes divide and form new bone -occurs when chondrocytes divide and form new matrix to expand the cartilage tissue from within -occurs when cartilage-forming cells in the matrix break down bone -occurs when the lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within
occurs when the lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within Appositional growth occurs when cartilage-forming cells in the matrix secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue. Interstitial growth occurs when chondrocytes divide and form new matrix, expanding the cartilage tissue from within. (Note: The word inter means between and stitial means space; these are common roots for anatomical terms.)
Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells? osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes osteoprogenitor cells
osteoprogenitor cells
When Ca2+ concentration in the blood becomes lower than normal, __________. -growth hormone is released -testosterone is released -parathyroid hormone is released -calcium salts deposit in the blood vessels
parathyroid hormone is released A decrease in Ca2+ concentration in the blood is detected by the body; in response, PTH (parathyroid hormone) is released. The release of PTH activates osteoclasts. Osteoclasts then resorb bone, releasing Ca2+ to restore calcium homeostasis.
The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the ________. periosteum epiphysis endosteum diaphysis
periosteum
The structural unit of compact bone is __________. -the fascicle -the osteon or Haversian system -the osteocyte -Volkmann's canal
the osteon or Haversian system The osteon (also called the Haversian system) is the structural unit of compact bone.
Fossae are __________. -irregular bones -joints -bone projections -bone depressions
BONE DEPRESSIONS
The final step in fracture repair is __________. -bone remodeling -hematoma formation -fibrocartilaginous callus formation -bony callus formation
BONE REMODELING From start to finish, a fracture is repaired by: (1) formation of a hematoma, (2) formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus, (3) formation of a bony callus, and (4) bone remodeling. HFBR (His Femur Better Repair!) H = hematoma F = fibrocartilaginous callus B = bony callus R = remodeling
Before eight weeks, the skeleton of the human embryo is composed of __________. -spongy bone -lamellar bone -compact bone -fibrous membrane.
Before eight weeks, the skeleton of the human embryo is composed of fibrous membrane and hyaline cartilage.
Bones serve as an important reservoir of __________. -protein -cholesterol -calcium -glucose -vitamin A
CALCIUM Bones serve as stores of phosphate and calcium. Fat can also be stored in bones and used for energy by the body.
Hydroxyapatite in bone matrix that gives bone its hardness is primarily composed of __________. -calcium and osteoclasts -calcium and phosphates -calcium and osteocytes -calcium and vitamin D
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE is the most abundant hydroxyapatite.
Osteocytes maintain contact with the blood vessels of the central canal through __________. -periosteum -canaliculi -interstitial lamellae -concentric lamellae
CANALICULI The lacunae and central canal are continuous through the connection of canaliculi.
The twisting of a long bone is prevented by which of the following? --Volkmann's canals -lacunae -circumferential lamellae -Sharpey's fibers
CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLAE
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would occur in the __________. -epiphyseal line -metaphysis -epiphysis -diaphysis
DIAPHYSIS The parts of a long bone include the diaphysis, or shaft, and epiphysis, or ends.
The process of bone growth at the epiphyseal plate is similar to __________. -endochondral ossification -the process of calcification -the process of osteopenia -the process of healing a fracture -intramembranous ossification
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION In a long bone, bone growth and elongation occur at the epiphyseal plate, where new cartilage is formed and eventually calcified by osteoblasts (the bone-forming cells. The osteoblasts later mature into osteocytes
Mary is 50 years old. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals that portions of her skeleton show signs of osteoporosis. After reviewing the test results, her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone is prescribed for Mary? -thyroid hormone -growth hormone -estrogen -parathyroid hormone -calcitonin
ESTROGEN In postmenopausal women, the decreased production of estrogen can cause osteoporosis. Estrogen is secreted by the ovaries; it maintains normal bone mass by inhibiting the stimulatory effects of parathyroid hormone on osteoclast activity.
Growth of a cartilage in which the chondrocytes within the matrix become active and proliferate is known as __________. -endochondral growth -appositional growth -interstitial growth -hypertrophic growth
INTERSTITAL GROWTH Growth from inside out is known as interstitial growth.
Which of the following characteristics of skeletal cartilage limits its thickness? -It has a girdle of perichondrium that resists outward expansion when -it is compressed. -It is resilient. -It is primarily composed of water. -It is avascular and receives most of its nourishment from the perichondrium that surrounds it.
It is avascular and receives most of its nourishment from the perichondrium that surrounds it. Cartilage is avascular and receives its nutrients by diffusion from the blood vessels in the perichondrium. This limits the thickness of the cartilage.
Which of the following is a canal-like passageway? -fossa -line -meatus -tubercle
MEATUS Of these features of bone, only the meatus is a hole or canal-like passageway.
Bone is broken down by __________. -osteoclasts -chondrocytes -osteogenic cells -osteoblasts
OSTEOCLASTS Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells. Osteoclasts are bone-destroying cells.
The lacunae of bone contain __________. -blood cells -bone marrow -chondroblasts -osteocytes -osteons
OSTEOCYTES Lacunae are small pockets found between narrow sheets of calcified matrix, and osteocytes (bone cells) are found in lacunae.
The cells that maintain mature compact bone are __________. -chondrocytes -osteoclasts -osteocytes -lacunae -osteoblasts
OSTEOCYTES Osteocytes are mature bone cells that are embedded in the matrix.
A condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function is __________. -osteoporosis. -osteomalacia -osteomyelitis -osteopenia -osteitis
OSTEOPOROSIS Osteoporosis, or porous bone, occurs when the rate of bone reabsorption exceeds the rate of bone formation. The loss of bone mass makes bones so porous and weakened that they become deformed and prone to fracture.
Bone-forming cells originate from __________. -osteoblasts -osteocytes -osteoclasts -osteoprogenitor cells
OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts that lay down the bone tissue.
Which of the following structures anchors the periosteum to the underlying bone? -perforating fibers -yellow bone marrow -a nutrient foramen -diploë
PERFORATING FIBERS Perforating fibers, also known as Sharpey's fibers, anchor the periosteum to the bone.
Collagen fibers do NOT __________. -provide resistance to stretching forces on bone -provide resistance to twisting forces on bone -provide tensile strength to bone -provide for bone hardness
PROVIDE FOR HARDNESS! The hardness of bone, which gives it the ability to resist compression, is attributed to the presence of INORGANIC HYDROXYAPATITES!. Hydroxyapatites such as calcium phosphates are particularly important for bone hardness. ORGANIC substances such as COLLAGEN FIBERS contribute to TENSILE STRENGTH, not hardness. Collagen fibers help to prevent bone fractures by allowing for FLEXIBILTY of the bone as well as resistance to STRETCHING & TWISTING
If a breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient, what disease is most likely to develop in the nursing infant? -rickets -osteoporosis -dwarfism -Paget's disease
RICKETS Although rickets is very rare in the U.S., most cases occur when a breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient.
The bones of the skeleton store energy reserves as lipids in areas of __________. -red marrow -the ground substance -spongy bone -the matrix of bone tissue -yellow marrow
YELLOW MARROW Yellow marrow is adipose tissue where energy is stored in the fat cells.
The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking? a hole a facet a canal a fissure
a hole
Yellow marrow is useful as __________. -a red blood cell reserve -a calcium reserve -a tissue that may revert back to red marrow if a person needs more --red blood cells -a cartilage reserve
a tissue that may revert back to red marrow if a person needs more red blood cells!! In adults, yellow marrow is located in the medullary cavity of the long bones. Yellow marrow can revert back to red marrow and produce blood cells.
At the end of secondary ossification, hyaline cartilage can be found __________. -where yellow marrow is produced -where red marrow is produced -at the epiphyseal plates -in the medullary cavity
at the epiphyseal plates At the end of secondary ossification, hyaline cartilage can only be found at epiphyseal plates and epiphyseal surfaces
Intramembranous ossification __________. -is the most common way bones are formed -is responsible for long bone formation -begins within a connective tissue membrane -begins with a cartilaginous precursor
begins within a connective tissue membrane Some flat bones form from a membrane by intramembranous ossification.
Rickets can be caused by __________. -a deficiency of vitamin C -a deficiency of vitamin E -a deficiency of vitamin D -a deficiency of vitamin A
deficiency of vitamin D Rickets results from a deficiency of vitamin D and/or calcium. Scurvy is caused by a vitamin C deficiency.
Bone tissue can be described as ________. dead calcified tissue cartilage the skeletal system dense, hard connective tissue
dense, hard connective tissue
Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis? osteoblasts and osteoclasts osteocytes and osteoclasts osteoblasts and osteocytes osteogenic cells and osteoclasts
osteoblasts and osteocytes
In adolescence, the "growth spurt" that is observed is mainly attributed to an increase in __________. -growth hormone. -parathyroid hormone -sex hormones -calcitonin
sex hormones (Estrogen/Testosterone) During infancy and childhood, the single most important stimulus for bone growth (epiphyseal plate activity) is GROWTH HORMONE. The action of growth hormone is modulated by thyroid hormones. In adolescents, SEX HORMONES (testosterone and estrogen) SPUR BONE GROWTH! Later in life, sex hormones actually end longitudinal bone growth.
Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as ________. flat bones short bones sesamoid bones irregular bones
short bones
All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis except thyroxine calcitonin parathyroid hormone vitamin D
thyroxine
