Botany Lecture-Buzgo

ssume you have a hypothesis you want to test (e.g., "Barbie's hair is blond"), how many additional, mutually excluding statements or questions do you need AT LEAST? (hint: antithesis, Null-Hypothesis) -How many such additional alternative hypotheses are allowed at most?

-1 one -infinite

The first Red-Banded Iron Formations were deposited about [nummeric] ________billion years ago. They indicate the existance of ___________. At this time, the atmosphere contained ____________________.

-2.5 -oxygen-releasing photosynthesis -Almost no oxygen, we still could not breath

Geography: Match which country borders on which ocean or sea.

-Congo: Atlantic -Sweden: Baltic Sea -Brazil: Atlantic -China: Pacific -Lebanon: Mediterranean -Spitzbergen: Arctic Ocean -Kazakhstan (Home of Borat): Landlocked -Australia: Pacific -Saudi Arabia: Red Sea

In the illustration you have a virtual organism with two traits (shape and color) with two unlinked loci (B=Black, R=Round), and two alleles each: R and r, and B and b, respectively; the capital each representing the dominant allele, lower case the recessive one. The illustration gives you the phenotype of the homozygous P generation. Using Mendelian genetics determine Genotype and Phenotype of F1.

-Genotype F1: BbRr -Phenotype F1: Black, Round

Match the following periods in their relative sequence in time. Number 1 indicating the oldest, the first of the times listed. Note: not all periods are listed, there are gaps (hence, "relative sequence").

-Precambrian: 1 -Cambrian: 2 -Silurian: 3 -Devonian: 4 -Carboniferous: 5 -Permian: 6 -Jurassic: 7 -Cretaceous: 8 -Eocene: 9 -Holocene: 10

Cold Seeps are sites in__________ with________; for example in the area of the _____________. There, seeping out from the sea floor, are____________ compounds, namely__________. Cold seeps host an ecosystem based on__________ organisms that ____________

-The deep sea -Methane hydrate deposits -Gulf of Mexico -partially reduced organic -Methane -Chemoautotrophous -is independent from the sun as an energy source

Black Smokers are sites in________ with________; for example in the area of the _________. They release waters with a high concentration of ___________ compounds, namely__________. They host an ecosystem based on ___________ organisms that _______________.

-The deep sea -Volcanic activity -Mid-Atlantic Ridge -partially reduced inorganic -Iron and Iron sulfides -Chemoautotrophous -is independent from the sun as energy source

Geography and tides cloze-questions: Fill in or chose the correct answer. -What causes tides in at the ocean coasts? -How many high tides can you get within 24 hours? [number]

-Tides are caused by the gravity of the moon and sun -2

Index Fossils primarily allow __________ dating of ___________. Key for index fossils is that their species occurred ___________ and over _________ period of time. Index fossils are classically __________ and _________ a skeleton or shell. Which of the following does NOT represent classical index fossils? (hint: logic conclusions can substitute for memorizing)

-a Relative, comparative -Sediments -globally abundant -a short -either -with -Dinosaurs

What is the difference between a Model and a Theory? While a Theory gives a ______ __________ for an observed ________, a model gives a __________ ________ for a _______. While theories aim to be ___________, models are always (!) __________. Which of the following is NOT a model? _____________

-broad -prediction -phenomenon -representative -illustration -theory -comprehensive -simplified -Evolution

Science (and most human thinking) is ___________structured, trying to break down a problem into smaller and smaller pieces looking for its elements. The element of such reseach is a _________________= a statement, that does NOT need to be further__________ in order to be _________ non-ambiguously

-hierarchially -Hypothesis -Subdivided -Tested

Terminology: Match the following definitions with their terms. 1.) Binding of atmospheric Nitrogen (N2), making it available for bio synthesis (e.g., for aminoacids and proteins) 2.) Organisms living together in a tight interaction. This term is general, and does not require that all partners profit. 3.) Organisms living together in a tight interaction, with benefits for both or all partners. 4.) One organism making another one sick. 5.) Organisms that live on or from dead material (scavengers). 6.) Living in an environment that has only little or now free oxygen. 7.) Organisms living together in a tight interaction, with benefits for only one, and costs for the other. 8.) Release of light as a result of metabolic processes. 9.) Organisms living together in a tight interaction, with benefits for only one or few, but no costs for the other partners.

1.) Nitrification 2.) Symbiosis 3.) Mutualism 4.) Pathogeny 5.) Saprobiosis 6.) Anaeroby 7.) Parasitism 8.) Bioluminescence 9.) Commensalism

Match the following bacteria 1.) Gram negative and highly diverse, including autotrophs, heterotrophs, aerobe, anaerobic 2.)Not a bacterium at all, but an Archaean, photoautotrophic, extremophyle (extreme salinity) 3.) Bacteria considered Gram positive, despite their lack of a cell wall; very small cells, and very small genome. 4.) Proteo-Bacterium, Sulfur bacterium, chemoautotrophous (difficult question, but funny name easy to remember). 5.) Gram positive, obligatory anaerobic, forming very resistant endospores, famous for food poisoning by releasing a neurotoxin. 6.) Gram negatives that are strict heterotrophs and have a spiral shape; include parasites causing Syphilis and Borrelliosis/Lyme Disease 7.) Gram negatives that are strict parasites (mostly inside animal cells); some also known to cause sexually transmitted diseases (STD) 8.) Gram negatives, strict photoautotrophs with a "modern" photosystem II; colonial or single 9.) Gamma-Proteobacterium that is an important symbiont in our intestine (up 40% of your feces consists of it; if you don't have it, you die); THE VERY model organism and work-horse in microbiology and molecular biotechnology.

1.) Proteobacteria 2.) Halobacterium 3.) Microplasma 4.) Thiomargarita 5.) Clostridium 6.) Spirochetes 7.) Chlamydias 8.) Cyanobacteria 9.) Escherichia coli

Sort the following entities according to their appearance on Earth. Warning: Moodle shuffles this question in sequence, follow the verbal sequence (first-second-third..), not the sequence on your screen.

-First: RNA and Ribozymes -Second: Prokaryote -Third: Photosynthesis -Fourth: Respiration -Fifth: Heterotrophous Eukaryota -Sixth: Algae (Plants)

In American law, a key assumption is "innocent until proven guilty" (in dubio pro reo, in Roman law). To which scientific principle does this correspond? Select one: a. All hypotheses must be considered, whether rejected or not. b. A hypothesis must be considered until it is rejected. c. A hypothesis must not be considered, if it could be rejected some day. d. A hypothesis is useless, unless all others are rejected.

b. A hypothesis must be considered until it is rejected.-(Exactly: a hypothesis is free, survives, as long as it is considered)

Concept of science: In which form of inquiry is data collected BEFORE the hypothesis is formulated? Select one: a. Deduction b. Aphoristic c. Dialectic d. Induction

d. Induction

Policy and Syllabus, Participation Rate: Assume that fifteen small assignments were offered in this semester. You did only ten, in all of them you scored 80% (that's a B each time). What will be your average of small assignments at the end of the semester? Select one: a. It is a B. b. It is an A. c. It is a F. d. It is a D. e. It is a C.

d. It is a D.

Which of the following continents or regions were once parts of Gondwana Land? Select one or more: a. Greenland b. South America c. India d. North America e. Europe f. Antarctica g. Australia h. China and Mongolia i. Iceland and Spitzbergen j. South and East Africa

b. South America c. India f. Antarctica g. Australia j. South and East Africa

Which of the following substances is used in all life to ready a biomolecule for a reaction by increasing its energy via phosphorylation. Select one: a. Amylose (Starch) b. Maltose (malt sugar) c. AMP (Adenosin Mono-Phosphate) d. ATP (Adenosin Tri-Phosphate) e. Glucose

d. ATP (Adenosin Tri-Phosphate)

What is the meaning of Peer Review in scientific publications? Select one: a. It is a group of collaborators who support each other to get published. b. It makes sure that the predictions in a published concept are true. c. It decides that a theory is now accepted by the scientific community. d. It eliminates concepts or ideas that are controversial. e. It checks whether the scientific standarts in a publication are met.

e. It checks whether the scientific standarts in a publication are met.

Math: A bit calculation in %: Assume that first an apple costs one dollar. Then the price increases by 50%. Then the price decreases again by 50%. How much does the apple cost now? Select one: a. 75 cents b. 1 Dollar c. 50 cents

a. 75 cents

What is the difference between a Virus and a Plasmid? Select one: a. A virus always has a protein capsid, a plasmid not. b. A virus always carries DNA, a plasmid only RNA. c. A virus always has an excision sequence in its DNA, a plasmid not. d. A virus always travels between cells, a plasmid stays put (never transfecting). e. A virus always carries RNA, a plasmid only DNA.

a. A virus always has a protein capsid, a plasmid not.

What is the implication of the ancient marine sediments referred to as Banded Iron Formations? Select one: a. Advanced forms of photosynthesis released oxygen. b. The atmosphere now had free oxygen gas (we could breath). c. First respiratory Bacteria exist. d. First Eukaryotes exist. e. First, primitive forms of photosynthesis existed. f. First life forms appeared and left traces.

a. Advanced forms of photosynthesis released oxygen.

What is the difference between a cell wall and a cell membrane? Mark all that apply Select one or more: a. All cells have a cell membrane, but not all have a cell wall. b. The cell wall is more important as an anchorage for proteins than the membrane. c. Endocytosis is possible with a complete cell membrane, but not with a complete cell wall. d. The cell membrane is more important as an anchorage for proteins tyhan the wall. e. The cell membrane is a polymer network, the cell wall is fluid. f. Cell membranes are generally outside of the cell wall (except. Gram Negatives). g. Cell membranes are generally inside of the cell wall (exept. Gram Positives). h. All cells have a cell wall, but not all have a cell membrane. i. The cell membrane is fluid, the cell wall is a polymer network. j. Endocytosis is possible with a complete cell wall, but not with a complete cell membrane.

a. All cells have a cell membrane, but not all have a cell wall. c. Endocytosis is possible with a complete cell membrane, but not with a complete cell wall. d. The cell membrane is more important as an anchorage for proteins tyhan the wall. g. Cell membranes are generally inside of the cell wall (exept. Gram Positives). i. The cell membrane is fluid, the cell wall is a polymer network.

Which of the following is a way of gene exchange in Prokaryota? Mark all that apply, false answers give a penalty. Select one or more: a. Exchange of free DNA bits. b. Plasmid. c. Virus (particle of enveloped coding nuceotide sequence). d. None of the pathways listed here. e. Meiosis f. Karyogamy.

a. Exchange of free DNA bits. -(Yes: Transformation) b. Plasmid.-(Yes: Conjugation and some forms of Transduction and Transformation.) c. Virus (particle of enveloped coding nuceotide sequence). -( Yes: Transduction)

Which of the following Eras was the age of the dinosaurs? Select one: a. Mesozoic b. Silurian c. Carboniferous d. Pleistocene e. Devonian

a. Mesozoic -(Chapter 25)

Which of the following group of organisms is an important inhabitant of cow stomachs (Rumen)? Select one: a. Methanogenes. b. Rhodobacter. c. Red and green sulfur bacteria. d. Thermophiles. e. Cyanobacteria.

a. Methanogenes.

Policy and Syllabus: What type of cell phone use is allowed during class (including Lab)? Select one: a. No cell phone use is allowed in the class room, and the phone has to be silenced (off or discrete buzz mode) b. Text messaging is allowed, because it is silent and does not disturb others. c. Cell phones are forbidden during tests only. During class I can use then when I talk with low voice. d. No voice communication is allowed in the class room, but I can leave it running in full mode, so I can hear incomming calls.

a. No cell phone use is allowed in the class room, and the phone has to be silenced (off or discrete buzz mode).- ( neither voice, nor music, not text messages)

What is the key difference of sexual reproduction from asexual reproduction? Asexual (= non-sexual) has no... Select one: a. Recombination of genes. b. Reproduction of genes. c. Repression of genes. d. Regeneration of genes. e. Replication of genes.

a. Recombination of genes.

You are participating in a race; you overtake the racer right behind the first one: on which position are you running now. (Cognitive ability) a. Second b. Third c. Last d. First

a. Second

What is true for Plastids? Select one: a. They have no Histones. b. They have no own Ribosomes. c. They have no own Chromosomes. d. They are separated from the main cytoplasm by a single membrane only. e. They cannot exist without light (photosynthesis).

a. They have no Histones. (Correct! No histones - they are derived from Bacteria.)

What does the word "anthropocentrism" mean? Select one: a. To look at the world from a view point based on human values and scales. b. The concepts of human-like intelligence in outer space. c. The assumption that humans are decencents of apes. d. To be a benefactor to people, to support and help people. e. To believe in Evolution.

a. To look at the world from a view point based on human values and scales.

Chemistry: Can molecules be ions? Select one: a. Yes, and they play an important role. b. Yes, but only if metal atoms are included. c. No, only metal atoms can form ions d. No, only single atoms can lose or gain electrons; in molecules they are bound firmly.

a. Yes, and they play an important role.

Chemistry: What are the features of an acid? Mark all that apply, false checks will count as penalty. Select one or more: a. An acid feels soapy. b. An acid has a low pH. c. An acid has a high concentration of H+ ions. d. An acid is green and steaming (hissing sound). e. An acid has a high concentration of electron acceptors. f. An acid has a high pH. g. An acid tastes sour.

b. An acid has a low pH. c. An acid has a high concentration of H+ ions. e. An acid has a high concentration of electron acceptors. g. An acid tastes sour.

What was the purpose of the Miller-Urei experiment? To show that... Select one: a. Polymer Macromolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as found on eartly Earth. b. Biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as found on early Earth. c. Life can form spontaneously under conditions as found on early Earth. d. Cells can form spontaneously under conditions as found on early Earth. e. DNA replication can occur spontaneously under conditions as found on early Earth.

b. Biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as found on early Earth.

Which of the following is a prokaryote lives normally in the soil and is obligatory anaerobe? Select one: a. Thermophilus aquaticus b. Clostridium botulinum c. Yersinia pestis d. Anabaena viridis (Cyabobacteria) e. Escherichia coli

b. Clostridium botulinum

What happens if you miss a scantron exam during the semester? (does NOT apply for the Final). Select one: a. I can take the test in a separate occasion before the next scantron test is taken (make up for the test). b. I can drop it as my scratch grade; however, this is the only scratch grade I have. c. I can take the test in a separate occasion in the week before the Finals (make up for the test). d. I can drop it as my second scratch grade; I will still have another scratch grade. e. I am doomed: I cannot take the test again AND the missed test will be counted as zero, even if I missed no other test.

b. I can drop it as my scratch grade; however, this is the only scratch grade I have. -(Yes, this saves time for all. But you must do good on all other scores!)

Syllabus and Policies: Which of the following is true for the act of copying from another student's test answers? Mark all that apply, false checks will count as penalty. Select one or more: a. It is a Non-Academic Misconduct (by definition). b. It has to be reported to the Student Conduct Board. c. You have to be warned and get a citation immediately. d. It is an Academic Misconduct (by definition). e. It is an Academic Felony (by definition). f. It is an act of Arson (by definition)

b. It has to be reported to the Student Conduct Board d. It is an Academic Misconduct (by definition).

What is the significance of Carolus Linnaeus for Biology? Select one or more: a. First proposition of an evolutionary concept. b. Largest record of species descriptions. c. First American Naturalist. d. Basis for modern nomenclature ("year zero") e. First use of binominal names in Western history. f. Consistent nomenclature and classification

b. Largest record of species descriptions. d. Basis for modern nomenclature ("year zero") f. Consistent nomenclature and classification

What are Extremophiles? Select one: a. A special group that only occurs in Bacteria. b. Organisms that grow better under extreme heat, pressure, salt concentrations, etc. c. Bacteria with extreme shape. d. The ancestors of our Chloroplasts. e. The ancestors of our Mitochondria.

b. Organisms that grow better under extreme heat, pressure, salt concentrations, etc.

Which of the following substances was NOT present in the primevial atmosphere on earth? Select one: a. Water H2O b. Oxygen O2 c. Carbondioxyde CO2 d. Hydrogen Sulfide H2S e. Nitrogen N2 f. Methan CH4

b. Oxygen O2

Chemistry: Which of the following compounds are polar (hydrophilic, mix with water). Mark all that apply, false checks will count as penalty. Select one or more: a. Lipids. b. Salts (e.g., lime stone) c. Nucleic acids d. Glass (SiO2, Silicium Dioxide) e. Amino acids. f. Sugars. g. Diamond (pure Carbon) h. Ethanol (a simple alcohol).

b. Salts (e.g., lime stone) c. Nucleic acids d. Glass (SiO2, Silicium Dioxide) - (That's a difficult one) e. Amino acids. f. Sugars. h. Ethanol (a simple alcohol).

What was the key message of Darwin's proposal? Select one: a. Species evolved one from the other in a linear sequence. b. Species are separated through extinction of intermediate forms; inheritable changes accumulate over long time. c. Evolution progresses as gene are recombined. d. Evolution progresses as individuals acquire features during their life time by adaptation, and pass these acquirements on to their offspring.

b. Species are separated through extinction of intermediate forms; inheritable changes accumulate over long time.

How can proteins be anchored in the cell membrane? Read Carefully. Select one: a. A protein cannot join a membrane; it would disrupt it immediately. b. The hydrophobic portion of a protein molecule joins the lipid layer of a membrane. c. The hydrophilic portion of a protein molecule joins the lipid layer of a membrane. d. Proteins join membarnes spontaneously at contact: cell membranes are made out of proteins.

b. The hydrophobic portion of a protein molecule joins the lipid layer of a membrane.

Regulatory pathways: What does it mean, when a gene is up- or down-regulated? Select one: a. There are more chromosomes of the gene present (e.g., triploid, polyploid). b. The transcription of a gene is more or less frequent (mRNA). c. There are more loci per chromosome carrying a specific gene. d. The gene changes between a dominant and a recessive inheritance.

b. The transcription of a gene is more or less frequent (mRNA).

Which of the following is true for liposomes? Mark all that apply, and only what applies. Select one or more: a. They have the first genome and were the first prokaryotes. b. They consist of a phospholipid bilayer. c. They are produced industrially and used in pharmacologically. d. They are organelles of eukaryote cells. e. They are able to katalyse simple biological reactions. f. They form littles spheres that can grow and break off smaller spheres.

b. They consist of a phospholipid bilayer. c. They are produced industrially and used in pharmacologically. e. They are able to katalyse simple biological reactions. f. They form littles spheres that can grow and break off smaller spheres.

Why are online quizzes open only for limited time, and is the time per attempt limited? a. Because all instructors at LSUS do it this way. b. To prevent students from communicating. c. To prevent students from looking information up in books, online, or notes. d. Because Moodle works that way. e. To train students to work under limited time conditions.

b. To prevent students from communicating-( that would be a misconduct, and jeopardize your learning and retention) c. To prevent students from looking information up in books, online, or notes-( that would be a misconduct, and jeopardize your learning and retention) e. To train students to work under limited time conditions-(Not really: 1 minute is plenty of time, 3x the span of a TV commercial and of the average online consumer attention span)

What is true for prokaryote flagella? Mark all that apply. They... Select one or more: a. transfer DNA during sexual recombination b. consist of protein sub-units. c. serve the transfer of macromolecules into the cell cytoplasm. d. are extracellular e. consist of lipid sub-units. f. are endocellular g. serve cell mobility. h. possess a rotating anchor

b. consist of protein sub-units. d. are extracellular g. serve cell mobility. h. possess a rotating anchor

Which of the following is true? Select one: a. Cytokinesis is followed by the G2 phase. b. Mitosis is always followed by Cytokinesis. c. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones. d. Mitosis is followed by the S phase.

c. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones.

Biomining, Biotechnological Ore leaching, employs microorganisms to enrich rare minerals from poor ores, such as Molybdenium or Manganese. This mostly includes the reduction of metal elements, rendering the ions more soluble, often in an environment of elevated heat or acidity. What type of organisms are most often involved in this technique? Hint: many of these organisms reduce Sulfur. Select one: a. Aerobe Heterotrophs b. Aerobe Chemoautotrophs c. Anaerobe Chemoautotrophs d. Aerobe Photoautotrophs e. Anaerobe Saprobionts

c. Anaerobe Chemoautotrophs

What term describes the evolutionary relationship between the legs of mouse and legs of a spider? Select one: a. Homologous. b. Phylogenetic. c. Analogous d. Binomial.

c. Analogous

Which of the following scientists first recommended to shortly heat substances in order to prevent spoiling by microorganisms? Select one: a. Huygens and Van Leeuwenhoek b. Alexander Flemming c. Louis Pasteur d. Miller and Urei e. Whatson and Crick

c. Louis Pasteur

Which process leads to adaptive evolution? Select one: a. Reproductive barriers. b. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. c. Natural selection. d. Bottleneck and genetic drift. e. Mutations.

c. Natural selection.

The illustration shows a question from a chemistry exam, and an actual student's answer. What is the SCIENTIFIC value of the answer in this example? Select one: a. Predictive power: all molecules were created polar. b. No predictive power: because the polarity of molecules cannot be tested experimentally. c. No predictive power: because the answer is equally correct for the opposite observation. d. Predictive power: based on this answer I can predict whether other molecules are polar or not.

c. No predictive power: because the answer is equally correct for the opposite observation.

What is the antithesis to "All Swans are White"? Select one: a. All swans are not wite. b. There are black swans. c. Not all swans are white. d. All swans are black.

c. Not all swans are white.

What is the likely cause for Snowball Earth? Select one: a. Loss of dissolved iron in oceans (red banded iron formation) b. Volcanism and CO2 release. c. Photosynthesis. d. The end of the dinosaurs. e. Human activity (agriculture, logging, industrialization).

c. Photosynthesis.

What is a Plasmid? Select one: a. The cytoplasm of prokaryotes. b. A cell organelle in plants and Archaea. c. A cell organelle in plants and Bacteria. d. A ring-shaped DNA double strand (little chromosome). e. A cell organelle in plants, only.

d. A ring-shaped DNA double strand (little chromosome).

Which of the following Periods was the age of the first great forests and of the dominance of Amphibia (Lycophyte trees, giant salamanders, early tetrapods)? Select one: a. Pleistocene b. Mesozoic c. Silurian d. Carboniferous e. Devonian

d. Carboniferous

Which of the following features is shared by all life on Earth (but not necessarily in all the universe)? Select one: a. Cell nucleus. b. Oxygen dependent metabolism. c. Sun as energy source. d. Cellular growth. e. Intracellular compartmentalization (organelles).

d. Cellular growth.

In the early 19th century, who was mainly responsible for Darwin's undestanding of Deep Time? Select one: a. Thomas Morus. b. Karl Marx. c. Carolus Linnaeus. d. Charles Lyell. e. William Ockham.

d. Charles Lyell. -(Lesson 03 Systematics and Evolution, Campbell Reece chapter 22.)

How do we know about the conditions on early Earth at the beginning of life? [not in the book] Select one: a. We do not know, just speculation. b. Fossils. c. From conditions in outer space and other planets. d. Chemistry of rocks that formed at that time

d. Chemistry of rocks that formed at that time

Geography: Which of the following oceans or seas is completely landlocked (not connected to the global ocean system) Select one: a. Black Sea b. Mediterranean Sea c. Baltic Sea d. Dead Sea e. Red Sea

d. Dead Sea

Which of the following sentences is true regarding the ecology on Earth? Select one: a. Energy Cycles, Nutrients flow. b. Energy flows, Nutrients flow. c. Energy cycles, Nutrients cycle. d. Energy flows, Nutrients cycle.

d. Energy flows, Nutrients cycle.

Calculate your grade in a quiz: if 80 points are the maximum of 100%, what is the grade earned for 60 points? Select one: a. Grade F b. Grade B c. Grade D d. Grade C e. Grade A

d. Grade C -(No. Calculate: 60/80*100 (=60/4*5)

What does "Gram Negative/Positive" mean, and what consequence does it have? Select one: a. Gram positive organisms are the closest ancestor of Eukarya. b. Not only, but all Gram positive organisms are infectious. c. Gram negative prokarya are all member of the Archaea. d. Gram positive bacteria dye strongly in a diagnostic dye. e. Only Gram positive organisms are infectious.

d. Gram positive bacteria dye strongly in a diagnostic dye.

Which of the following best describes the logic of hypothesis-based science? Select one: a. If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testable hypothesis. b. If I generate a testable hypothesis, tests and observations will support it. c. If my observations are accurate, they will support my hypothesis. d. If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect non-ambiguous test results. e. If my experiments are set up right, they will lead to a testable hypothesis.

d. If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect non-ambiguous test results.

What is the unit to measure energy in the "metric system" (International System of Units, SI)? Select one: a. Calory (cal) b. Newton (N) c. Watt (W) d. Joule (J) e. Volt (V)

d. Joule (J)

Photoautotrophs use... Hint: CO2 = Carbon dioxide, N2 = nitrogen, H2S = hydrogen sulfide Select one: a. N2 as energy source and and CO2 as carbon source. b. H2S as energy source and CO2 as carbon source. c. Light as energy source and methane as carbon source. d. Light as energy source and CO2 as carbon source. e. CO2 as both, energy source and carbon source.

d. Light as energy source and CO2 as carbon source.

What does the concept of a RNA world mean? Select one: a. The occurrence of first RNA molecules after DNA had been established as genetic carrier. b. Life began with virus that contained RNA, which then evolved into bacteria. c. The first organisms had a cell membrane consisting of RNA. d. RNA molecules can function as genetic carrier AND as bio-catalyst.

d. RNA molecules can function as genetic carrier AND as bio-catalyst.

What is true for Stromatolites? They... Select one: a. Formed around deep sea vents. b. Existed 4 billion years ago c. Provide evidence that plants moved onto land in the company of fungi around 500 million years ago. d. Resemble structures that are found today in warm, shallow ocean bays. e. Contain the first undisputed fossils of eukaryotes, dating 2.1 billion years ago.

d. Resemble structures that are found today in warm, shallow ocean bays.

What did Miller and Urei try to show in their experiment? Select one: a. Protobionts could form under conditions on early earth. b. Simple biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as on Earth today. c. Macromolecules form when simple biomolecules and light are present. d. Simple biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as on Early Earth. e. Macromolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as on Early Earth. f. Simple life can form spontaneously under conditions as on Early Earth.

d. Simple biomolecules can form spontaneously under conditions as on Early Earth.

How many clades (domains and Supergroups) does botany traditionally include? (Clades containing organisms that either perform photosynthesis or that are fungi?) Select one: a. Three prokaryote domains, six eukaryote Supergroups b. No prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups c. No prokaryote domains, five euraryote Supergroups d. Two prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups e. One prokaryote domains, four eukaryote Supergroups

d. Two prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups

Math: Let's play Snake eye: If you toss two regular dices, what is the probability that both will have the same face up (e.g., the One)? Select one: a. 1/6 b. 1/24 c. 1/12 d. 1/64 e. 1/36

e. 1/36 -(1/6*1/6=1/36. Each dice has 6 sides; after the first dice made it to One.(1/6) the second dice still also has to make it (1/6); that is, 5/6 of the first dice Ones will not be followed by the second One).

Policy and Syllabus: What grade can you expect with a regular average performance? Careful: the relevant answer is the capital letter behind the point. Select one: a. C or D, around 70% b. A or B, 86-92% c. D or F, around 60% d. A, 90-95% e. B or C, 75-85%

e. B or C, 75-85%

Which of the following prokaryotic features or processes involves metabolic cooperation among cells? Select one: a. Endospore Formation b. Binary Fission c. Endotoxin release d. Photoautotrophy e. Biofilms

e. Biofilms

Which of the following is NOT a mass extinction event? Select one: a. End of Triassic 190 mya. b. End of the Permian era, about 250 mya c. Transition Devonian to Carboniferous 360 mya. d. Yucatan-Chicxulup impact 65 mya. e. Cambrian Explosion, about 540 mya

e. Cambrian Explosion, about 540 mya

We learnt about the hiearchical structures of Systems (Systems Biology). Which of the following is a correct sequence of levels in life's hierarchy, proceeding downwards from the most comprehensive entity to the smallest unit? Select one: a. Organism - Organ system - Tissue - Cell - Organ. b. Brain - Organ system - Nerve cell - Ecosystem. c. Nervous system - Brain - Organelle - Nerve cell. d. Organ system - Tissue - Molecule - Biosphere. e. Ecosystem - Community - Organism - Organ - Tissue

e. Ecosystem - Community - Organism - Organ - Tissue

How is this Gaussian Bell Curve called, as well? Select one: a. Southern Blot b. Southern Bell c. Scatter plot d. Random Bell e. Normal Distribution

e. Normal Distribution

Geography: WHY should penguins have no clue about polar bears? Select one: a. Penguins live at the North Pole, polar bears at the South Pole b. The cartoon is wrong, based on a false myth! Penguins fear polar bears as their natural arch enemy! c. Penguins never are on continental land, only on drifting ice and remote islands. d. Penguins show no escape behavior on land (just like the Dodo bird). e. Polar bears live at the North Pole, penguins at the South Pole

e. Polar bears live at the North Pole, penguins at the South Pole

In order to produce vinegar, Acetobacter strains are used: they metabolize wine ethanol to acetic acid that gives vinegar its sour-refreshing taste, and keeps other critters at bay due to its acidity. What was the original ecology of Acetobacter? Select one: a. Photoautotrophy b. Herbivory c. Parasitism d. Chemoautotrophy e. Saprobiont

e. Saprobiont

Which of the following is a synonym for the ecological trophy level of a decomposer? Select one: a. Parasite b. Herbivore c. Carnivore d. Producer e. Saprobiont

e. Saprobiont

Fill in the cloze: The first fossils of vascular plants appeared about______ million years ago. The oldest and most simplest representative is Aglaophyton in the phylum (or major clade)_________. It lived in __________, had__________, and bore its sporangia_________. Its vascular system was a _______________.

-420 -Rhyniaphyta -freshwater -no leaves at all -directly on the stem -Protostele

Geography: Attribute to each continent or region below whether it belongs to what is called "Old World" or "New World".

-Australia: Old World -Africa: Old World -South America: New World -North America: New World -Asia: Old World -Europe: Old World

Match below the organelles and their cell biological purpose

-Cell shape and containment: Cell wall -Respiratory pathway: Mitochondrium -Cell shape and motion: Cytoskeleton -Management and containment of DNA: Cell nucleus -Photosynthesis: Some plastids -Transport across the cell and synthesis of proteins, transfer to Golgi Apparatus: Endoplasmic reticulum

Fill in the cloze: Earlier you learnt the kingdoms according to Whittaker; this system collapsed for Prokarya and was then only applied to __________, leaving only the_______ kingdoms. The stem group of the entire domain corresponds to the kingdom ____________. However, this kingdom was found to be___________ Actually, these "kindoms" now have collapsed all together. Instead of these kingdoms, modern biologists now recognize well-supported clades, called the five to six_________.

-Eukarya -four -Protista -Paraphyletic -Supergroups

The name for the clade of "Ferns", the monophyletic sistergroup of seed plants, is referred to as__________. They consist of four to five monophyletic groups; the most successful one in present times are the classes ___________; they are distinct by their__________. Horsetails, the putative sister to all other "Ferns", belong to the ____________: extant taxa all have a stem that is______________ and leaves that are___________; spores are released from_____________. Whisk fern, adder's tongue, and grape fern belong to the ______________; they have unusual leaves and some miss _________ completely: typical is also the gametophyte that is___________.

-Monilophytes -[Don't know answer] -Leptidosporangia -Equisteopsids -green, upright, and hollow -small and scale shaped, positioned in a sheath-like whorl -an apical strobilus -[Don't know answer] -the root -heterotrophic and subterraneous

Land plants belong to the_____________. Within the Viridiplantae, the strict sister group to land plants are the _________________. The nofn-vascular landplants consist of the three clades that are ___________. The basalmost clade liverworts contains forms with either just a simple, tongue-shaped thallus, or with a leafy form; its Latin-Greek name is written ______________. The second group contains only forms with a simple, tongue-shaped thallus, an a horn-like gametophyte; its Latin-Greek name is _____________. The third clade contains proper mosses with a thallus differentiated in a leaf-stem pattern and it is writen______________. Different from liverworts, the sporophyte in hornworts and proper mosses is ____________and _________________ occur. Different from liverworts and hornworts, the sporophyte in proper mosses __________________. Different from all proper mosses, old-fashioned Tracheophytes had and have a sporophyte that is _________________, that _____________, and has_______________.

-Streptophytes -Charophytes -paraphyletic -hepatophyta -anthocerophyta -bryophyta -photosynthetic -stomata -always has a seta -dominant -often bifurcates dichotomously in some species -lignin

In Lycopodium, the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte are _____________. The two generations occupy _________ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is _________. Energy is supplemented mainly____________. Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations? ___________________

-different -different -heterotrophic -autotrophic -Both ways between Gametophyte and Sporophyte, each for the next generation -Yes, from Sporophyte to Gametophyte

In a peristomate moss (Byropsida), the genomes of Gametophyte and Sporophyte are _____________. The two generations occupy _________ecological niches, because the Gametophyte is _________. Energy is supplemented mainly____________. Are there disruptions or dormancy periods between the main growth of the two generations? ___________________

-different -similar -autotrophic -autotrophic -from Gametophyte to Sporophyte -Yes, between Sporophyte and Gametophyte

Fill in the cloze: Earlier you learnt the kingdoms according to Whittaker; this system collapsed for Prokarya and was then only applied to ______, leaving only the_______ kingdoms. The stem group of the entire domain corresponds to the kingdom_________. However, this kingdom was found to be_________. Actually, these "kindoms" now have collapsed all together. Instead of these kingdoms, modern biologists now recognize well-supported clades, called the five to six___________.

-eukarya -four -protista -Paraphyletic -Supergroups

After the invasion of organell endosymbionts into Eukaryote cells, genes were transferred_________. It is____________ to translate mRNA of the opposite domain. One reason is that____________.

-more from organelle to the nucleus -easier for an Archaean -Many introns disrupt the protein synthesis in Bacteria

After the invasion of organell endosymbionts into Eukaryote cells, genes were transferred___________It is __________ to translate mRNA of the opposite domain. One reason is that _______________.

-more from organelle to the nucleus -easier for an Archaean -Many introns disrupt the protein synthesis in Bacteria

Prokarya generally host a genome that is _________than eukaryotes. Therefore, a single prokaryote strain (or "species") is able to perform______ different metabolic processes than a single strain of eukaryotes. The number of biochemical processes that can be carried out by "all" species of prokaryotes together is_______than by "all" species of eukaryotes together.

-smaller -less -larger

1.) Trypanosoma belongs to the__________, related to__________and causes _______________ 2.) Giardia belongs to the__________, related to ________and causes_________ 3.) Plasmodium belongs to the __________, related to___________ and causes________.

1.) Excavata/Kinetoblastids -Euglenids -Sleep Disease 2.) Excavata/Kinetoblastids -Euglenids -Diarrhea 3.) Alveolata -Ciliates and Dinoflagellates -Malaria

Match which type of Polysaccharide energy storage occurs in which taxon.

1.) Glycogen-Fungi 2.) Laminarin and Chrysolaminarin-Phaeophyta-Brown Algae 3.) Floridean starch-rhodophyte-Red Algae 4.) Amylose starch-Virdiplantae

Match below the organelles and their cell biological purpose 1.) Repiratory pathway: 2.) Photosynthesis: 3.) Cell shape and containment: 4.) Management and containment of DNA 5.) Cell shape and motion: 6.) Transport across the cell and synthesis of proteins, transfer to Golgi Apparatus.

1.) Mitochondrium 2.) Some plastids 3.) Cell wall 4.) Cell nucleus 5.) Cytoskeleton 6.) Endoplasmic reticulum

"Plasmid", "Plastid", "Chloroplast", "Thylacoid", "Grana" ... confusing, isn't it? 1.) Plasmid means a 2.) Plastid means a 3.) Chloroplast means a 4.) Thylakoid means a 5.) Grana means a

1.) Small, ring shaped DNA piece, often with a viral behavior 2.) Eukaryote cell organelle derived from a Cyanobacteria, may or may not perform photosynthesis 3.) Eukaryote cell organelle derived from Cyanobacteria, strictly the site of photosynthesis 4.) Membrane pouch inside of plastids 5.) Coarse structure inside of chloroplasts consisting of membrane-pouch stacks

Without using an electronic device: what is the square root of 2500? 2500(½) =

50

If you had four online assignments per semester, how many percent maximally of your final semester grade would one single assignment contribute? Type a percent number as decimal fraction, 0.12 for 12%

Answer: 0.05 (20%/4=5%. All bonus assignments together make 20% of all your grades. The correct answer is: 0.05)

In Chlamydomonas, how many separately located genomes exist (in separated cell compartments)? Type a number.

Answer: 3

Policy and Syllabus: How many Scantron sheets will you need for this course? Please type a number.

Answer: 4 (3 Exams and 1 Final)

Policy and Syllabus: What would your final score be, assuming that during the semester you get following scores? As percent points; Exam1: 80, Exam2: 56, Exam3: 70, Small and Bonus assignments 90, Final 80. Please type a percent number (same format as here)

Answer: 80 (See syllabus. Remember: you can drop one)

To which group of prokaryota is your nuclear genome more closely related?

Answer: Archaea

Which is the name for the organisms that deposited the traditional chalk material that we use on the class black board? You have to type the word exactly!

Answer: Coccolithophorids

What is the name for the leaf type found in Lycophyta.

Answer: microphyll

On this illustration, what label indicates the Annulus? Select one: a. Y. b. Z. c. X.

C. X

In land plants (Embryophyta), identify the follwing structures as haploid or diploid.

HAPLOID: -Gametophyte -Spore -Sperm DIPLOID: -Embryo -Zygote -Sporophyte

What were the conditions on Earth at the time of the origin of life, i.e., What were the concentrations of compounds in Early Earths atmosphere?

HIGHER THAN TODAY: 1. Carbon dioxide concentration (CO2) 2. Water concentration (H2O) 3. Hydrogen Sulfite Concentration (H2S) 4. Elementary Hydrogen Concentration (H2) 5. Ammonia concentration (NH4) 6. Methane concentration (CH4) 7. Carbon Monoxide Concentration (CO) SAME AS TODAY: 1. Elementary Nitrogen Concentration LOWER THAN TODAY: 1. Elementary Oxygen Concentration

What is an exceptional ecological key ability of many fungi with high impact on the environment? It is fungi that... Select one: a. ... can digest substrates that are difficult to tackle for enzymes. b. ... deliver the highest proportion of primary production. c. ... have a very fast rate of cell division/cell multiplication. d. ... cause most of the Infectious diseases on humans and animals.

a. ... can digest substrates that are difficult to tackle for enzymes.

What is about the age of the oldest Multicellular Eukaryote? Select one: a. 2.7-2.1 billion years b. 572-540 million years c. 3.2 billion years d. 225 million years e. 1.5-1.2 billion years

a. 2.7-2.1 billion years

On this illustration, what do you see? Select one: a. A leaf. b. A root. c. A vegetative shoot. d. A thallus. e. A reproductive shoot or strobilus.

a. A leaf.

What is the metabolism of Lactobacillus we use in food industry? Select one: a. Anaerobe fermentation. b. Photosynthesis. c. Respiration. d. Aerobe fermentation.

a. Anaerobe fermentation

Which is the significance of Diatoms for the mining industry? Mark all that apply, but ONLY those that do apply! Select one or more: a. As index fossils / indicator fossils / lead fossils. b. They co-ocurr with bauxit quarried for Aluminum industry. c. As oil carrying sediment layer. d. They always indicate a freshwater sediment. e. As compound used in dynamite. f. They always indicate an ocean sediment. g. They store carbon dioxide in their frustules (as bicarbonate), which is released when mined and adds to the global warming. h. Their sediment is quarried for industrial purpose (chemistry, pharmacy, heavy industry, etc.)

a. As index fossils / indicator fossils / lead fossils. c. As oil carrying sediment layer. e. As compound used in dynamite. h. Their sediment is quarried for industrial purpose (chemistry, pharmacy, heavy industry, etc.)

In the illustration, to which group of fungi does this one belong to? Select one: a. Basidiomycota. b. Ascomycota. c. Deuteromycota. d. Chitridomycota. e. Zygomycota.

a. Basidiomycota.

In which taxon do Hydroids and Hadrom occur? Select one: a. Bryidae (Peristomate Bryophyta) b. Jungermaniales (in the Hepatophyta) c. Only in Tracheophyta and Protracheophyta. d. Sphagnidae (Basal Bryophyta) e. Anthocerophyta (horn worts) f. Marchantiales (in the Hepatophyta)

a. Bryidae (Peristomate Bryophyta)

What are peat bogs and peat largely made of? Select one: a. Bryophyta (Sphagnum moss). b. Lycophyta (club moss). c. Flowering plants that did not fully decompose. d. Wood that did not fully decompose (lignite). e. Algae.

a. Bryophyta (Sphagnum moss).

If EXTANT(!) eukaryotes have all one recent-most ancestor, which of the following features would this last common ancestor have exhibited? Hint: the question does not ask for the FIRST eukaryote ever, but the last common ancestor of all extant ones. Select one: a. Cellulose wall and flagellate locomotion. b. Cellulose wall and ciliate locomotion. c. No cell wall and amoeboid locomotion. d. Cell wall with chitin and melanin, no flagellum. e. No cell wall and ciliate locomotion.

a. Cellulose wall and flagellate locomotion.

Mark all of the following that perform photosynthesis (more than 60% of their species maintaining chloroplasts). Select one or more: a. Chlorophyta b. Diatoms. c. Phaeophyta (Kelp and Bladderwrak) d. Dinoflagellates. e. Foraminifers. f. Fungi g. Radiolaria. h. Ciliates

a. Chlorophyta b. Diatoms. c. Phaeophyta (Kelp and Bladderwrak) d. Dinoflagellates.

Which of these organisms play an important role in the rumen of cows? (rumen = stomach part where cows ferment food). Select one: a. Chytridomycota. b. Basidiomycota. c. Zygomycota. d. Ascomycota.

a. Chytridomycota.

What is the function of a Woronin body? Select one: a. Closure of the septal pore in emergency. b. Fruitbody of Deuteromycetes. c. Explosive release of mitospores. d. Explosive release of meiospores. e. Deactivation of one nucleus in heterokaric cells.

a. Closure of the septal pore in emergency.

Which of the following organisms deposited much of the chalk that gave the Cretaceous period its name? (Hint: The White Cliffs of Dover) Select one: a. Coccolithophorids. b. Rhodophyta (Corallina). c. Dinoflagellates. d. Chara (Stonewort). e. Diatoms.

a. Coccolithophorids.

How does Chlamydomonas perform cell division (Cytokinesis)? Select one: a. Coenocytial: After a polynucleate state (coenocythial): new cells form inside of old cell wall b. Cell fission: Cytogenesis follows Telophase immediately (before the next mitotic cycle); a new cell wall forms only between two nuclei. c. Budding: nucleus division segregates one nucleus into a smaller compartment that then constricts its connection to the larger cell.

a. Coenocytial: After a polynucleate state (coenocythial): new cells form inside of old cell wall

Which of the following is NOT true regarding genomes? Select one: a. Complex bodies tend to have one genome set per cell (haploid). b. Fast life cycles and simple bodies tend to have a zygotic lifecycle. c. Complex bodies tend to have two genome sets per cell (diploid or heterokaryosis). d. Complex bodies tend to have more genes than simple ones.

a. Complex bodies tend to have one genome set per cell (haploid).

Which of the following groups represents organisms where almost all species lack a rigid cellulose cell wall? (endocytosis or amoeboid forms) Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Cryptophyta. b. Chlorarachniophyta. c. Chrysophyta. d. Rhodophyta = Red Algae. e. Xanthophyceae = Yellow-Green algae. f. Phaeophta = Brown Algae

a. Cryptophyta. b. Chlorarachniophyta.

Which of the following are taxa are the most important index fossils (lead fossils) for the oil exploitation? Select one: a. Diatoms b. Trilobites c. Ammonites d. Dinoflagellates e. Ciliates

a. Diatoms

Which of the following organisms have chlorophyll a and c as photosynthetic pigments? Select one: a. Dinoflagellates. b. Rhodophyta (red algae). c. Chlorophyta. d. Euglena. e. Ciliates.

a. Dinoflagellates.

What was a planetary pre-requirement for the evolution of Eukaryotes? Select one: a. Free oxygen. b. Precambrian explosion. c. The evolution of multicellular organisms. d. Ozone shield.

a. Free oxygen. ( Right - for mitochondria as respiratory bacteria)

Illustration: To which group does this taxon belong? Select one: a. Hepatophyta-Marchantiales. b. Bryophyta-Peristomata. c. Anthocerophyta. d. Bryophyta-Sphagninae. e. Hepatophyta-Jungermanniales.

a. Hepatophyta-Marchantiales.

Which of the following did NOT obtain its plastids through Secondary Endosymbiosis ? Select one: a. Hepatophytes. b. Dinoflagellates. c. Diatoms. d. Phaeophyta (brown algae). e. Chrysophyta (gold brown algae).

a. Hepatophytes.

What is the difference between Karyogamy and Plasmogamy? Read questions carefully! a. In Karyogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a homokaryotic nucleus. b. In Karyogamy two different cells merge, the result is a diploid cell. c. In Karyogamy two different cells merge, the result is a heterokaryotic nucleus. d. In Plasmogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a diploid nucleus. e. In Plasmogamy the cells merge, the result is a hapoid cell.

a. In Karyogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a homokaryotic nucleus.

In mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which membrane do most of the hydrogen ions flow? Select one: a. Inner membrane (including crista and thylacoids). b. The single membrane (directly between organelle and eukaryote host cell cytoplasm). c. There is no hydrogen flow. d. Outer membrane (into the host cell cytoplasm).

a. Inner membrane (including crista and thylacoids).

Which of the following taxa is closest related to the biggest contributor to the early deposit of coal? (the Mississippian sub-period). a. Isoetes and Selaginella b. Ginkgo. c. Polypodium. d. Lycopodium. e. Polytrichum.

a. Isoetes and Selaginella

What is so dangerous about Botulism? Mark all that apply, false answers give a penalty. Select one or more: a. It can occur even after sealing the food air-tight. Yes, anaerobic. b. It has no odor, no flavor, no color. c. Minuscule amounts can kill. d. Once our body is infected by the bacterium, there is no antibiotic to cure it (multi-resistant). e. It occurs together with other bacteria when food is exposed to air. f. It can occur even after cooking the food. g. The causing organism cannot be detected by our immune system, because it is gram-positive.

a. It can occur even after sealing the food air-tight. (Yes, anaerobic.) b. It has no odor, no flavor, no color. c. Minuscule amounts can kill. -(Micrograms!) f. It can occur even after cooking the food.-(Yes, because of heat-resistant endospores.)

Which of the following is true for Streptophyta? Select one: a. Land Plants are monophyletic (have all one common ancestor). b. A thallus developed only on land. c. Land plants are the only green-algae relatives that dwell permanently on land (out of water). d. A true Parenchyma developed only on land. e. Basal land plants have no more filamentous stages on their development.

a. Land Plants are monophyletic (have all one common ancestor).

Which of the following is true for leaves in vascular plants? Select one: a. Leaves in ferns grow mainly at the tip, less at the base. b. Equisetum has microphylls. c. Roots can bear leaves. d. In vascular plants, sporangia are not always associated with leaves (sporophylls). e. Megaphylls and microphylls are derived directly from the shoot apical meristem.

a. Leaves in ferns grow mainly at the tip, less at the base.

What enabled vascular plants to rise water high without the conductive tissue collapsing, and supports a higher plant body, and is missing in non-vascular plants? Select one: a. Lignin. b. Sporoplollenin. c. Chlorophyll. d. Glycoproteins. e. Cellulose.

a. Lignin.

Which group has the larger spores? Select one: a. Lycopods. b. All are about the same. c. Bryophyta. d. Spores are variable and unpredictable. e. Hepatophyta.

a. Lycopods. (Yes, they contain fat.)

In the illustration of placentarian mammal chromosomes, what can you say about the karyological condition of the individual? a. Male. b. Cannot be told (only haploid set) c. Individual has a Trisomie. d. Female. e. Intersexual (hermaphrodite).

a. Male.

What can you find in the Ascogonium? Select one: a. Meiospores b. Conidia. c. Zygospores d. Cleistogamy. e. Plasmogamy.

a. Meiospores

Which biomolecules are directly and mechanically responsible for motion and cell shape in Eukaryotes? Select one: a. Microtubuli (actin and myosin). b. DNA and RNA. c. Phospholipids. d. Metabolism.

a. Microtubuli (actin and myosin).

What are the major differences of ferns plus seed plants from lycophytes? (synapomorphies of ferns and seedplants). Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Multiflagellate sperm cells. b. Megaphyll. c. Leptosporangium. d. Roots. e. Loss of Protostele

a. Multiflagellate sperm cells. b. Megaphyll.

What is NOT a key difference between ALL Fungi and Animals (Porifera and Metazoa)? Select one: a. No fungus has a flagellum. b. Fungi are external digesters/absorbers (not ingesters). c. Fungi have a vacuole. d. Fungi have a cell wall. e. No fungus has a gametic life cycle.

a. No fungus has a flagellum.

How many flagellae did the most-recent common ancestor of Fungi, Metazoans, and Porifera (sponges) most likely have? Select one: a. One. b. Two. c. None. d. Many or cilia. Feedback

a. One.

Which is true for the types of gametogamy? Select one: a. Oogamy is an extreme case of Anisogamy. b. Anisogamy never involves flagellate gametes. c. Isogamy is an extreme case of Oogamy. d. Oogamy never involves flagellate gametes. e. Isogamy never involves flagellate gametes.

a. Oogamy is an extreme case of Anisogamy.

How was the atmosphere condition 550 million years ago? Select one: a. Oxidizing, cold. b. Anaerobe, cold. c. Anaerobe, tropical-warm. d. Oxidizing, tropical-warm.

a. Oxidizing, cold.

In Eukaryote cells, which of the following organelles are surrounded or formed by a double membrane? Mark all that apply, wrong answers give a penatly. Select one or more: a. Plastid b. Centrosome. c. Nucellus. d. Vacuole. e. Mitochondrium.

a. Plastid c. Nucellus. e. Mitochondrium.

In Eukaryote cells, which of the following organelles are surrounded or formed by a double membrane? Mark all that apply, wrong answers give a penatly. Select one or more: a. Plastid. b. Centrosome. c. Mitochondrium. d. Vacuole. e. Nucellus.

a. Plastid. c. Mitochondrium. e. Nucellus.

Which of the following organisms is NOT a fossil of the earliest vascular plants and has gone extinct? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Psilotum. b. Rhynia. c. Isoetes. d. Cooksonia e. Ophioglossum. f. Aglaophyton g. Selaginella.

a. Psilotum. c. Isoetes. e. Ophioglossum. g. Selaginella.

What is the purpose of the Anaphase of Mitosis? Select one: a. Separation of identical Chromatids. b. Recombination of Chromosomes. c. Separation of homologous chromosomes. d. Division of the chromosome sets into one single set. e. Alignment of homologous chromosomes.

a. Separation of identical Chromatids.

Which of the following organisms have a zygotic meiosis type? Click all that apply. Select one or more: a. Spirogyra b. Ectocarpus c. Polysyphonia d. Ulva e. Chara

a. Spirogyra e. Chara

Which of the following algae are member of Chlorophytes? Mark all that apply; read carefully: Chlorophytes, not Chlorophyta Select one or more: a. Spiropgyra. b. Chlamydomonas. c. Ulva. d. Chara. e. Volvox

a. Spirogyra. b. Chlamydomonas. e. Volvox

To which group do the Killeralgae of the Haptophyta belong to? Select one: a. Stramenopiles b. Rhodophyta. c. Viridiplantae d. Alveolata e. Euglenophyta.

a. Stramenopiles

Which of the following are the two major clades of Viridiplantae? Mark both correct ones. Select one or more: a. Streptophytes. b. Chlorophyceae. c. Chlorophytes. d. Stramenopiles. e. Archaeplastidae.

a. Streptophytes. c. Chlorophytes.

Which of the following elements are true for an epiphyte? Select one or more: a. They grow on a plant (or on top of another plant). b. They are hemi-parasites taking water and minerals from the host. c. They occur only in fresh water. d. They are holo-parasites taking sugars and proteins from the host. e. They are exclusive to the tropical regions.

a. They grow on a plant (or on top of another plant).

Which of the following is true for ciliates? Select one: a. They have many small flagella-like motile elements instead of few large flagella. b. They have a rigid cell wall and are external digesters (not ingesters). c. They have chloroplasts. d. All are free-swimming organisms. e. They are multi-cellular.

a. They have many small flagella-like motile elements instead of few large flagella.

Which of the following is an identifying feature shared by all member of Heteroconta/Stramenopiles at least at some stage of their life? Select one: a. Two different flagella. Yes, some of the crimson tide-causing ones. b. One single flagellum at the front. c. Two equal flagella. d. Many small flagella. e. One single flagellum at the rear.

a. Two different flagella. (Yes, some of the crimson tide-causing ones)

How many clades (domains and Supergroups) does botany traditionally include? (Clades containing organisms that either perform photosynthesis or that are fungi?) Select one: a. Two prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups b. Two prokaryote domains, four eukaryote Supergroups c. One prokaryote domains, four eukaryote Supergroups d. Three prokaryote domains, six eukaryote Supergroups e. No prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups

a. Two prokaryote domains, five eukaryote Supergroups

Which of the following illustrations is a Apothecium? Select one: a. Y. b. X. c. Z. d. U. e. W.

a. Y.

On this illustration, what label indicates a cell group that is Haploid? Select one: a. Z. b. Y. c. X.

a. Z

Which of the following illustrations is a Perithecium? Select one: a. Z. b. W. c. X. d. Y. e. U.

a. Z.

In the illustration, to which group of fungi does it belong to? Select one: a. Zygomycota. b. Ascomycota. c. Deuteromycota. d. Chitridomycota. e. Basidiomycota.

a. Zygomycota.

Is heterokary an advantage or disadvantage? Under which condition? Select one: a. DISADVANTAGE if nuclei are HAPLOID and organism COMPLEX and LONG-LIVING. b. ADVANTAGE if nuclei are HAPLOID and organism COMPLEX and LONG-LIVING. c. ADVANTAGE if nuclei are HAPLOID and organism SIMPLE and SHORT-LIVING. d. ADVANTAGE if nuclei are DIPLOID and organism COMPLEX and LONG-LIVING. e. ADVANTAGE if nuclei are DIPLOID and organism SIMPLE and SHORT-LIVING.

b. ADVANTAGE if nuclei are HAPLOID and organism COMPLEX and LONG-LIVING.

Which of the following pairs form the Microtubuly? Select one: a. Polycarbonates and fatty acids. b. Actin and Myosin filaments. c. Carbohydrates and Hemicelluloses. d. A Token Ring and TCP/IP e. Phospholipids and Glycoproteins.

b. Actin and Myosin filaments.

Which of the follwing is true? Select one: a. Cytokinesis is followed by the G2 phase. b. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones. c. Mitosis is always followed by Cytokinesis. d. Mitosis is followed by the S phase.

b. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones.

Which of the follwing is true? Select one: a. Mitosis is followed by the S phase. b. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones. c. Cytokinesis is followed by the G2 phase. d. Mitosis is always followed by Cytokinesis.

b. After mitosis, all resulting nuclei or cells are clones.

Which group of the following comprise taxa that harbor Plastids? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Fungi b. Alveolata c. Excavata d. Stramenopiles e. Rhizzaria

b. Alveolata c. Excavata d. Stramenopiles e. Rhizzaria

In plant sciences, when do we talk of an Embryo? Select one: a. The gametophyte remains on the sporophyte. b. As the zygote divides and becomes the Embryo, it remains on the gametophyte. c. Due to tradition, only in land plants, the young gametophyte is called Embryo. d. Due to tradition, only in land plants, the young sporophyte is called Embryo. e. Any mitotic zygote is an embryo.

b. As the zygote divides and becomes the Embryo, it remains on the gametophyte.

To which group do Mitochondria correspond? Select one: a. Protobionta. b. Bacteria. c. Archaea. d. Virus (enveloped vector). e. Ribosomes.

b. Bacteria.

To which does the Ascus correspond with regard of function (reproductive cell cycle), and position in a sporangium or fruit body? Select one: a. Sporophore with columella. b. Basidium. c. Conidium. d. Conjugation/Trichogyne. e. Woronin Body.

b. Basidium.

Which of the following clades picked up photosynthesis via secondary endosymbiosis? Mark all that apply Select one or more: a. Red algae (Rhodophyta) b. Brown algae (Phaeophyta) c. Fungi d. Land plants (Embryophyta) e. Cyanobacteria f. Green algae (Chlorophyta) g. Dinoflagellates h. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) i. Some Euglenids

b. Brown algae (Phaeophyta) g. Dinoflagellates h. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) i. Some Euglenids

In terms of weight, what is the main component of Rhynia chert? Select one: a. Carbon b. Calcite c. Silica d. Basalt and volcanic ashes

b. Calcite

Some algae form calcite around their cells (CaCO3). What is the reason? Select one: a. In salt water, the calcite is a response to the salinity (osmoregulation). b. Calcite precipitates when free carbon dioxide (CO2) is absorbed due to photosynthesis. c. Calcite is part of the cyto skeletton. d. The calcite increases the cell buoyancy in plankton. e. Calcite has replaced cellulose in the cell wall of these organisms.

b. Calcite precipitates when free carbon dioxide (CO2) is absorbed due to photosynthesis.

Wherefrom did photosynthetic Euglenoids they get plastids most likely? Select one: a. Cyanobacteria (same pigments) b. Chlorophyta (same pigments). c. Rhodobacter (same pigments) d. Rhodophyta (same pigments).

b. Chlorophyta (same pigments).

What organisms do these belong to? a. Dinophyta. b. Chlorophyta. c. Rhodophyta. d. Phaeophyta. e. Chrysophyta.

b. Chlorophyta.

Which of the following is the one of the three main protein source for cows and other ruminantia? Select one: a. Amoeba. b. Ciliates. c. Microscopic animals that live in its rumen. d. Grass. e. Cyanobacteria.

b. Ciliates.

In which of the following symbioses are Dinoflagellates essential as primary producers? Select one: a. Rhizzobium. b. Corals. c. Mycorrhiza. d. Lichen. e. Rumen of cows.

b. Corals.

Which of the functional groups of the cell are the elements of the flagellum of our sperm cell? Select one: a. Endoplasmatic Reticulum (ER) and Mitochondtrium. b. Cytoskeleton and cell membrane. c. Cytoskeleton alone. d. Cell membrane and Mitochondtrium. e. Endoplasmatic Reticulum (ER) and cell membrane.

b. Cytoskeleton and cell membrane.

To which taxon do the organisms in the illustration belong? Select one: a. Animalia b. Diatoms c. Amoebozoa d. Chlorophyta e. Dinoflagellates

b. Diatoms

Many Eurakya depend on mating types to avoid inbreeding. Which of the following is true for the mating types? Select one: a. Mating types are only expressed in the diploid stage of fungi. b. Diploid or heterokaric stages are hardly ever homozygous for mating types. c. In a species or population, there can only be two: male and female (+ and -). d. For gametogamy, both gametes must have the same mating type e. Two different mating types (+ and -) constitute a post-zygotic reproductive barrier.

b. Diploid or heterokaric stages are hardly ever homozygous for mating types.

Which of the conditions below is most likely to lead to the evolution of heterotrophous gametophytes? Select one: a. The evolution of a zygotic life cycle. b. Dominant sporophytes that compete with photosynthetic gametophytes. c. Dry environments. d. Actually, photoautotroph gametophytes are derived, and heterotroph gametophytes are ancestral for all embryophyta. e. The evolution of wood and vascular systems.

b. Dominant sporophytes that compete with photosynthetic gametophytes. (Yes: heterotroph gametophytes evolved several times in vascular plants, all with a past or ecology of intense sporophyte competition.)

Mark all of the features that are NOT shared by FILAMENTOUS fungi. Note: they may occur in Chitrids and Yeasts, though; the old Whittacker Kingdom circumscription is a good guideline here. Select one or more: a. No flagella ever. b. Endocytosis / Internal Digestion c. Zygotic Meiosis type. d. External Digestors. e. Coenocythia and/or hyphen. f. Gametic Meiosis type. g. Heterotrophs. h. Cell wall chitinous. i. All are Pathogens/Parasites or Symbionts.

b. Endocytosis / Internal Digestion f. Gametic Meiosis type. i. All are Pathogens/Parasites or Symbionts.

To which groups does the parasite causing Giardia belong? Select one: a. Dinoflagellates b. Excavata c. Apicomplexans d. Amoebozoa e. Bacteria (Salmonella)

b. Excavata

In which status are chromosomes during the interphase? Select one: a. Condensed. b. Expanded. c. Hybridized. d. Precipitated.

b. Expanded.

Chemistry: Which element is more likely to lose an electron to another one? Select one: a. O (oxygen) b. Fe (iron) c. Cl (chlorine)

b. Fe (iron)

With which evolutionary mile stone in animals do the oldest known Tracheophyte fossils co-incide? Select one: a. First fish. b. First tetrapods. c. First reptiles. d. First bone fish. e. First dinosaurs.

b. First tetrapods.

How is the meiosis type called that (we) animals have? Select one: a. Sporic. b. Gametic. c. Numismatic. d. Zygotic.

b. Gametic.

Chemistry: Which is the chemical formulation of Water? Select one: a. SO4 b. H2O c. C2H5OH d. H2O2 e. CH4

b. H2O

Genetics: How is a singular chromosome set called (each chromosome occurs only once in a nucleus)? Select one: a. Monoploid. b. Haploid. c. Diploid. d. Polyploid. e. Homoploid.

b. Haploid.

Genetics: How is a singular chromosome set called (each chromosome occurs only once in a nucleus)? Select one: a. Polyploid. b. Haploid. c. Homoploid. d. Diploid. e. Monoploid.

b. Haploid.

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration) Select one: a. Heterosporous Eusporangiates. b. Heterosporous Leptosporangiates. c. Equisetales (horsetails) d. Homosporous Leptosporangiates. e. Lycophyta (club mosses)

b. Heterosporous Leptosporangiates.

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration) Select one: a. Homosporous Lycophyta (Lycopodiaceae club mosses) b. Heterosporous Lycophyta (Selaginella and Isoetes) c. Equisetales (horsetails) d. Leptosporangiate ferns e. Bryophyta (mosses) f. Hepatophya (liverworts)

b. Heterosporous Lycophyta (Selaginella and Isoetes)

Which feature of the following is shared between Archea and Eukarya, and absent in Bacteria? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Plasmids. b. Histones. c. Ring-shaped chromosome. d. Introns. e. Plastids.

b. Histones. d. Introns.

You learn and study so hard, and yet you get bad grades. Which of the following can help? Click all answers that apply. Select one or more: a. I will hang on - the professor will notice how I struggle and put extra attention on me to help me. b. I may not be ready for this class, and should complete other prereq courses first (MATH 121, FS 104, ENGL 105, etc.). c. I hang on: If I am on financial aid, and dropping would reduce my credit hours below below the required minimum (e.g.,12), then I may want to hang on to this class, even if I fail, d. This class is just too hard! This is all new to me, nobody can learn all that! e. I should see the Student Development and Counseling Center for advice for learning techniques f. I may want to see the Student Development and Counseling Center for advice on my personal problems (being overwhelmed, anxiety, distractions). g. I should just hang in there and pull it through. I will explan my exceptional situation and ask to adjust the curve for me.

b. I may not be ready for this class, and should complete other prereq courses first (MATH 121, FS 104, ENGL 105, etc.). e. I should see the Student Development and Counseling Center for advice for learning techniques f. I may want to see the Student Development and Counseling Center for advice on my personal problems (being overwhelmed, anxiety, distractions). -(Yes, even if you feel that it is not clinical; IF it is clinical, then they will refer you to the SSD, and I get the formal permission to consider your clinical condition in exams individually.)

What is a difference between Prokaryote Cell Fission and Mitosis? Select one: a. In cell fission the chromosomes are attached to the cell nucleus membrane, but in mitosis not. b. In cell fission, the chromosome is attached directly to the cell membrane, but in mitosis not. c. There is no difference, the two expressions are synonyms. d. Cell fission involves a sex pilus, but mitosis not.

b. In cell fission, the chromosome is attached directly to the cell membrane, but in mitosis not.

What is one of reasons for the assumption that the cell nucleus membrane evolved from a pouch of the cell membrane? Select one: a. It bears rests of the old cell wall (peptidoglycans). b. It is a double-membrane. c. It is similar to a bacteria membrane. d. It is a single membrane.

b. It is a double-membrane.

Which organ or organs are missing in Aglaophyton (a Rhiniophyte)? Mark all that apply! Select one or more: a. Phloem b. Leaf c. Xylem d. Sporangium e. Root f. Stem

b. Leaf e. Root

Which of the following cell types is specialized for the conduction of nutrients (sugars, aminoacids)? Select one: a. Peristom b. Leptom c. Hadrom d. Xylem e. None

b. Leptom

In the illustration, to which taxonomic group does this organism belong? Select one: a. Ophioglossaceae (grape ferns) b. Leptosporangiate ferns c. Equisetales (horsetails) d. Lycophyta (club mosses) e. Bryophyta (proper mosses)

b. Leptosporangiate ferns

What are Thylakoids? Give the most accurate anwer! Select one: a. Membrane pouches in Cyanobacteria cells only. b. Membrane pouches in Cyanobacteria cells and Plastids. c. Cell wall pouches in Archaea. d. Cell wall pouches in Cyanobacteria cells.

b. Membrane pouches in Cyanobacteria cells and Plastids.

What happens in your muscle cells, when you increase your physiclal work-out for some time (training)? Select one: a. Mitochondria shrink and are reduced to save energy. b. Mitochondria grow and multiply by fission. c. My skelettal muscle cells divide. d. The cell nucleus absorbs Mitochondria. e. The cell nucleus membrane buds off Mitochondria.

b. Mitochondria grow and multiply by fission.

Which is a synapomorphy in all existing Euphyllophyta? (A feature exclusive for and shared by a group; in some taxa it may be secondarily reduced). Select one: a. No protostele (only eustele or siphonostele). b. Multi-flagellate sperm. c. Secondary xylem. d. Heterotrophous gametophytes. e. Seeds.

b. Multi-flagellate sperm.

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration) Select one: a. Filicales (in the leptosporangiate ferns) b. Ophioglossaceae (a group of Eusporangiate ferns) c. Heteosporous Lycophyta (spike mosses and quillworts) d. Equisetales (horsetails) e. Homosporous Lycophyta (club mosses) f. Rhyniophyta (Aglaophyton)

b. Ophioglossaceae (a group of Eusporangiate ferns)

Which of the following conditions is a way to increase or maintain the DNA content per cytoplasm? Mark all that apply Select one or more: a. Polyphony. b. Polyploidy. c. Polyteny. d. Polygamy. e. Polynucleate cells.

b. Polyploidy. c. Polyteny. e. Polynucleate cells.

In animal cells, in which stage of mitosis is the membrane of cell nuclei in the process of being dissolved? Select one: a. Metaphase. b. Prophase. c. Anaphase. d. Prometaphase. e. Telophase.

b. Prophase.

When spores of Hepatophyta and Bryophyta germinate, they form a primitive juvenile stage (Illustration). How is this initial stage called? Select one: a. Prothallium b. Protonema c. Protozoa d. Embryo e. Precursor tip

b. Protonema

Neurospora is a model organism fungus. How does it live and to what group does it belong? Select one: a. Parasite-Pathogen, Zygomycota. b. Saprobiont, Ascomycota. c. Parasite-Pathogen, Ascomycota. d. Saprobiont, Zygomycota. e. Parasite-Pathogen, Yeasts.

b. Saprobiont, Ascomycota.

Which of the following clades picked up photosynthesis via secondary endosymbiosis? Mark all that apply Select one or more: a. Cyanobacteria b. Some Euglenids c. Red algae (Rhodophyta) d. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) e. Fungi f. Land plants (Embryophyta) g. Dinoflagellates h. Green algae (Chlorophyta) i. Brown algae (Phaeophyta)

b. Some Euglenids d. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) g. Dinoflagellates i. Brown algae (Phaeophyta)

Domains: Mark all elements that are shared by Archaea and Eukarya, but not found in any known Bacteria. Select one or more: a. Endocellular membranes (e.g., Thylacoids) b. Start codon for transpation is Methionine (AUG), not Formyl-Methionine (UUG) c. Cytoskeletton present d. Several RNA polymerases. e. Extremophiles f. Main genomic chromosomes linear, not ring shaped. g. Histones present. h. Introns present.

b. Start codon for transpation is Methionine (AUG), not Formyl-Methionine (UUG) d. Several RNA polymerases. g. Histones present. h. Introns present.

Why do many non-vascular plants form a protonema? Why not just form a thallus witorrecth full features Select one: a. The protonema is part of the antheridium: it is released in rain and releases sperm cells after it has been hydrated. b. The spore is very small - the protonema allows to collect enough energy to start a larger body. c. The protonema is the gametophyte - a larger thallus will form only after fertilization. d. A protonema occurs only in heterotrophic Hepatophytes that never form a green thallus. e. A protonema actually exists only in Charophytes and Coleochaete, that never grow much beyond that stage.

b. The spore is very small - the protonema allows to collect enough energy to start a larger body.

Which of the following organisms is a pathogen flagellate? Select one: a. Chlamydomonas. b. Tripanosoma c. Plasmodium. d. Euglena. e. Paramecium.

b. Tripanosoma

Which of the following features is ancestral for all Eukaryotes? (the eukaryote prototype). Select one: a. Many flagella or cilia. b. Two flagella c. One flagellum. d. Amoeboid locomotion or a mucillage track.

b. Two flagella

Cell Cycle: How many chromatids are in a chromosome after the S phase of the cell cycle? Select one: a. One. b. Two. c. Four

b. Two.

Which of the following tissues are NOT found in a shoot axis (stem) featuring a classical Protostele? Select one: a. Sclerenchyma. b. Vascular Cambium. c. Phloem. d. Xylem. e. Apical Meristem.

b. Vascular Cambium.

Which of the following did NOT obtain its plastids through Secondary Endosymbiosis ? Select one: a. Diatoms. b. Volvox. c. Chrysophyta (gold brown algae). d. Phaeophyta (brown algae). e. Dinoflagellates.

b. Volvox.

Does photosynthesis occur in Archaea, and if so, which pigment would be used to capture light energy? Select one: a. Yes, sulfur. b. Yes, Rhodopsin. c. Yes, Chlorophyll. d. Does not exist, only in Bacteria. e. Yes, Chlorophyll a and Phycobilines.

b. Yes, Rhodopsin.

Appart from molecular data, which following arguments support the assumption that photosynthesis entered the clade Chromalveolata from Rhodophyta through amoeboid ancestors? Which is an example or model for such amoeboid ancestors? Mark all that apply. Certain Chromalveolata lineages ... Select one or more: a. The certain group of relatives are Chlorarachniophyta. b. The certain group of relatives are Chrysophyta. c. ... have four membranes around the plastids. d. ... have a reduced cell wall and are partially internal ingesters. e. ... have general starch, not laminarines (or chrysolaminarines). f. ... use phycobilins as secondary photosynthesis pigment along with some chlorophyll c. g. The certain group of relatives are Cryptophyta. h. ... have general carotinoids, not fucoxantins. CorrectThe fucoxantins are an autapomorphy of Stramenpiles strictly.

c. ... have four membranes around the plastids. (Indicating the secondary endo-symbiosis from another primary endosymbiosis organism, rejecting a direct invasion of Cyanobacteria.) d. ... have a reduced cell wall and are partially internal ingesters. (Allowing endosymbionts to be taken up.) e. ... have general starch, not laminarines (or chrysolaminarines). (So laminarines are an autapomorphy of Stramenpiles strictly.) f. ... use phycobilins as secondary photosynthesis pigment along with some chlorophyll c. (Yes: Phycobilins as in Cyanobacteria and Rhodophytes, chlorophyll c as in most others of this clades (Alveolata and Stramenopiles). g. The certain group of relatives are Cryptophyta. ( Starch not laminarines, no fucoxantines, amoeboid-ingesters, frour cell membranes) h. ... have general carotinoids, not fucoxantins. (The fucoxantins are an autapomorphy of Stramenpiles strictly.)

Cell Cycle: What is the purpose of the S phase? Select one: a. Before the M phase, chromosomes need to condense; this happens during the S phase. b. After the M phase, the chromosomes need to expand; this happens during the S phase. c. After some increase of the cell's cytoplasm volume, the genomic DNA needs to be duplicated. d. After Mitosis/Meiosis, preparation of the chromosomes for the Cytokinesis. e. Separation of the two chromatids during the M phase (disconnection of the centromer).

c. After some increase of the cell's cytoplasm volume, the genomic DNA needs to be duplicated.

In the illustration, to which group of fungi does this organism belong? Hint: it grows on horse droppings and translated its name means "naked head", because you can pull the skin off its head ;-) Select one: a. Ustilaginomycotina - Heterobasidiomycota b. Pucciniomycotina - Heterobasidiomycota c. Agaricomycotina - Homobasidiomycota d. Pezizomycotina - Ascomycota

c. Agaricomycotina - Homobasidiomycota

What is the ecological benefit for a fungi, if it produces antibiotics? The illustration is just a hint. Select one: a. Antibiotics are exo-enzymes released by the fungus to digest macromolecules in its substrate. b. Antibiotics stun the immune system of a host, so the fungus can invade it. c. Allelopathy. d. None, antibiotics are released as waste product the fungus needs to get rid of. e. Antibiotics kill the bacteria, so the fungus can eat them.

c. Allelopathy.

When you eat a morel (Morchella), what part do you actually eat? Select one: a. Conidium. b. Basidioma/Basidiocarp. c. Ascoma/Ascocarp. d. Zygnoma/Zygocarp. e. Aecium.

c. Ascoma/Ascocarp.

Endosymbiosis: to what does the inner material (Stroma) of a plastid correspond? Select one: a. Space inside of nucleus. b. Eukaryote cytoplasm. c. Bacteria cytoplasm. d. Extracellular space. e. Archaea cytoplasm..

c. Bacteria cytoplasm.

Which of the following examples uses phycobilins as photosynthetic pigments? Select one: a. Chlorophyta (green algae) b. Phaeophyta (brown algae) c. Cyanobacteria d. Dinoflagellates e. Diatoms

c. Cyanobacteria

From the perspspective of the gametophyte in Marchantia, what is the purpose of Spores in terms of reproduction ecology and population genetics? Select one: a. Same time, same environment, same genome. b. Same time, same environment, different genome. c. Different time, different environment, different genome. d. Same time, different environment, different genome. e. Same time, different environment, same genome.

c. Different time, different environment, different genome.

Which of the following are Supergroups? Specifically: The "Supergroups" are monophyletic clades of Eukarya that replaced Whittaker's Kingdoms. The concept is still dynamic as new data contunie to resolve the phylogeny. Mark all of the following that are Supergroups and that are NOT contained in any of the other named here (are not undergroup of another one listed). Select one or more: a. Rhizzaria b. Fungi c. Excavata d. Algae e. Uniconta f. Chromalveolata g. Animalia h. Archaeplastidae i. Protista j. Plantae

c. Excavata e. Uniconta f. Chromalveolata h. Archaeplastidae

When somebody tells you that Lycopods are "some kind of ferns", why is this not accurate? Select one: a. Lycophytes evolved independently from non-vascular plants; the common ancestor of Lycophytes and ferns had no vasculature. b. Lycophytes are all eusporangiate, like Bryophytes, ferns all leptosporangiate. c. Ferns are closer related to seed plants than to Lycophytes. d. Lycophytes have no vasculature, yet.

c. Ferns are closer related to seed plants than to Lycophytes.

Which of the following have phototrophic gametophytes? Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Seed plants (Spermatophyta) b. Lycophyta. c. Filicales. d. Psilotaceae. e. Equisetaceae. f. Selaginella and Isoetes. g. Ophioglossaceae. h. Bryophyta.

c. Filicales. (Homosporous and photrophous.) e. Equisetaceae. (Homosporous and but kind of crooked green.) h. Bryophyta. (Homosporous and photrophous.)

Which of the following organism is an important lead fossil for the oil exploitation? Select one: a. Euglenophyta. b. Ciliates. c. Foraminifera. d. Dinoflagellates. e. Troglodytes

c. Foraminifera.

Which of the following features is ancestral for Eukaryotes? (the eukaryote prototype) Select one: a. Autotrophous. b. Homotrophous. c. Heterotrophous.

c. Heterotrophous.

When are some Antibiotics less effective on Gram-Negative Bacteria and Archaea than on Gram-Positive ones? (e.g., Streptomycin). [Slides and Class, Raven] Select one: a. If they affect the formation of Actin filaments. b. If they don't affect Mitosis. c. If they affect the formation of Peptidoglycan cell walls. d. If they affect the histones in the chromosomes. e. If they do affect Mitosis.

c. If they affect the formation of Peptidoglycan cell walls.

Cell Cycle: During the separation of chromosomes, how is the element called that is responsible for the lokomotion of the chromosome along the micrutubule? Select one: a. Kinetosome. b. Chromatid. c. Kinetochore. d. Ribosome. e. Histone.

c. Kinetochore.

What unexpected organelle does the parasite causing Malaria contain? Select one: a. Plasmid b. Thermoplast c. Leucoplast d. Chloroplast e. Chromoplast

c. Leucoplast

What are spores in Lycophytes? Select one: a. Zygospores. b. Zoospores. c. Meiospores. Right: meiosis in the sporangium; sporophyte is diploid, gametophytes are haploid. d. Lepidospores e. Mitospores. f. Endospores.

c. Meiospores. (Right: meiosis in the sporangium; sporophyte is diploid, gametophytes are haploid.)

In the illustration, which picture indicates NEITHER isogamy NOR oogamy? Select one: a. Right (C) b. Left (A) c. Middle (B)

c. Middle (B)

Endosymbiosis: in what sequence did endosymbionts invade Eukaryota? Select one: a. Mitochondria only b. Chloroplasts - Mitochondria c. Mitochondria - Plastids d. Chromosplasts - Chloroplasts - Leukoplasts e. Mitochondra - cell nucleus

c. Mitochondria - Plastids

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration) Select one: a. Gymnosperms b. Monilophyta - Equisetales (horsetails) c. Monilophyta - Filicales (leptosporangiate ferns) d. Lycophyta (club mosses) e. Bryophyta (proper mosses)

c. Monilophyta - Filicales (leptosporangiate ferns)

Regarding the origin of plastids, how often did the invasion of free-living photosynthetic Prokarya into Eukarya cells happen? Select one: a. Twice, once in brown algae and once in the other plants. b. Several times, independently into Brown Algae, Red Algae, Green Algae, and some Flagellates. c. Once d. Once: Eukaryota started out as photosynthetic organisms, some lost the chloroplast later (Animals, Fungi).

c. Once

On this illustration, how many Sori can you see with each Indusium (=per indusium)? Select one: a. Many (more than 20) b. None (=zero) c. One (=1) d. Nine (=9) e. Two (=2)

c. One (=1)

How many clades of the Eukaryota lead to Animalia (multicellular, ingesting heterotrophs)? Select one: a. Two (Amoeba, and Choanoflagellates+Metazoa). b. Many; animals are polyphyletic. c. One (splitting into Choanoflagellates and Metazoa).

c. One (splitting into Choanoflagellates and Metazoa).

Which type of gametogamy do we humans use? Select one: a. Anisogamy. b. Herkogamy. c. Oogamy. d. Isogamy. e. Autogamy (Parthenogenesis).

c. Oogamy.

What does a vascular system consist of? Select one: a. Root, Stem, Leaf. b. Xylem, xylem contains lignin (wood). c. Phloem and Xylem, xylem always contains lignin (wood). d. Sklerenchyma and Parenchyma. e. Phloem; some also Xylem (lignin may occur or may be absent).

c. Phloem and Xylem, xylem always contains lignin (wood).

In the illustration, to which group of fungi does this organism belong? Hint: this structure is the seaonally enduring stage that will stay over winter on one of its two hosts. Select one: a. Agaricomycotina - Homobasidiomycota b. Pezizomycotina - Ascomycota c. Pucciniomycotina - Heterobasidiomycota d. Ustilaginomycotina - Heterobasidiomycota

c. Pucciniomycotina - Heterobasidiomycota

What is the end product of the Photosynthesis in Purple and Green Sulfur Bacteria? [Slides and Class, Raven] Select one: a. Oxygen (O2) b. Hydrogen Sulfite (H2S). c. Pure Sulfur (S8). d. Carbon Dioxide (CO2). e. Reduced Organics.

c. Pure Sulfur (S8).

Which of the following is a Postzygotic reproductive barrier? Select one: a. Reduced geographical contact. b. Different mating seasons. c. Reduced hybrid fertility. d. Different mating behavior (songs, color, pollinator).

c. Reduced hybrid fertility.

What ocean organisms do these belong to? Note the calcite armor. Select one: a. Chrysophyta. b. Phaeophyta. c. Rhodophyta. d. Chlorophyta. e. Dinophyta.

c. Rhodophyta.

In which period did the first vascular plants leave fossil records? Select one: a. Carboniferous-Permian b. Devonian-Carboniferous. c. Silurian-Devonian. d. Ordovicium e. Cambrian-Ordovicium

c. Silurian-Devonian.

Which of the following is true for Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)? Select one: a. Some have no flagellate forms. b. Some have no cell wall and became heterotrophous. c. Some developed a strictly apical growth mode of the thallus. d. Some have regular starch as energy storage (Amylose). e. Some of them are single-celled (fully unicellular life cycles). f. About half of them live in freshwater (cold rivers with much oxygen).

c. Some developed a strictly apical growth mode of the thallus.

What was the proposal of Darwin and Wallace? Select one: a. Parents acquire features during life and pass them on to children. b. Genes are recombined. c. Species are separated by natural Selection. d. Genes mutate.

c. Species are separated by natural Selection.

Which of the following examples has no flagellate stages ever in its entire life cycle? Select one: a. Ectocarpus. b. Diatoms. c. Spirogyra. d. Ulotrix. e. Fucus.

c. Spirogyra.

Which of the following features are apomories that were acquired EXCLUSIVELY WITHIN the Streptophyta/Charophyta? [read the question carefully] Select one or more: a. Sporic life cycle b. True Parenchyme c. Sporopollenin d. Multiple plastids per cell e. Non-flagellate sperms

c. Sporopollenin d. Multiple plastids per cell f. Phragmoplast and Plasmodesmata

Prokaryote cell fission and eukaryote cell cycles: Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. The process of cell fission involves only cells with a cell wall. b. Cell fission occurs only in respiratory bacteria and cyanobacteria. c. The process of cell fission also occurs inside of eukaryota cells. d. Cell fission is one form of the prokaryote pathways of gene recombination, mitosis not.

c. The process of cell fission also occurs inside of eukaryota cells. (Yes: Mitochondria and Plastids)

What is true for Bacteria reproduction involving gene recombination? Select one: a. They have meiosis. b. There is no genetic recombination in Prokarya. c. They exchange genes via smaller DNA fragments (plasmids and virus). d. They have mitosis.

c. They exchange genes via smaller DNA fragments (plasmids and virus).

In multicellular organisms, is an isomorphic life cycle requiring a specific meiosis type? Select one: a. Yes: zygotic. b. Yes: gametic c. Yes: sporic. d. No: it can happen at any type. e. Yes: gametic or zygotic, but not sporic.

c. Yes: sporic. (See Allomyces Chitrids, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia.)

Which is the meiosis type where only the Haploid generation can have mitosis? Select one: a. Gametic. b. Sporic. c. Zygotic. d. Paracyclic.

c. Zygotic.

Which of the following taxa has or have Megaphylls? Select one or more: a. Lycophyta. b. Hepatophyta (liverworts). c.Pteridophyta/Monilophyta (ferns). d. Bryophyta (mosses). e. Spermatophyta.

c.Pteridophyta/Monilophyta (ferns). e. Spermatophyta.

Assume a diploid individual has eight chromosomes in total (2n=8), and is heterozygous for each of them. How many different genotypes of gametes can come from this individual? (That is: how many different combinations of chromosomes can be packed into one gamete?) Select one: a. 64 b. 4 c. 32 d. 16

d. 16

Cell Cycle: In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. What is the result of this? Select one: a. Cell cycles lacking the S phase. b. Cells lacking nuclei. c. Destruction of chromosomes. d. A Coenocythium. e. Cells that are unusually small.

d. A Coenocythium.

Which of the following taxa are NOT members of the Fungi. Mark all that apply. Select one or more: a. Basidiomycetes. b. Chytridomycetes. c. Ascomycetes. d. Actinomycetes. e. Oomycetes. f. Zygomycetes.

d. Actinomycetes. e. Oomycetes.

Which of the following do you NOT find in a plant cell? (plant = phototroph, multicellular Eukaryote; or specifically Viridiplantae) Select one: a. Cell Wall. b. Mitochondria. c. Cytoskeleton. d. All of the listed elements are found in a plant cell. e. Cell Nucleus.

d. All of the listed elements are found in a plant cell.

Illustration: To which taxonomic group does this land plant belong? Select one: a. Lycopodiaceae (club mosses). b. Charophyta (stonewort). c. Hepatophya (liverworts). d. Bryopsida (Peristomata). e. Sphagnopsida (Sphagnacae).

d. Bryopsida (Peristomata).

Which of the following causes a mycosis? Select one: a. Pilobolus b. Pezisa c. Rhizzopus d. Candida e. Saccharomyces

d. Candida

Which of the following organisms have chlorophyll a and b as photosynthetic pigments? Select one: a. Diatoms b. Phaeophyta (brown algae) c. Dinoflagellates d. Chlorophyta e. Rhodophyta (red algae)

d. Chlorophyta

Which of the following is a type of spore involved in ASEXUAL reproduction? Select one: a. Ascospore. b. Basidiospore c. Zygospore. d. Conidiospore. e. Teliospore (Puccinia).

d. Conidiospore.

In this illustration through a microscope you see a cell in division: a new membrane begins to form across the middle of a cell starting in the middle of the cell, and nuclei re-form on either side of the plate. What is this cell most likely? Select one: a. Cell fission of a bacterium. b. Metaphase of a plant (Viridiplantae). c. Cytokinesis in an animal (Animalia). d. Cytokinesis of a plant (Viridiplantae). e. S phase of the cell cycle of an animal (Animalia).

d. Cytokinesis of a plant (Viridiplantae).

What organisms do these belong to? Select one: a. Diatoms b. Dinoflagellates c. Polysiphonia d. Desmids e. Chitrids

d. Desmids

In the illustration, to what organisms does this one belong? Select one: a. Dinoflagellates b. Desmids c. Euglenophyta d. Diatoms e. Chlorophyta (green algae) Feedback

d. Diatoms

From the perspective of the Heterotrophous gametophyte in some vascular plants, what is the SITUATION(!) of the sporophyte in terms of reproduction ecology and population genetics? Select one: a. Same environment, same genome, same time. b. Different environment, same genome, same time, c. Different environment, same genome, same time. d. Different environment, different genome, different time.

d. Different environment, different genome, different time. (This is true for a long-living, large sporophyte that dominates: it starts at the same conditions as the gametophyte, but will live beyond the gametophyte, it will be more exposed to external conditions (light, drought), and is diploid instead of haploid (heterosis benefits). If the gametophyte is heterotrophous, then this difference is extended into the aspect of energy nutrition (trophy).

Which group of organisms cause Red Tides (Crimson Tides)? Select one: a. Diatoms b. Ciliates c. Green Algae d. Dinoflagellates e. Red Algae

d. Dinoflagellates

What is the reason lime stone deposits around some Cyanobacteria? Select one: a. Cyanobacteria evaporate water and calcite precipitates. b. Calcite is part of the cell wall. c. Calcite precipitates because of nitrification. d. Dissolved bicarbonate is depleted by photosynthesis.

d. Dissolved bicarbonate is depleted by photosynthesis.

To which groups does the parasite causing Giardia belong? Select one: a. Bacteria (Salmonella) b. Dinoflagellates c. Apicomplexans d. Excavata e. Amoebozoa

d. Excavata

What is the main difference between ferns (Pteridophyta) and mosses (Bryophyta)? Select one: a. Ferns no longer have flagellate sperm cells. b. Ferns no longer have photosynthetic sporophytes. c. Ferns no longer have photosynthetic gametophytes. d. Ferns have a vascular system and lignin, mosses not. e. Ferns no longer disperse and reproduce by spores.

d. Ferns have a vascular system and lignin, mosses not.

What was a planetary pre-requirement for the evolution of Eukaryotes? Select one: a. Precambrian explosion. b. The evolution of multicellular organisms. c. Ozone shield. d. Free oxygen.

d. Free oxygen. (Right - for mitochondria as respiratory bacteria.)

Cell Cycle: In one of the following mitotic phases, the cell has only half as much DNA than in all another phases listed. Which one? Select one: a. Prophase. b. Metaphase. c. Anaphase. d. G1. e. G2.

d. G1.

What is the meaning of Conjugation in Prokarya? Select one: a. Gene exchange involving a Plastid (only). b. Gene exchange involving Virus (enveloped vector). c. Sexual recombination: merger of cells (Plasmogamy). d. Gene exchange involving Pilus and Plasmid. e. Pick-up of free extracellular DNA by a prokaryote cell.

d. Gene exchange involving Pilus and Plasmid.

Which is the embryophyte with the shortest living sporophyte? Select one: a. Monilophytes b. Anthocerophyta c. Bryophyta d. Hepatophyta e. Lycophytes

d. Hepatophyta

What is the best concept of a common ancestor of all extant Eukaryota? (Eukaryote prototype) Select one: a. Photosynthetic, one flagellae. b. Heterotroph, one flagella. c. Heterotroph, no flagella. d. Heterotroph, two flagellae. e. Photosynthetic, two flagellae

d. Heterotroph, two flagellae.

What is the difference between Karyogamy and Plasmogamy? Read questions carefully! Select one: a. In Karyogamy two different cells merge, the result is a diploid cell. b. In Plasmogamy the cells merge, the result is a hapoid cell. c. In Plasmogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a diploid nucleus. d. In Karyogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a homokaryotic nucleus. e. In Karyogamy two different cells merge, the result is a heterokaryotic nucleus.

d. In Karyogamy two different nuclei merge, the result is a homokaryotic nucleus.

In the illustration: What can you say about the karyological condition of the individual? Select one: a. Cannot be told (only haploid set). b. Intersexual (hermaphrodite). c. Male. d. Individual has a Trisomie.

d. Individual has a Trisomie.

In mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which membrane do most of the hydrogen ions flow? Select one: a. The single membrane (directly between organelle and eukaryote host cell cytoplasm). b. There is no hydrogen flow. c. Outer membrane (into the host cell cytoplasm). d. Inner membrane (including crista and thylacoids).

d. Inner membrane (including crista and thylacoids).

Chemistry: How is an atom called after it is electrically charged because it lost or gained one or more electrons? Select one: a. Isomer b. Molecule c. Isotope d. Ion

d. Ion

What is the main energy storage in Diatoms? Select one: a. Xanthophyllin. b. Floridean-starch. c. Regular starch (Amylose + Amylopectin). d. Laminarin-Chrysolaminarin and Fatty Oils. e. Glycogen.

d. Laminarin-Chrysolaminarin and Fatty Oils.

In most EXTANT Tracheophyta, on which principal organ are sporangia located? Select one: a. Stem. b. Root. c. Calyptra. d. Leaf.

d. Leaf.

What are Ascospores? Select one: a. Mitospores b. Spermatozoids c. Kinetospores d. Meiospores

d. Meiospores

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration) Select one: a. Bryophyta (mosses) b. Lycophyta (club mosses) c. Monilophyta - Filicales (leptosporangiate ferns) d. Monilophyta - Equisetales (horsetails) e. Hepatophya (liverworts)

d. Monilophyta - Equisetales (horsetails)

What is the definition of Plankton? Select one: a. Plants drifting in the Ocean. b. Plants living in the Ocean (algae). c. Plants drifting in the water (fresh and salt water). d. Organisms drifting in the water (fresh and salt water). e. Organisms drifting in the Ocean.

d. Organisms drifting in the water (fresh and salt water).

Which of the following organisms has the fewest single celled species? (none known) Select one: a. Diatoms b. Euglenophyta c. Chlorophyta (green algae) d. Phaeophyta (brown algae) e. Rhodophyta (red algae)

d. Phaeophyta (brown algae)

Concept of science: What is the purpose or value of Knowledge in general (e.g., a theory)? Select one: a. To eliminate unnecessary assumptions (William Ockham) b. Ethical value (Justice and social fairness, political correctness; Theodor W. Adorno). c. To overcome religion (e.g., God, Friedrich Nietzsche). d. Predictive and explanatory power (Carl Popper). e. To find the objective and ultimate truth (René Descartes).

d. Predictive and explanatory power (Carl Popper).

Which of the following phyla produce most of the alginates (Carrageenan, Agar Agar), but also food like Nori and Dulce? Select one: a. Gold algae (Crysophyta) b. Green algae (Chlorophyta) c. Cyanobacteria d. Red algae (Rhodophyta) e. Brown algae (Phaeophyta)

d. Red algae (Rhodophyta)

What is the meiosis type of Fucus, and why? Select one: a. Zygotic, because it only has a haploid generation. b. Sporic, because it has a isomorphic, independent multicellular thallus in both generations (sporophyte and gametophyte). c. Sporic, because only sporic organisms can form complex bodies. d. Sporic, because mitosis follows meiosis. e. Gametic, because it has no haploid thallus (no gametophyte).

d. Sporic, because mitosis follows meiosis.

What is a protonema? Select one: a. The gametophyte of ferns and lycophytes producing gametangia. b. The structure bearing several sporangia in ferns. c. The basalmost portion of a sporophyte in embryophyta. d. The first stage of a bryophyte germinating of a spore.

d. The first stage of a bryophyte germinating of a spore.

How can proteins be anchored in the cell membrane? Read Carefully. Select one: a. The hydrophilic portion of a protein molecule joins the lipid layer of a membrane. b. Proteins join membranes spontaneously at contact: cell membranes are made out of proteins. c. A protein cannot join a membrane; it would disrupt it immediately. d. The hydrophobic portion of a protein molecule joins the lipid layer of a membrane

d. The hydrophobic portion of a protein molecule joins the lipid layer of a membrane

On this illustration, what organ do you see? Mark all that apply! Select one or more: a. One entire leaf on a stem. b. One gametangium. c. Several gametangia. d. The leaflet of a pinnate-compound leaf. e. A strobilus, or part of one. f. A sporophyll or part of one.

d. The leaflet of a pinnate-compound leaf. f. A sporophyll or part of one.

Which is true for all FILAMENTOUS Fungi? (Not including Chitrids, not including any unicellular life forms) Select one: a. They have one flagellum. b. They are ingestors (endocytosis). c. Some have cellulose in their cell walls. d. They have a zygotic meiosis type. e. They are parasites.

d. They have a zygotic meiosis type.

In the cell of an Archaedplastid, Diatom, or Phaeophyte, how many distinct organellar genomes are present? (how many genomes that are in separate organelles or compartments in the cell). [not part of this question, but as learning hint: why do I ask specifically for these phyla, and not, for example, chromalveolata or euglenozoans? Why would asking this questions be tricky if I included dinoflagellates or chlorarachnoids?] Select one: a. One in all three. b. One in Archaeplastids, two in Streptophytes/Heteroconta. c. Two in Archaeplastids, one in Streptophytes/Heteroconta. d. Three in all three. e. Two in all three.

d. Three in all three. (Nucellus, mitochondria, and plastids each have their own, separate genome.)

Which of the following features is ancestral for all Eukaryotes? (the eukaryote prototype). Select one: a. Amoeboid locomotion or a mucillage track. b. One flagellum. c. Many flagella or cilia. d. Two flagella

d. Two flagella

Which part in the illustration indicates the sporophyte? Select one: a. X b. All parts together (X, Y, and Z) c. Z d. Y

d. Y

What is the result of plasmogamy in Zygomycota? Select one: a. Conidiospore b. Basidiospore. c. Mitospore d. Zygospore. e. Ascospore.

d. Zygospore.

Endosymbiosis: to what does the thylacoid membrane of plastids correspond? Select one: a. An Archean cell membrane. b. A Eukaryote cell membrane. c. A membrane around the nucleus. d. A membrane of the endoplasmatic reticulum. e. A Bacteria cell membrane.

e. A Bacteria cell membrane.

What inhibits endocytosis? Select one: a. Photosynthesis. b. Flagella. c. The lack of a nucleus. d. The loss of the cell wall. e. A contiguous cell wall.

e. A contiguous cell wall. Right: you need at least a whole (stomium)

Which is true for the relation of endosymbiont organelles and the host cell? Select one: a. Without mitochondria no CO2 would be produced, and photosynthesis would not occur. b. The products of photosynthesis can only be metabolized when mitochondrial enzymes are present. c. Mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than plastid DNA. d. Mitochondria do not have their own ribosomes, but plastids do. e. All Eukaryota contain mitochondria or remnants of them. f. All Eukaryota have plastids or remnants of them.

e. All Eukaryota contain mitochondria or remnants of them.

What is Mycosis? Select one: a. Fungal symbiosis with the roots of a vascular plant. b. The result of fungal decomposition of a material (e.g., wood rott) c. Fungal symbiosis in the intestines of an animal. d. Fungal symbiosis with algae or cyanobacteria. e. An infection with a fungus pathogen.

e. An infection with a fungus pathogen.

To which group of land plants does this organism belong? (illustration) Select one: a. Hepatophytes. b. Bryophyta (proper mosses). c. Cannot be determined because picture shows only the sporophyte. d. Cannot be determined because picture shows only the gametophyte. e. Anthocerophyta (hornworts).

e. Anthocerophyta (hornworts).

Where in land plants does the sporophyte emerge from? Select one: a. Protonema. b. Peristome. c. Anteridium. d. Calyptra. e. Archegonium.

e. Archegonium.

In the illustration, to which group of fungi does it belong to? Select one: a. Chitridomycota. b. Basidiomycota. c. Deuteromycota. d. Zygomycota. e. Ascomycota.

e. Ascomycota.

To which group of land plants does this organism belong? (illustration) Select one: a. Hepatophyta (liverworts) b. Anthocerophyta (hornworts). c. Cannot be determined because picture shows only the sporophyte. d. Cannot be determined because picture shows only the gametophyte. e. Bryophyta (proper mosses).

e. Bryophyta (proper mosses).

What do Oomycota share with fungi? Select one: a. Gametic Lifecycle b. No flagellate cells in any stage. c. Chitinous cell walls. d. Zygotic life cycle e. Coenocytic Hyphen and sexual Conjugation.

e. Coenocytic Hyphen and sexual Conjugation.

Which of the following is true for Cytokinesis? This may be tricky and requires analythical reading. Select one: a. Plants have no cytokinesis. b. Classical cytokinesis is part of the G1 phase. c. Cytokinesis always includes the formation of a cell wall. d. Classical cytokinesis is part of the S phase. e. Cytokinesis can occur in the interphase.

e. Cytokinesis can occur in the interphase. (Yes: the nuclei can be in the interphase when the new mambrane forms around them)

What organisms do these belong to? Select one: a. Dinoflagellates b. Chlorophyta (green algae) c. Euglenophyta d. Desmids e. Diatoms

e. Diatoms

What is a Streptococcus? Select one: a. Globular prokaryote in a two-dimensional colony. b. Globular prokaryote single or in a group of two. c. A stick-shaped prokaryote in in a two-dimensional colony. d. Spiral prokaryote in a linear colony. e. Globular prokaryote in a linear colony.

e. Globular prokaryote in a linear colony.

Which taxon listed is a non-vascular embryophyte and considered the sister clade to all other embryophyta? Select one: a. Charophyta. b. Bryophyta. c. Tracheophyta. d. Anthocerophyta. e. Hepatophyta.

e. Hepatophyta.

What is true about the metabolism of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces? Select one: a. It has no chitin in its cell walls. b. It is mandatorily anaerobic (does not tolerate oxygen). c. It depends on high protein concentration in the substrate. d. It can digest all carbohydrates (including starch and cellulose). e. It can degrade sugar competely to CO2 and H2O.

e. It can degrade sugar competely to CO2 and H2O.

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration) Select one: a. Pteridophyta - Equisetales (horsetails) b. Bryopsida (peristomate mosses) c. Selaginaceae (spike mosses) d. Pteridophyta - Filicales (leptosporangiate ferns) e. Lycopodiaceae (club mosses)

e. Lycopodiaceae (club mosses)

What are Basidiospores? Select one: a. Mitospores b. Zygospores c. Spermatozoids d. Kinetospores e. Meiospores

e. Meiospores

What is the core of the Endosymbionth concept? Originally... Select one: a. Mitochondria were free-living Archaea. b. Plastids were free-living Eukarya. c. Plastids were free-living Archaea. d. Mitochondria were free-living Eukarya. e. Mitochondria were free-living Bacteria.

e. Mitochondria were free-living Bacteria.

Peat is added to potting soil and used as fuel in some areas. When was most of this peat deposited? Select one: a. Paleogene b. Cretaceous c. Carboniferous d. Lower Devonian e. Neogene

e. Neogene

What is the definition of Plankton? Select one: a. Plants living in the Ocean (algae). b. Plants drifting in the Ocean. c. Organisms drifting in the Ocean. d. Plants drifting in the water (fresh and salt water). e. Organisms drifting in the water (fresh and salt water).

e. Organisms drifting in the water (fresh and salt water).

In the illustration, to what organisms does this one belong? Select one: a. Oomycota b. Chlorophyta (green algae) c. Diatom. d. Rhodophyta (red algae) e. Phaeophyta (Brown Algae).

e. Phaeophyta (Brown Algae).

In the illustration, to what organisms does this one belong? Select one: a. Rhodophyta (red algae) b. Oomycota c. Chlorophyta (green algae) d. Diatoms e. Phaeophyta (brown algae)

e. Phaeophyta (brown algae)

Which of the following did NOT obtain its plastids through Secondary Endosymbiosis ? Select one: a. Fucus. b. Euglena. c. Chrysophyta (gold brown algae). d. Diatoms. e. Polysiphonia

e. Polysiphonia

What are Nori, Agar-Agar, and Carrageen made from? Select one: a. Deuteromycetes b. Cyanobacteria c. Chlorophyta (green algae) d. Phaeophyta (brown algae) e. Rhodophyta (red algae)

e. Rhodophyta (red algae)

What is the cell wall of Diatoms made of? Select one: a. Cellulose only. b. Calcite (CaCO3) c. Calcium Sulfate (Gypsum, CaSO4) d. Barium Sulfite e. Silicon dioxide (SiO2).

e. Silicon dioxide (SiO2).

Cell Cycle BIOS 110/120: In mammals, which of the following cell types have the highest rate of cell divisions? Select one: a. Meristoderm. b. Teeth. c. Neurons (nerve cells). d. Skelettal muscles. e. Skin (epithel, epidermis).

e. Skin (epithel, epidermis).

In Ascomycota AND Basidiomycota, how is the fruit body called? Select one: a. Basidium. b. Ascus. c. Conidium. d. Zygosporangium. e. Sporocarp.

e. Sporocarp.

What type of prokaryote is this? Select one: a. Spirillum. b. Streptococcus. c. Bazillus. d. Vibriobacterium. e. Staphylococcus.

e. Staphylococcus. (Yes - cocci = round, strepto = strip/band/line.)

What is shared between a pilus, a prokaryote flagellum, a viral capsid, and the cytoskeleton? Select one: a. They all occur in Bacteria (though not necessarily Archea). b. They are all involved in gene-exchange between cells. c. They all occur in Archea (though not necessarily Bacteria). d. None of the points listed here. e. They all consist of protein subunits that congregate to superstructures.

e. They all consist of protein subunits that congregate to superstructures.

Name two fungi taxa that live as mutualistic symbionts in animal digestive tracts. Select one: a. Mycorrhiza and yeasts b. Lichen and Cryptomycota c. Lichen and Slime Molds. d. Slime Molds and Mycoses. e. Trichomycota and Chitrids.

e. Trichomycota and Chitrids.

Which of the following is most likely a cell in the Prophase? Select one: a. Y b. X and S c. T and Z d. S and T e. U

e. U

Which of the following is a type of spore involved in SEXUAL reproduction? Select one: a. Uredinospore (Puccinia). b. Soredia (Lichen). c. Mitospore. d. Conidiospore. e. Zygospore

e. Zygospore

To which taxonomic group does this organism belong? (Illustration) Select one: a. Hepatophya (liverworts) b. Leptosporangiate ferns c. Equisetales (horsetails) d. Pines (in the Gymnosperms) e. Bryophyta (mosses) f. Lycophyta (club mosses)

f. Lycophyta (club mosses)