Botany Module 5 Lesson 9

Special modifications to attract pollinators for sexual reproduction.

Attractively colored leaves of Bougainvillea, poinsettia and Anthurium are?

With the red color of their leaf and with the fragrant nectar they produce. Sensory hairs, called trichomes, detect the presence of an insect prey, and triggers the leaf to snap shut, with their food successfully secured.

How do venus flytraps lure insects?

- Look for axillary buds, which are attached on the node at the angle between leaf and the stem. In a leafy branch, a single piece of lamina is held on a petiole attached to the stem with an axillary bud between them.

How to tell apart (1) simple and (2) compound leaves?

In a compound leaf, there are no buds between petiolules and rachis, instead the axillary bud is between the petiole and stem.

How to tell it's a (2) compound leaf?

The blade is supported by a flattened structure called a leaf sheath that clasps around the stem.

In some monocots (ex. 10,000+ species of the grass family), a distinct petiole is missing. Instead,

Variable organs

Leaves are among the most -- -- of the plants?

important organs, species

Leaves are among the most -- -- to observe for plant identification to a -- level?

stipulate or exstipulate

Leaves may be -- or -- depending on whether stipules are present or absent.

To capture and digest insect preys to supplement their food needs.

Leaves of pitcher plants form pitcher-shaped pouches for?

They have leaflets are attached to along an extended rachis, which arises from the petiole.

What are (a) Pinnately compound leaves?

A principal vein called the midrib is present from which smaller veins and their branches ramify or spread out in all directions throughout the leaf blade.

What are (a) Pinnately netted leaves?

They have leaflets that radiate from a contracted rachis at the tip of the petiole

What are (b) Palmately compound leaves?

Several principal veins arise from the tip of the petiole and spread fanlike through the blade. The principal veins produce smaller veins that form a network.

What are (b) Palmately netted leaves?

Several principal veins radiate from around the tip of the petiole like the ribs or spokes of an umbrella and break up into a network of smaller veins throughout the leaf blade.

What are (c) Radiately netted leaves?

Bracts

What are colored leaves?

They are found in sessile monocot leaves, are modifications of the lamina that clasps the stem and supports the leaf blade, usually extending from one node to another. Outgrowths that form a ligule at the junction of the sheath and blade may be present.

What are leaf sheaths?

"Flypapers"

What are sundews like?

1. Alternate 2. Opposite 3. Whorled or verticillate

What are the classifications of leaves according to Phyllotaxy (the arrangement of leaves on the node of the stem)?

1. Netted or reticulate venation 2. Parallel venation

What are the classifications of leaves according to venation?

1. Margins 2. Shapes of bases

What are the classifications of leaves based on the characteristics of the leaf blades, particularly the shape of their tips, margins and bases?

1. Simple leaf 2. Compound leaf

What are the classifications of leaves on the basis of the nature of the leaf blade (specifically the no. of pieces which the lamina is divided)?

a. Lamina with an entire margin, a typical leaf b. Lamina with a pinnately-lobed margin c. Lamina with a palmately lobed margin

What are the classifications under (1) Margins?

a. Peltate leaf b. Perfoliate leaf

What are the classifications under (2) Shapes of bases?

1. Food manufacture by photosynthesis 2. Gas exchange 3. Water loss by transpiration 4. Guttation

What are the functions of leaves?

Leaf tendrils.

What do garden peas form for support and climbing?

Petiole is absent and the leaf is directly attached to the stem

What does it mean if some leaves are sessile or clasping base?

Miniature plants.

What does katakataka have growing on their leaf margins and petioles?

It has a single piece of lamina.

What is a (1) simple leaf?

It has its lamina divided into separate pieces called leaflets held on individual stalks called petiolules. May be (a) Pinnately compound or (b) Palmately compound.

What is a (2) compound leaf?

Has a base located in the middle of the blade where the petiole is attached.

What is a (a) Peltate leaf?

Has no petiole and the leaf base surrounds the stem so that the leaf appears as if it is pierced through by the stem.

What is a (b) Perfoliate leaf?

Generally the expanded and flattened lateral outgrowth of the stem.

What is a leaf?

200 different colors of species mayana, Plectranthus scuttellarioides, commonly known by its synonym Coleus blumei

What is an example of color variation in leaves?

Stomatal pores

What is on the surface of leaves?

Arrangement of leaves on the nodes of a stem

What is phyllotaxy?

Phyllotaxy or Phyllotaxis, defined as the arrangement of leaves on the stem

What is the fifth (part of the other two) variation that can be used for species identification? -- or --, defined as the arrangement of -- on the stem

Shape of the leaf base

What is the first variation that can be used for species identification? The shape of the -- --

Number of pieces into which the leaf lamina is divided

What is the fourth (part of the other two) variation that can be used for species identification? Number of -- into which the -- is --

A protective function by preventing water and dirt from accumulating between the sheath and the stem.

What is the function of the leaf sheath?

Stipule

What is the leaf part that is a pair of leaflike appendages or outgrowths at the base of petioles of some eudicot leaves?

Petiole

What is the leaf part that is the stalk that supports and holds the lamina upright?

Blade or lamina

What is the leaf part that is thin flat broad and usually green part of the leaf?

Leaves reduced into spines.

What is the modification of cacti to protect itself?

(b) Parallel venation from midrib to margin

What is the parallel venation when the parallel veins are at acute or right angles to the midrib?

(a) Parallel venation from base to tip

What is the parallel venation when the veins are parallel to the midrib?

Grows above ground, supported, and elevated to an aerial position by the stem; permitting access to light energy from the sun and carbon dioxide from the air.

What is the position of the leaf?

The form of the leaf margin

What is the second variation that can be used for species identification? The form of the -- --

The type of leaf tip or apex

What is the third variation that can be used for species identification? The type of -- -- or --

(1) Netted ot reticulate venation This is commonly found in eudicot leaves a. Pinnately netted b. Palmately netted c. Radiately netted

What is the venation when the veins branch profusely and form a network over the blade?

(2) Parallel venation, this type of venation is common among monocot plants a. Parallel venation from base to tip b. Parallel venation from midrib to margin

What is the venation when the veins do not form a network?

It is the arrangement of veins or vascular strands.

What is venation?

When only one leaf is attached at each node.

When are leaves (1) Alternate?

When there are two leaves attached opposite per node.

When are leaves (2) Opposite?

When three or more leaves develop equidistantly around the node of a stem.

When are leaves (3) Whorled or verticillate?

Chlorophyll

Why are leaves green?

They have glandular trichomes with sticky secretions that can trap insects. While sundews are photosynthetic and can manufacture their own food, they thrive in nutrient poor soils. They feed on insects to sup their nitrogen requirements.

Why are sundew like "flypapers"?

Asexual reproduction.

African violets grow roots for?