Botany Test 3

________ fruits are when any non ovarian tissue is present

Accessory fruit/false

Vascular tissue is important for structure and _______ of sugar and nutrients.

Conduciton

_________ produce pycnoxyic wood is stronger and has little parenchyma compared to manoxylic and these have small simple leaves (needles like pines).

Conifers

Together, the petals make up the ________

Corolla

_____ fruits break open and release the seeds. ______ fruits do not

Dehiscent Indehiscent

1._______ inflorescences: The apex is converted to a flower which tends to open before the lower flowers

Determinate

Sporophytes are ________

Diploid

_________ is when the second sperm cell of the pollen tube fuses with the polar nuclei of the megagametophyte which produces the endosperm nucleus. the first sperm cell fertilizes egg.

Double fertilization

_______ provide maximum attraction to animals with minimum danger to the seed. They have fleshy parts except for a stony hard endocarp

Drupes

Fruits can be ____ and inedible to animals

Dry

_________ are scale-like outgrowths that increases photosynthetic area of stem

Enations

Vascular tissue is _________ siphonostele and phloem is located on the interior and exterior

Endarch

____________ are horsetails or scouring rushes. There are 15 species and they do not have secondary growth. Jointed

Equisetophytes

__________have two cotyledon

Eudicots

Fruits can also be ____ which are eaten to distribute seeds

Fleshy

3. An ______ where megaspores are produced

Ovary

These have ________compound leaves, simple leaves are a derived condition.

Pinnately

______ are inside the ovary and are regions of tissue that bear small structures called ovules

Placentae

______ are structures on leaves where sporangia clusters are found (below leaf). These sori can be covered by an _________

Sori indusium

Flowering plants represent just the __________ phase of their life cycle

Sporophyte

The _______ is dominant in ferns

Sporophyte

3. Stamens ______ with petals

Stamen

_________ theory is the theory of how megaphylls evolved. Said that branches split evenly an eventually webbing began to form between telomes which are end twigs. Webs of tissue

Telome

______ fruit refers to fruits containing only ovarian tissue

True

__________ are distributed throughout the stem in monocots

Vascular bundles

The central cell enlarges into huge cell with hundreds or thousands of nuclei (endosperm) and it nourishes the development of the _______

Zygote

Cross pollination is by pollen from _________

a different individual

Most flowers are radially symmetrical and these are known as _________ fowers

actinomorphic

Equisetophytes can also have stems branching from nodes. _________ stems die each year while subterranean rhizomes remain alive

aerial

An ______ fruit results if the separate carpels of one gynoceium fuse during development

aggregate

Equisetophytes have jointed stems with ______ within them

air canals

A mature seed in which endosperm is abundant is an ________ seed

albuminous

The life cycle is an _________

alternation of generations

Stamens occur above the petals and are collectively the _______

androecium

Fruits may have hooks or stickiness to be carried on _______

animals

Many have mutually beneficial interactions with _____ that that result in the plants being pollinated or having their seeds distributed.

animals

The stamens produce pollen in the _____ which is suspended by the _____

anther Filament

Other flowering plants have _________ pigments in their flowers. This is the blue, pink, purply colored flowers.

anthocyanin

3 small _______

antipodal cells

The most derived large clade of edicts is the _______ clade

asterid

Conifer pollen arrives_________ the egg is mature

before

Most caryophyllales instead produce a group of water soluble pigments called________. Since water soluble so found in the vacuoles

betalains

The large 8-nucleate megaspore becomes a megagametophyte with 7 cells and one is ______

binucleate

Fruits and seeds that are transported by water must be _____ and resist mildew and rot

buoyant

Long styles and stamens and _____ ovaries help protect the ovary and ovules from pollinators

burried

All the sepals together are referred to as the ______

calyx

The objects we usually call "seeds" of corn, wheat, and oats are actually single-seeded dry fruits know as _____

caryopses

1 large ____ with 2 polar nuclei

central cell

The second sperm nucleus migrates into the ________

central cell

Edges of sporophyll primordia crowd against each other and grow shut sometimes leaving a visible structure, sometimes closing completely that shows no sign of a seam.. If they close completely an show no seal it is known as _____.

closed carpel

Some animals and flowers have undergone ________

coevolution

Self pollination may be inhibit by __________ barriers

compatibility

Unlike pollen cones of other gymnosperms those of gnetophytes are ______ and contain small bracts

compound

Reproduction in Ginkgo is dioecious and gymnospermous but _____ are not produced

cones

Cycad stems have a thick _____ containing secretory ducts surrounding a small amount of ______ (parenchymatous) wood (this is soft wood)

cortex Manoxylic

The end opposite from the suspensor develops one or two _______ or primordial leaves

cotyledons

Manoxylic wood is soft and spongy and have small amounts of wood.. In ______ they have large compound leaves

cycads

Hypothesis begins after _________ life cycle emerged. Argues both gametophyte and sporophyte increase in size and complexity

dibiontic

We do not see this in any of the plants, all plants have a ____________ life cycel

dibiontic

The wood is like that of conifers, it has "broad leaves" but they have ______ branched veins

dichotomously

_________ have reticulate venation in the leaves

dicots

Self fertilization in flowers that have both stamens and carpels is prevented if anthers and stigmas mature at _______

different times

A species may have individuals that produce only staminate flowers and others that produce only carpellate flowers. This is known as ______

dioecy

In monocots, the cotyledon generally _____ become thick and full

does not

A large flower with many ovules is at risk of being damaged or ______

eaten

If animals are to disperse the seeds, part of the fruit must be _______ or otherwise attractive while the embryo is protected from consumption

edible

and an _____ consisting of 2 synergids and an egg

egg aparatus

Divisions of the zygote form the _____

embryo

The megaspore nucleus divides to form 8 nuclei in the ________

embryo sac

The innermost layer is the _______ can either be tough or thin

endocarp

This undergoes karyogamy with both polar nuclei and this establishes a large triploid __________ nucleus

endosperm

nutrients are transferred from the _______ to the cotyledons as the seed matures. Cotyledons keep getting bigger and the endosperm tissue shrink

endosperm

If endosperm is sparse or absent at maturity, the seed is ________

exalbuminous

Lycophytes have an _______ protostele (no pith)

exarch

Often three layers form: the ____ is the outer layer and known as the skin or peel

exocarp

The two large clades of rosins are the ____ and _____

fabids and malvids

Needles occur in clusters called _________

fascicles

most ferns have leaves with palisade and spongy mesophyll. The leaf primordial is tightly coiled into _________

fiddleheads

Antheridia and archegonia develop, antheridia develop ______, archegonia later

first

Dicots have reticulate venation in the leaves and vascular bundles forming one ring in the stem. Dicots can be woody, herbaceous, or succulent an flower parts occur in sets of _____

five or four

The sepal protects the _______ as it develops

flower bud

Disadvantages to this is that the small gametophytes are _________

fragile

Megaphylls are called leaves or _______ and can take a variety of shapes

fronds

An ovule developed into a seed after its egg (within the ovule) is fertilized and the surrounding ovary develops into _____

fruit

As the ovule developed into a seed, the ovary matures into a ________

fruit

Spores undergo mitosis to form a haploid _______

gametophyte

Spores germinate into small _______

gametophytes

Carpels together constitute the ________

gynoecium

Intermediate, partially buried ovaries are _________

half inferior (perigynous)

Gametophytes do not resemble sporophytes at all so this is an alternation of ________ generations

heteromorphic

Flowers that lack either or both stamens and carpels (essential organs) are known as _________

imperfect flowers

Bases of the stamens, petals, and sepals fuse creating a thick layer of protective tissues around the ovary and this is referred to as _____

inferior ovary (epigynous)

Smaller flowers with fewer ovules may be grouped together in an __________ (these look like big flower now since they're all together). It is visible to pollinators but not as risky as the one large flower.

inflorescence

Eventually gametophytes become so reduced that they germinate __________

inside spores

The megasporangium was surrounded by a layer of tissue known as ________

integument

Evolution of vascular tissue was important for colonization of _______

land

Dicots are a _______ group than monocots and are divided into many clades

larger

Fruits or beans and peas are called ______

legumes

Wind dispersed seeds are _________

lightweight

The flowing plant clade-the angiosperms- are all classified together in a single division, the __________

magnoliophyta

Sperm swim to eggs produced by the __________ which grows from ________

megagametophyte Megaspores

The female cone is a single large megaspore mother cell that undergoes meiosis, resulting in four cells, three degenerating and one surviving as the ________

megaspore

_________ (megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce 4 megaspores and 3 degenerate)

megasporocyte

Spore production: Sporophyte produces haploid spores via _______

meiosis

The middle layer is the _______ or flesh

mesocarp

in oogamous plants (egg producing), sperm are produced by ___________. These grow from ________

microgametophyte Microspores

Diploid anther cells (_________) undergo meiosis to produce 4 microspores

microsporocytes

Pollen cones are simple in conifers with a single short unbranched axis that bears the __________

microsporophylls

____ have parallel veins in elongate and strap-shaped leaves

monocots

__________ have elongated veins in elongated and strap-shaped leaves

monocots

Soon after their origin, flowering plants began to follow two distinct lines of evolution and currently almost all angiosperms are classified as ________ or _______

monocots or dicots

This group is extremely diverse in __________

morphology

If all the individual fruits of an inflorescence fuse into one fruit it is a ________

multiple fruit

In one group, the sporophyte becomes reduced while gametophyte is more dominant and these result in ________

nonvascular plants

The Ovule has a central mass of parenchyma called a ________

nucellus

Cotyledons store _____ used during and after germination since the plant is too young to photosynthesize

nutrients

The ginkgo species have ____ living species today

one

Vascular bundles form _______ in the stem in dicots

one ring

Dry fruits require fruit ________

opening

Because all monocots lack ___________ their ancestors were probably herbs with either no vascular cambium or little cambium activity

ordinary secondary growth and wood

Large flowers tend to have numerous ______

ovules

Reproductive success may be increased by increasing the number of ______ per flower

ovules

If a flower has both it is a _______

perfect flower

Sepals and petals together constitute the _____

perianth

The entire fruit wall is the________

pericarp

Wind-pollinated flowers usually have no _______ and reduced or absent _______

petals Sepals

Most ferns have the same leaf producing spores and carrying out _________

photosynthesis

Developmental ______ allowed evolution of very diverse forms

plasticity

Microspores form a resistant cell wall and become _______

pollen

these are chemical reactions between pollen and carpels that prevent _______

pollen growth

When a pollen grain lands on the stigma and germinates it begins to prouduce this _________ which goes down into the ovule

pollen tube

Pomes develop from ____ ovaries

pomes

Plasmogamy is the fusion of ______ of the gametes and karyogamy is the fusion of ________

protoplasts Nuclei

Vascular tissue ___________ differentiates first, when cells are small and narrow.

protoxylem

The _______ flower came first and is a magnolia the relictual

ranalean flower

Petals are located above the sepals on the _______

receptacle

There is no ordinary _____ growth and wood in monocots

secondary growth

The integuments that surround the nucellus expand and mature into the _______

seed coat

Fruits are adaptations that result in the protection and distribution of _______

seeds

Megagametophytes retained on leaves that produce megaspores and these eventually become _____. In gymnosperms these are encased in ________.

seeds Cones (pinecones)

_________ is pollen form the same flower or another on the same plant

self-pollination

mechanisms have evolved to decrease the probability of _________ and increase the chances of _________

self-pollination, Cross-pollination

Berries tend to have small and _____ seeds that remain undamaged

slippery

These strobul have numerous ___________ thati are umbrella shaped

sporangiophores

They undergo meiosis in floral organs to produce haploid _____

spores

Spores produces on leaves known as _________, this is a spore producing leaf.

sporophylls

Recall that the __________ never exists as a multicellular stage in a monobiontic life cycle of algae

sporophyte

___________ is the dominant life stage

sporophyte

2. They always have just a few _____ no more than the number of petal lobes

stamens

1. A _____ that catches pollen grains

stigma

Large feather________ increase the areas that can catch pollen grains

stigmas

Spores are produced on ________

strobuli

_________ are cones that produce sporangia or sporangia occurs along shoots.

strobuli

2. A ______ that elevates the stigma

style

No fusion to the ovary occurs and it is above the other flower parts and is known as _________

superior ovary (hypogynous)

The zygote grows and forms a short stalk-like ______ and this pushes the embryo deep into the endosperm

suspensor

1. They have _____ flowers (fused petals in a tube shape)

sympetalous

The pollen tube penetrates the nucellus and reaches the egg apparatus and enters one ________

synergid

Flowers of monocots have their parts arranged in groups or multiples of ______

three

Pollen grains of dicots have either three germination pores known as ______ or have a derived condition from the tricolpate mechanism

tricolpate

They are almost all ______ with an unusual distribution: some occur in Cuba and Mexico, other in Australia, and some in Asia or Africa

tropical

They have developed ________

true roots

In the other, the sporophyte becomes more complex and the gametophyte becomes reduced and results in ________

vascular plants

This develops a large_______ cell from the first round and then a generative cell on the second division

vegetative

All three genera are unusual in being gymnosperms with _____ in their wood

vessels

Conifer wood lacks _____ and their phloem lacks sieve tubes

vessels

In _____ conditions, antheridia release sperm and it looks like unicellular algae and these swim to the archegonia

wet conditions

All grasses are ______ pollinated, so sepals and petals are of little importance and are reduced

wind

Petals do not develop in ______ speceis

wind-pollinated

All conifers have pollen cones and seed cones most of which are _______

woody

All insects, birds, and bats are bilaterally symmetrical. Many plant species have evolved bilaterally symmetrical, or _________, flowers

zygomorphic

Tiny papery leaves occur on _____ shoots and in their axils are ____ shoots that produce the familiar long needle leaves

Long, Short

Gymnosperms exhibit two types of secondary growth: _____ wood and ______ wood

Manoxylic Pycnoxylic

All plants from now on have evolved from _______ which were plans that have leaves evolved from branch systems.

Megaphylls

Vascular tissue____________ differentiates later when cells are larger

Metaxylem

Microhyll line: __________ are plants that have leaves that evolve from enations.

Microphylls

There was also a _______ which is a hole in the integument that permitted the sperm cells to swim to the egg

Micropyle

In general, _______ have only one cotyledon (seed leaf) on each embryo

Monocots

Soon after their origin, flowering plants began to follow two distinct lines of evolution and currently, almost all angiosperms are classified as _____ or _______

Monocots or Eudicots (dicots)

__________ is the condition of having staminate flowers located on the same plant as carpellate flowers. The species is known as monoecious

Monoecy

2.________ inflorescences: the lowest or outermost flowers open first, and new flowers are being initiated at the apex

Indeterminate

The sporophyte tissue evolved into the _________ which is the outer layer of the seed that protects the megagametophyte and the developing embryo after fertilization

Integument

________ or quillworts

Isoetes

The remaining edicts are members of two very large, very diverse clades. The _____ and _____

Rosids and asterids

Although cycadophyta was a much larger group with many more speceis in earlier times, currently it contains 9 or 10 genera and approximately ______ species

100

Monocots arose form early angiosperms 80-_____ million years ago

120

Seeds mature _______ months after pollination

14-20

Flowers of monocots have their parts arranged in groups or multiples of _______

3

Flower parts occur in sets of ____ or ____ in dicots

5 or 4

Each sporangiophore contains ______ sporangia

5-10

Siphonostele is when there is a pith and vascular tissue occurs in hollow cylinder around pith. Seen in fern and flowering plants. The pith is in the ________ were no vascular tissue is.

Center

One of the largest families, Liliaceae, contains so many ornamental plants, mostly _____, that most people are familiar with them and think of them of the typical monocots

Bulbs

___________: 2 different kinds of spores (micro and mega) and have male and female gametophytes

Heterospory

___________: Gametophytes have male and female reproductive structures

Homospory

A short axis is established consisting of __________ (embryonic root), _______ (embryonic stem) and _______ (the root/shoot junction)

Radicle Epicotyl Hypocotyl

_________ is a small order of highly modified plants most of which are parasitic. Includes mistletoes

Santalales

_______________ vascular plants dominated the landscape for millions of years

Seedless

__________ aka resurrection plants (it looks dead and brown when dry and then turns green again when watered) this is heterosporous and small, mosslike in appearance.

Selaginella

______- are modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts

Sepals

Conifer leaves are always ______ needles or scales and most are perennial.

Simple

_____ fruit develops from a single ovary or the fused ovaries of one flower

Simple fruit