Botany Test 3
________ fruits are when any non ovarian tissue is present
Accessory fruit/false
Vascular tissue is important for structure and _______ of sugar and nutrients.
Conduciton
_________ produce pycnoxyic wood is stronger and has little parenchyma compared to manoxylic and these have small simple leaves (needles like pines).
Conifers
Together, the petals make up the ________
Corolla
_____ fruits break open and release the seeds. ______ fruits do not
Dehiscent Indehiscent
1._______ inflorescences: The apex is converted to a flower which tends to open before the lower flowers
Determinate
Sporophytes are ________
Diploid
_________ is when the second sperm cell of the pollen tube fuses with the polar nuclei of the megagametophyte which produces the endosperm nucleus. the first sperm cell fertilizes egg.
Double fertilization
_______ provide maximum attraction to animals with minimum danger to the seed. They have fleshy parts except for a stony hard endocarp
Drupes
Fruits can be ____ and inedible to animals
Dry
_________ are scale-like outgrowths that increases photosynthetic area of stem
Enations
Vascular tissue is _________ siphonostele and phloem is located on the interior and exterior
Endarch
____________ are horsetails or scouring rushes. There are 15 species and they do not have secondary growth. Jointed
Equisetophytes
__________have two cotyledon
Eudicots
Fruits can also be ____ which are eaten to distribute seeds
Fleshy
3. An ______ where megaspores are produced
Ovary
These have ________compound leaves, simple leaves are a derived condition.
Pinnately
______ are inside the ovary and are regions of tissue that bear small structures called ovules
Placentae
______ are structures on leaves where sporangia clusters are found (below leaf). These sori can be covered by an _________
Sori indusium
Flowering plants represent just the __________ phase of their life cycle
Sporophyte
The _______ is dominant in ferns
Sporophyte
3. Stamens ______ with petals
Stamen
_________ theory is the theory of how megaphylls evolved. Said that branches split evenly an eventually webbing began to form between telomes which are end twigs. Webs of tissue
Telome
______ fruit refers to fruits containing only ovarian tissue
True
__________ are distributed throughout the stem in monocots
Vascular bundles
The central cell enlarges into huge cell with hundreds or thousands of nuclei (endosperm) and it nourishes the development of the _______
Zygote
Cross pollination is by pollen from _________
a different individual
Most flowers are radially symmetrical and these are known as _________ fowers
actinomorphic
Equisetophytes can also have stems branching from nodes. _________ stems die each year while subterranean rhizomes remain alive
aerial
An ______ fruit results if the separate carpels of one gynoceium fuse during development
aggregate
Equisetophytes have jointed stems with ______ within them
air canals
A mature seed in which endosperm is abundant is an ________ seed
albuminous
The life cycle is an _________
alternation of generations
Stamens occur above the petals and are collectively the _______
androecium
Fruits may have hooks or stickiness to be carried on _______
animals
Many have mutually beneficial interactions with _____ that that result in the plants being pollinated or having their seeds distributed.
animals
The stamens produce pollen in the _____ which is suspended by the _____
anther Filament
Other flowering plants have _________ pigments in their flowers. This is the blue, pink, purply colored flowers.
anthocyanin
3 small _______
antipodal cells
The most derived large clade of edicts is the _______ clade
asterid
Conifer pollen arrives_________ the egg is mature
before
Most caryophyllales instead produce a group of water soluble pigments called________. Since water soluble so found in the vacuoles
betalains
The large 8-nucleate megaspore becomes a megagametophyte with 7 cells and one is ______
binucleate
Fruits and seeds that are transported by water must be _____ and resist mildew and rot
buoyant
Long styles and stamens and _____ ovaries help protect the ovary and ovules from pollinators
burried
All the sepals together are referred to as the ______
calyx
The objects we usually call "seeds" of corn, wheat, and oats are actually single-seeded dry fruits know as _____
caryopses
1 large ____ with 2 polar nuclei
central cell
The second sperm nucleus migrates into the ________
central cell
Edges of sporophyll primordia crowd against each other and grow shut sometimes leaving a visible structure, sometimes closing completely that shows no sign of a seam.. If they close completely an show no seal it is known as _____.
closed carpel
Some animals and flowers have undergone ________
coevolution
Self pollination may be inhibit by __________ barriers
compatibility
Unlike pollen cones of other gymnosperms those of gnetophytes are ______ and contain small bracts
compound
Reproduction in Ginkgo is dioecious and gymnospermous but _____ are not produced
cones
Cycad stems have a thick _____ containing secretory ducts surrounding a small amount of ______ (parenchymatous) wood (this is soft wood)
cortex Manoxylic
The end opposite from the suspensor develops one or two _______ or primordial leaves
cotyledons
Manoxylic wood is soft and spongy and have small amounts of wood.. In ______ they have large compound leaves
cycads
Hypothesis begins after _________ life cycle emerged. Argues both gametophyte and sporophyte increase in size and complexity
dibiontic
We do not see this in any of the plants, all plants have a ____________ life cycel
dibiontic
The wood is like that of conifers, it has "broad leaves" but they have ______ branched veins
dichotomously
_________ have reticulate venation in the leaves
dicots
Self fertilization in flowers that have both stamens and carpels is prevented if anthers and stigmas mature at _______
different times
A species may have individuals that produce only staminate flowers and others that produce only carpellate flowers. This is known as ______
dioecy
In monocots, the cotyledon generally _____ become thick and full
does not
A large flower with many ovules is at risk of being damaged or ______
eaten
If animals are to disperse the seeds, part of the fruit must be _______ or otherwise attractive while the embryo is protected from consumption
edible
and an _____ consisting of 2 synergids and an egg
egg aparatus
Divisions of the zygote form the _____
embryo
The megaspore nucleus divides to form 8 nuclei in the ________
embryo sac
The innermost layer is the _______ can either be tough or thin
endocarp
This undergoes karyogamy with both polar nuclei and this establishes a large triploid __________ nucleus
endosperm
nutrients are transferred from the _______ to the cotyledons as the seed matures. Cotyledons keep getting bigger and the endosperm tissue shrink
endosperm
If endosperm is sparse or absent at maturity, the seed is ________
exalbuminous
Lycophytes have an _______ protostele (no pith)
exarch
Often three layers form: the ____ is the outer layer and known as the skin or peel
exocarp
The two large clades of rosins are the ____ and _____
fabids and malvids
Needles occur in clusters called _________
fascicles
most ferns have leaves with palisade and spongy mesophyll. The leaf primordial is tightly coiled into _________
fiddleheads
Antheridia and archegonia develop, antheridia develop ______, archegonia later
first
Dicots have reticulate venation in the leaves and vascular bundles forming one ring in the stem. Dicots can be woody, herbaceous, or succulent an flower parts occur in sets of _____
five or four
The sepal protects the _______ as it develops
flower bud
Disadvantages to this is that the small gametophytes are _________
fragile
Megaphylls are called leaves or _______ and can take a variety of shapes
fronds
An ovule developed into a seed after its egg (within the ovule) is fertilized and the surrounding ovary develops into _____
fruit
As the ovule developed into a seed, the ovary matures into a ________
fruit
Spores undergo mitosis to form a haploid _______
gametophyte
Spores germinate into small _______
gametophytes
Carpels together constitute the ________
gynoecium
Intermediate, partially buried ovaries are _________
half inferior (perigynous)
Gametophytes do not resemble sporophytes at all so this is an alternation of ________ generations
heteromorphic
Flowers that lack either or both stamens and carpels (essential organs) are known as _________
imperfect flowers
Bases of the stamens, petals, and sepals fuse creating a thick layer of protective tissues around the ovary and this is referred to as _____
inferior ovary (epigynous)
Smaller flowers with fewer ovules may be grouped together in an __________ (these look like big flower now since they're all together). It is visible to pollinators but not as risky as the one large flower.
inflorescence
Eventually gametophytes become so reduced that they germinate __________
inside spores
The megasporangium was surrounded by a layer of tissue known as ________
integument
Evolution of vascular tissue was important for colonization of _______
land
Dicots are a _______ group than monocots and are divided into many clades
larger
Fruits or beans and peas are called ______
legumes
Wind dispersed seeds are _________
lightweight
The flowing plant clade-the angiosperms- are all classified together in a single division, the __________
magnoliophyta
Sperm swim to eggs produced by the __________ which grows from ________
megagametophyte Megaspores
The female cone is a single large megaspore mother cell that undergoes meiosis, resulting in four cells, three degenerating and one surviving as the ________
megaspore
_________ (megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce 4 megaspores and 3 degenerate)
megasporocyte
Spore production: Sporophyte produces haploid spores via _______
meiosis
The middle layer is the _______ or flesh
mesocarp
in oogamous plants (egg producing), sperm are produced by ___________. These grow from ________
microgametophyte Microspores
Diploid anther cells (_________) undergo meiosis to produce 4 microspores
microsporocytes
Pollen cones are simple in conifers with a single short unbranched axis that bears the __________
microsporophylls
____ have parallel veins in elongate and strap-shaped leaves
monocots
__________ have elongated veins in elongated and strap-shaped leaves
monocots
Soon after their origin, flowering plants began to follow two distinct lines of evolution and currently almost all angiosperms are classified as ________ or _______
monocots or dicots
This group is extremely diverse in __________
morphology
If all the individual fruits of an inflorescence fuse into one fruit it is a ________
multiple fruit
In one group, the sporophyte becomes reduced while gametophyte is more dominant and these result in ________
nonvascular plants
The Ovule has a central mass of parenchyma called a ________
nucellus
Cotyledons store _____ used during and after germination since the plant is too young to photosynthesize
nutrients
The ginkgo species have ____ living species today
one
Vascular bundles form _______ in the stem in dicots
one ring
Dry fruits require fruit ________
opening
Because all monocots lack ___________ their ancestors were probably herbs with either no vascular cambium or little cambium activity
ordinary secondary growth and wood
Large flowers tend to have numerous ______
ovules
Reproductive success may be increased by increasing the number of ______ per flower
ovules
If a flower has both it is a _______
perfect flower
Sepals and petals together constitute the _____
perianth
The entire fruit wall is the________
pericarp
Wind-pollinated flowers usually have no _______ and reduced or absent _______
petals Sepals
Most ferns have the same leaf producing spores and carrying out _________
photosynthesis
Developmental ______ allowed evolution of very diverse forms
plasticity
Microspores form a resistant cell wall and become _______
pollen
these are chemical reactions between pollen and carpels that prevent _______
pollen growth
When a pollen grain lands on the stigma and germinates it begins to prouduce this _________ which goes down into the ovule
pollen tube
Pomes develop from ____ ovaries
pomes
Plasmogamy is the fusion of ______ of the gametes and karyogamy is the fusion of ________
protoplasts Nuclei
Vascular tissue ___________ differentiates first, when cells are small and narrow.
protoxylem
The _______ flower came first and is a magnolia the relictual
ranalean flower
Petals are located above the sepals on the _______
receptacle
There is no ordinary _____ growth and wood in monocots
secondary growth
The integuments that surround the nucellus expand and mature into the _______
seed coat
Fruits are adaptations that result in the protection and distribution of _______
seeds
Megagametophytes retained on leaves that produce megaspores and these eventually become _____. In gymnosperms these are encased in ________.
seeds Cones (pinecones)
_________ is pollen form the same flower or another on the same plant
self-pollination
mechanisms have evolved to decrease the probability of _________ and increase the chances of _________
self-pollination, Cross-pollination
Berries tend to have small and _____ seeds that remain undamaged
slippery
These strobul have numerous ___________ thati are umbrella shaped
sporangiophores
They undergo meiosis in floral organs to produce haploid _____
spores
Spores produces on leaves known as _________, this is a spore producing leaf.
sporophylls
Recall that the __________ never exists as a multicellular stage in a monobiontic life cycle of algae
sporophyte
___________ is the dominant life stage
sporophyte
2. They always have just a few _____ no more than the number of petal lobes
stamens
1. A _____ that catches pollen grains
stigma
Large feather________ increase the areas that can catch pollen grains
stigmas
Spores are produced on ________
strobuli
_________ are cones that produce sporangia or sporangia occurs along shoots.
strobuli
2. A ______ that elevates the stigma
style
No fusion to the ovary occurs and it is above the other flower parts and is known as _________
superior ovary (hypogynous)
The zygote grows and forms a short stalk-like ______ and this pushes the embryo deep into the endosperm
suspensor
1. They have _____ flowers (fused petals in a tube shape)
sympetalous
The pollen tube penetrates the nucellus and reaches the egg apparatus and enters one ________
synergid
Flowers of monocots have their parts arranged in groups or multiples of ______
three
Pollen grains of dicots have either three germination pores known as ______ or have a derived condition from the tricolpate mechanism
tricolpate
They are almost all ______ with an unusual distribution: some occur in Cuba and Mexico, other in Australia, and some in Asia or Africa
tropical
They have developed ________
true roots
In the other, the sporophyte becomes more complex and the gametophyte becomes reduced and results in ________
vascular plants
This develops a large_______ cell from the first round and then a generative cell on the second division
vegetative
All three genera are unusual in being gymnosperms with _____ in their wood
vessels
Conifer wood lacks _____ and their phloem lacks sieve tubes
vessels
In _____ conditions, antheridia release sperm and it looks like unicellular algae and these swim to the archegonia
wet conditions
All grasses are ______ pollinated, so sepals and petals are of little importance and are reduced
wind
Petals do not develop in ______ speceis
wind-pollinated
All conifers have pollen cones and seed cones most of which are _______
woody
All insects, birds, and bats are bilaterally symmetrical. Many plant species have evolved bilaterally symmetrical, or _________, flowers
zygomorphic
Tiny papery leaves occur on _____ shoots and in their axils are ____ shoots that produce the familiar long needle leaves
Long, Short
Gymnosperms exhibit two types of secondary growth: _____ wood and ______ wood
Manoxylic Pycnoxylic
All plants from now on have evolved from _______ which were plans that have leaves evolved from branch systems.
Megaphylls
Vascular tissue____________ differentiates later when cells are larger
Metaxylem
Microhyll line: __________ are plants that have leaves that evolve from enations.
Microphylls
There was also a _______ which is a hole in the integument that permitted the sperm cells to swim to the egg
Micropyle
In general, _______ have only one cotyledon (seed leaf) on each embryo
Monocots
Soon after their origin, flowering plants began to follow two distinct lines of evolution and currently, almost all angiosperms are classified as _____ or _______
Monocots or Eudicots (dicots)
__________ is the condition of having staminate flowers located on the same plant as carpellate flowers. The species is known as monoecious
Monoecy
2.________ inflorescences: the lowest or outermost flowers open first, and new flowers are being initiated at the apex
Indeterminate
The sporophyte tissue evolved into the _________ which is the outer layer of the seed that protects the megagametophyte and the developing embryo after fertilization
Integument
________ or quillworts
Isoetes
The remaining edicts are members of two very large, very diverse clades. The _____ and _____
Rosids and asterids
Although cycadophyta was a much larger group with many more speceis in earlier times, currently it contains 9 or 10 genera and approximately ______ species
100
Monocots arose form early angiosperms 80-_____ million years ago
120
Seeds mature _______ months after pollination
14-20
Flowers of monocots have their parts arranged in groups or multiples of _______
3
Flower parts occur in sets of ____ or ____ in dicots
5 or 4
Each sporangiophore contains ______ sporangia
5-10
Siphonostele is when there is a pith and vascular tissue occurs in hollow cylinder around pith. Seen in fern and flowering plants. The pith is in the ________ were no vascular tissue is.
Center
One of the largest families, Liliaceae, contains so many ornamental plants, mostly _____, that most people are familiar with them and think of them of the typical monocots
Bulbs
___________: 2 different kinds of spores (micro and mega) and have male and female gametophytes
Heterospory
___________: Gametophytes have male and female reproductive structures
Homospory
A short axis is established consisting of __________ (embryonic root), _______ (embryonic stem) and _______ (the root/shoot junction)
Radicle Epicotyl Hypocotyl
_________ is a small order of highly modified plants most of which are parasitic. Includes mistletoes
Santalales
_______________ vascular plants dominated the landscape for millions of years
Seedless
__________ aka resurrection plants (it looks dead and brown when dry and then turns green again when watered) this is heterosporous and small, mosslike in appearance.
Selaginella
______- are modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts
Sepals
Conifer leaves are always ______ needles or scales and most are perennial.
Simple
_____ fruit develops from a single ovary or the fused ovaries of one flower
Simple fruit