Brain and behavior quiz 2

Visible light is:

400-700 nanometers

Signals from motor cortex to the spinal cord are transmitted via cortical layer(s):

5 to 6

Which of the following statements about glucocorticoids is correct?

An inability to secrete glucocorticoids results in greater reactivity/toxicity to stressors.

______ are attached to the basilar membrane.

Both inner and outer hair cells

Which of the following is true of androgens and estrogens

Both sexes have both types of hormones

Parts of the eye

Cornea (clear outer covering), pupil(the hole in the iris), iris(opens and closes to allow less or more light in), lens(focuses light, bends to accommodate near/far objects) , retina(where light energy initiates neural activity) , fovea(center of retina, high acuity due to large amount of cones and becuase light doesn't have to pass through other cell layers), rods(black and white vision,sensitive to low levels of light, movement detection, more amount than cones) cones( blue 419, green 531, red 559, responsive to bright light) , ganglion cells, amacrine cell, bipolar cells, horizontal cells

________ is a recent treatment for Parkinson's disease that allows patients to suppress their motor symptoms.

Deep electrical stimulation of the subthalamic region

Check all of the following hormones that are considered to be reproductive hormones:

Estradiol, Follicle Stimulating hormone, Oxytocin, Progesterone, testosterone

Muscles can contraction in more than one direction.

False

The presence of serotonin causes a muscle to contract.

False

The portion of the eye that has the highest visual acuity is called the

Fovea

Frequency is described in:

Hertz

_________ is hypothesized to support a tend and befriend stress response, which may have evolutionarily benefited _________ and increased survival.

Oxytocin; females

The secretion of glucocorticoids is controlled by neurons localized within the

PVN

Which of the following correctly depicts the control of secretion of glucocorticoids

PVN activation -> CRH secretion into anterior pituitary -> ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary - > glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex

Name the rapidly adapting receptors

Ruffini corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles Meissner corpuscles

Why will taking a melatonin pill right before bed have little effect on sleepiness?

The pineal gland produces melatonin at that time anyway

A single chemical messenger can be classified as a neurotransmitter or hormone -- it depends on where the target cell/tissue/organ is located compared to the origin of the message that defines the classification of the chemical.

True

Almost every cell of the body contains glucocorticoid receptors.

True

Auditory areas of the left hemisphere cortex play a special role in analyzing language-related information, whereas those in the right hemisphere play a special role in analyzing music-related information. The right temporal lobe also analyzes prosody, the melodic qualities of speech.

True

Because dopamine cannot easily cross the blood-brain barrier, pharmacologist designed L-dopa which is a pre-cursor to dopamine and readily crosses into the brain.

True

The sympathetic-adrenomedullary axis responds immediately to stress, while the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responds more slowly because hormones must travel from the brain to the adrenals via the circulatory system.

True

The primary visual cortex is also known as:

V1

A homunculus is:

a representation of the body in sensory and motor cortex.

What will cause a muscle to relax?

absence of acetylcholine

Cells in the dorsal stream are sensitive to:

anesthetics and movement.

The inability to accurately complete a plan of motor action is called:

apraxia

On the motor homunculus:

areas of precise motor control are given a larger representation.

Amacrine cells link:

bipolar cells with retinal ganglion cells

The blind spot in the retina is where the:

blood vessels enter and leave the eye and the axons of the retinal ganglion cells leave the eye.

Which of the color-sensitive photoreceptors are fewest in number?

blue cones

Neurons from the corticospinal tract synapse with:

both motor neurons and interneurons.

The following characteristics describe hormone properties compared to neurotransmitters (check all that apply):

can effect any cell in the body, produce effects for days, travel via the blood stream

The following are different types of muscle cells:

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

Which of the following sequences is the correct auditory route to the cortex?

cochlear nucleus, olivary complex, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate, auditory cortex

inner ear

contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

The sensory and motor cortices are:

continuously modified with learning and experience.

Electrical stimulation of the right motor cortex elicits limb movements on the left side of the body, and vice versa. Which term below best describes this organization of the motor cortex and the muscles of the body?

contralateral

The major motor pathway that relays signals from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord is the:

corticospinal tract

Wernicke's aphasia is associated with:

deficits in the comprehension of language.

For movement to occur in major muscle groups, the skeletal muscles must work in antagonistic pairs. The following are examples of paired muscle groups EXCEPT:

deltoid/biceps (hamstring/quadriceps abdominal/erector spinae biceps/triceps)

Chronic stress may impair memory by

destroying cells within field CA1 of the hippocampus.

Elevated glucocorticoid levels during stress may explain

development of memory problems in older persons.

The haptic and proprioceptive axons form the:

dorsal spinothalamic tract.

Information from the ______ crosses to the other side of the brain in the brainstem, whereas the ______ crosses to the other side of the brain in the spinal cord.

dorsal spinothalamic tract; ventral spinothalamic tract

Somatosensory information is carried from the body to the CNS by the:

dorsal-root ganglion neurons.

In comparison to activating effects, organizing effects of hormones take place:

earlier in life and produce more long-lasting effects

The sympathetic nervous system is to ____ as the parasympathetic nervous system is to ____.

emergencies; relaxation

Estrogen is the primary reproductive hormone driving both genital and brain development in utero (before birth).

false

The pituitary gland has two parts; the anterior portion stores hormones created by the hypothalamus and the posterior portion synthesizes hormones upon stimulation by the hypothalamus via releasing hormones.

false

Hapsis is the perception of:

fine touch

Photoreceptors are mostly densely packed in:

fovea

The planning and execution of movements is a function performed by the supplementary motor association cortex in which cortical lobe?

frontal

Broca's area is located in the:

frontal lobe

The purpose of the pinna is to:

funnel sound waves into the ear canal

Which of the following is the correct order of neuron layers in the retina from outermost to innermost?

ganglion cell layer, bipolar cell layer, photoreceptor layer

The somatosenses include all but the

hair cells within the cochlea. (includes stretch receptors in skeletal muscle, receptors positioned within the skin, receptors located within limb joints, free nerve endings in the skin

Cutting the optic nerve of the right eye prior to reaching the optic chiasm will result in loss of vision in:

half of each visual field.

The correct order of the middle ear bones from nearest to the eardrum to nearest the oval window is:

hammer, anvil, stirrup

Which of the following sequences is in the correct order from largest to smallest representation in the motor homunculus

hands, lips, feet

According to the gate theory of pain transmission, activity in the ______ can inhibit the pain pathway in the spinal cord.

hepatic-proprioceptive pathway

Most ________ are secreted into the extracellular fluid from endocrine glands or tissues.

hormones

The dorsal stream is the ______ stream, while the ventral stream is the ______ stream. (somatosensory)

how; what

Processing Sound Waves

humans can hear around 20-20,000 htz, left temporal lobes analyzes speech for meaning, right temporal lobe analyzes music for meaning

damage to the basal ganglia results in

hyperkinetic symptom: Damage to caudate putnam causes involuntary twitching (tourettes or huntingtin's) Hypokinetic symptom: loss of motor ability (parkinsons)

The experience of stress has been found to

increase the amount of cocaine self-administered by rats.

The hormonal secretions that accompany an emotion act to

increases blood flow to muscles

The motor system sends a copy of the "instructions" for a movement to the cerebellum via the:

inferior olive.

A reflex is considered to be a/an ________ movement elicited by an ________.

involuntary; external stimulus

Supplemental motor association cortex is located

just rostral to the primary motor cortex.

The ______ controls limbs and digits, whereas the ______ controls mainly trunk muscles.

lateral corticospinal tract; ventral corticospinal tract

The ______ is the primary visual relay nucleus in the thalamus.

lateral geniculate nucleus

In the spinal cord, laterally located motor neurons project to the ______, whereas more medially located motor neurons project to the _____

limbs and digits; trunk and shoulders

Musical sounds differ from one another in:

loudness, quality, and pitch

In the visual cortex the fovea has:

more representation on the cortex than the periphery even though it has fewer cells in the retina.

To which of the following systems is the somatosensory system most closely linked?

motor

Cutting a spinal nerve would result in loss of:

motor control and sensation in the part of the body it innervated

______ are critical for proprioception.

muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors

A sensory receptor is a variant of a

neuron

Rods are to cones as:

night is to day and black and white is to color.

The ventral stream is important for ______, whereas the dorsal stream is important for _____. (Vision)

object identification (occipital to temporal); control of movement (occipital to parietal)

The auditory receptors are:

on the basilar membrane.

The auditory system has:

one type of receptor

The limb regions of the motor homunculus are involved in activating motor neurons that move the arms, hands, and legs primarily on the ______, and the trunk regions of the motor homunculus are mainly involved in activating motor neurons that move the trunk primarily on the ______.

opposite side of the body; same side of the body

The superior colliculus plays an important role in:

orienting responses.

The stirrup sits against the:

oval window

Nociception is the perception of:

pain

The dorsal stream projects to the:

parietal lobe

Rods are found primarily in ______, whereas cones are found primarily in ______.

peripheral vision; the fovea

Which of the following is not a type of retinal neuron?

perpendicular cells (horizontal, bipolar and amacrine cells are)

Frequency of sound waves roughly corresponds to our perception of:

pitch

Motor cortex is activated when a person:

plans a movement. imagines making a movement. executes a movement.

The primary somatosensory cortex is found in the ______, while the secondary somatosensory cortex is located in the ______.

postcentral gyrus; parietal lobe

Wernicke's area is located in the:

posterior temporal lobe

Pacinian corpuscles are most responsive to:

pressure and flutter stimuli.

The left hemisphere may play a role in the ______ of music.

production

The part of the sensory world that stimulates a neuron is called the neuron's:

receptive field

Horizontal cells in the eye link the:

receptors to the bipolar cells.

The light-sensitive surface in the back of the eye is called the:

retina

Which of the following sequences is correct? (Vision)

rods, cones, bipolar, ganglion, lateral geniculate, simple cortical cells

Pain receptors of the skin are:

simple, bare neuron endings

Match up the cutaneous stimulus with the correct perception.

skin deformation; sensation of pressure,

Which of the following are examples of behaviors associated with motor programs:

smiling, yawning

What type of muscle controls movements of internal organs?

smooth

Imaging studies indicate that the ________ plays a key role in the perceived intensity of pain, while the activity of the ________ is related to the unpleasantness of pain.

somatosensory cortex; anterior cingulate cortex

Decibels are a measure of:

sound amplitude

Neurons in the primary motor cortex:

start to discharge just prior to a movement. discharge during a movement. increase their rate of firing if a weight is added to the movement apparatus.

Prolonged stress can result in cardiovascular disease because

stress can increase blood pressure which leads to heart attacks and strokes.

It is likely that speech and music perception is located in the:

temporal lobes

middle earbones

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window

Proprioception is the perception of:

the location of one's body in space.

Outer ear

the outermost part of the ear, consisting of the pinna and the external auditory canal

Another word for sound quality or complexity is:

timbre

Unilateral damage to the spinal cord will result in the loss of ______ on the same side of the body and loss of ______ on the opposite side of the body below the site of the damage.

touch and proprioception; pain and temperature

Sound waves are created by:

undulating displacement of air molecules caused by pressure changes.

Axons that carry information about pain and temperature form the:

ventral spinothalamic tract.

Both the dorsal and ventral spinothalamic tracts send their signals to the ______ nucleus of the thalamus

ventrolateral

The gate theory of pain can help explain:

why rubbing an injury can reduce pain.

Pure tones are sounds:

with a single frequency