Brooks Psychology Chapter 13

Drive-Reduction Theory

*Based on learning as well as motivation *People and animals experience a drive arising from a need as an unpleasant tension. * Learn to do whatever will reduce that tension by reducing the drive (eat to reduce hunger drive). *Some drives are caused by biological needs, some are learned (need for $). *Do what we can to reduce the drive to reach homeostasis.

High Achievement Motivation

- Driven to get ahead -Tackle challenging situations -Driven to meet high personal standards of success

Cognitive-Dissonance Theory

-According to the cognitive -dissonance theory, why do people behave the way they do. -Most people want their thoughts & attitudes (cognitions) to be consistent with their actions. -When we become aware that there is an inconsistency which causes inner tension that can be uncomfortable. - Why do people desire affiliation with others? -Humans are social beings and need to be with others. -During adolescence, this need is very strong

Problems with James-Lange Theory

-Cognition has little role in determining behavior -Minimizes the role of personal values and choice as factors in human behavior

Psychological Factors

-Eat more under stress or negative emotions. -Circumstances/situations (parties, tv watching)

Extrinsic Reward

-External Rewards -Good Grades -Good Income -Performance goals are rewarded

Our emotional state effects our perceptions of our suroundings

-Happier people usually think the world is a happier, safer place -Tend to make decisions more readily and are more satisfied with their lives -unhappy people tend to feel like groom is setting in over everything in their lives. -Snows that happiness and create their own momentum -Happier we are, the more likely we are to help others

Intrinsic Reward

-Internal Rewards -Self satisfaction -Usually how learning goals are rewarded

So, are the theories correct

-No -None are perfect -people are very complex - people are very complex -Emotions then are also complex

What causes a state of Nonbalance

-Not having feelings toward someone -Leaves people feeling indifferent

Cognitive Consistence Theory

-People behave in ways expected of them -Primarily motivated by the beliefs we hold about how others view us -Most people prefer that the "pieces" of their lives fit together

Facial Expressions

-Probaly inborn -The ways that specific emotions are expressed appear to be the some around the world Anger Fear Sadness Surpise Happiness Disgust Contempt

Facts Humanistic Theory

-Sometimes our drive to fulfill such needs outweighs our drives to meet more basic needs -People rise naturally through the levels as long as they do not encounter overwhelming obstacles along the way. -Critics say it doesn't apply to all.

Performance

-Specific Ex. gaining admission to a college, earning parent/teacher approval, even just avoiding critism

Extrinsic Vs. Intrinsic Rewards

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Performance Vs. Learning Goals

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Need

A condition in which we require something we lack -Both biological and psychological

What causes Imbalance?

A major area of disagreement between 2 people who have strong feeling for each other -Tends to upset people

Sensory Deprivation

Absence of deprivation What happened to the people in the sensory deprivation experiment? -Felt very uncomfortable, felt they went through a terrible ordeal, had trouble concentrating and readjusting to their environment after the experiment. Proves the importance of sensory stimulation to humans.

What Happens when we experience emotions?

Activity in the autonomic nervous system anxiety for example triggers activity of sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system. -How do emotions have biological, cognitive, and behavior components?

Losing Weight

Adolescents should be cautious because they need a good deal of nourishment. -Sound diet is one that is sensible, realistic, and well planned Improve nutritional knowledge, decrease caloric intake, exercise, and substitute healthful foods for harmful foods. - Dieting plus exercise is more effective than dieting alone.

How do emotions have biological, cognitive, and behavior components?

Anxiety makes heart race, breath rapidly, sweat, muscles, tense (bio) -Anxiety; idea that something

Theory of Cognitive Appraisal

Argue that all emotions have basically similar bodily response patterns. -Body reacts in physically similar ways with different emotions it experiences Maintains that the way people label an emotion depends on their cognitive appraisal of the situation. -Cognitive appraisal that occurs is based on many factors: an analysis of situation and ways other are reacting in same situation

Instinct Theory

Behavior patterns that are genetically transmitted from generation are instincts. At one time psychologists believed that human behavior, like that of animals, is instinctive. Today, most psychologists do not believe that human behavior is primarily motivated by instinct because it would need to be found throughout the species.

Section 2

Biological Needs Focus on Hunger

Causes of obesity

Biological and psychological factors runs in the family, so it is inherited? - Not necessarily because children learn what they live Heredity does play a major role (adoptees study) -May not get messages from hypothalamus to stop. Genes determine # of fat cells a person has.

Physiological

Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep homeostasis.

Biological Needs

Can be complex because they involve psychological factors Ex. Food

Mouth

Chewing/ swallowing help satisfy hunger drive

Parents Role

Crucial importance -Need to encourage children to be persistent and find own solutions to problems. -Create opportunities to expose children to new and stimulating experiences (learning goals) -Reward kids with toys for good grades punishment for bad grades (performing) -Overall,tend to be generous with praise to do well and less critical when their children do poorly.

Motivation and Emotion

Emotion is a set of complex reactions to stimuli involving subjective feelings, psychological, arousal, and observable behavior. -Motivation is the source of our behavior. emotion is the feelings association with our behavior. -Emotions can function as motivation i.e Hit someone because your are angry i.e Do it because it makes you happy

Section 4

Emotions

Cannon-Bard Theory

Emotions accompany bodily responses that are aroused by external stimuli -Situation triggers external stimulus that is processed by the brain, brain stimulates bodily changes and cognitive activity (experience of the emotion) happens simultaneously. -Emotions are not produces by bodily responses -A 2 stage reaction is involved: bodily response followed by an emotional reaction

Opponent-Process Theory

Emotions come in parts with one followed by its opposite Eventually restores a balance

Sociocultural Theory

Even if basic drives such as hunger are inborn, cultural experiences and factors influence the behavior that people use to satisfy those drives. -Foods people eat and the way they eat those foods are shaped by culture

Drives

Forces that motivate an organism to take action (food gives rise and the hunger drive).

Love/ Belonging

Friendship,family, sexual intimacy.

Stomach

Hunger pangs felt in stomach play a role in hunger but are not main factors involved in signaling.

Psychological Influences on Hunger

Learning certain amounts of food/drink will produce feeling of well-being and relaxation can cause people to eat/drink when they feel upset. -Should parents reward good behavior with food?

Learning Goals

Learning for the sake of learning -Can be very powerful

Self actualization

Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem-solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts.

Obesity

More than 1/2 of U.S are overweight -18% are obese: weigh more than 30% above recommended weight. -Increasing problem in the U.S -Estimated that 300,000 people die each year because of the health problems related to excess weight and inactivity

Theories Of Emotion

Opponent-process theory Commonsense Approach James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory Theory of cognitive appraisal

Humanistic Theory

People are also motivated by the conscious desire for personal growth and artistic fulfillment.

Balance Theory

People need to organize their perceptions, opinions, and beliefs in a harmonious manner. Do this to maintain a cognitive balance by holding consistent views and by being with people who share their beliefs and values..

James-Lange Theory

Peoples emotions follow, rather than cause, their behavioral reactions to situations -People act first then react emotionally according to the way they acted. -Certain situations trigger reactions- instinctive bodily response patterns that include specific feelings and behaviors -Suggests people can change their feelings by changing their enviroment.

Section 3

Psychological Needs

Hunger Drive

Regulated by both biological and psychological factors

Anger

Response to insult or attack Assertive Reaction vs. Hostile Reaction -Can go and speak with the person who made them angry about whatever it was that made them angry rather than getting revenge. -Assertive is more effective because it allows a person to approach his/her feelings and reduce them while not causing harm to themselves.

Safety

Security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health of property.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Self-actualization, Esteem, Love/belonging, Safety, Physiological

Esteem

Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others

Hypothalamus

Sends ''starting eating" -if one or both don't work properly, eating patterns are effected.

Sensation Seeker

Someone who seeks out thrilling activities -Why do some psychologists think exploration and manipulation are reinforcing in an of themselves? -Once a person feels comfortable with an environment they seek novel stimulation (new experiences). Ex.: Human infants and the "busy boxes"

Motive

Stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a specific goal

Criticism Of Cognitive Appraisal

Studies designed to support the theory often yield different results when repeated -Lacking test-retest reliability

Blood Sugar Level

When low, message carried to hypothalamus

Commonsense Approach

When something happens to a person in a certain situation, the person quickly interprets the situation -Interpretations trigger body sensations that signal a feeling or emotion -Emotions trigger a behavior -This approach (broad view) has influenced the next 3 theories