bsc1005 influenza module 1
Select all of the criteria used to choose influenza strains for annual vaccines.
Ability to produce an effective vaccine against the strain A strain's potential to cause a worldwide pandemic
Select all of the following components of a flu vaccine.
Additives, including antibiotics, stabilizers, and remnant egg proteins Three to four strains of the influenza virus Weakened viruses or inactive viral particles
Why is it challenging to choose influenza strains to include in vaccines?
Because the virus can evolve quickly, and may have changed before flu season
Quadrivalent vaccine
Contains four inactivated strains of the virus Contains B/Phuket/3073/2013 (Yamagata lineage) virus
Nasal spray vaccine
Contains weakened versions of the flu virus May produce some flu-like symptoms Effectiveness of this vaccine is debated
joint and muscle aches
Cytokines produced by the immune system that break down muscle fibers and cause fluid accumulation
Which of the following are structural components found in all viruses?
Genetic material and a capsid
Viruses can have which of the following forms of genetic material?
RNA DNA
Influenza is a(n) ______ virus surrounded by ______.
RNA; a capsid and an envelope
Trivalent vaccine
The most common flu vaccine Contains three inactivated strains of influenza virus
Which of these is a description of how the flu affects the body systems?
The virus releases proteins that disrupt respiratory epithelial cells and the immune system releases cytokines in response to the virus that cause multiple symptoms in the respiratory and other body systems.
Which of the following describes how the flu affects the respiratory system?
The virus targets epithelial cells in the respiratory system, producing proteins that interfere with their function.
Using the WHO naming convention criteria, match each part of this flu virus' name to what that component of the name tell us about a virus named A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2).
Type of influenza: A Host of origin: Human Geographical origin: Perth, Australia Strain number: 16 Type of spikes: Type 3 H spikes Type 2 N spikes
Select all of the explanations of how influenza vaccines are produced.
Using fertilized chicken eggs Using mammalian cell cultures Using H spike proteins to infect insect cells
Which of these best explains how influenza vaccines are produced?
Viral strains are selected well ahead of flu season based on their threat and our ability to make a vaccine against them. Vaccines are then produced using one of three common methods. This process can take up to six months.
Which is the best general explanation of how viruses reproduce?
Viruses use one of two life cycles, both of which take over a host cell's resources, in order to copy themselves.
Which of these explains the general process of how viruses reproduce?
Viruses use the machinery of their host cell to make copies of themselves.
What is the structure on a virus known as a spike?
a glycoprotein on the surface of the virus that assists the virus in identifying and entering its host cell
During the process of choosing strains for the annual influenza vaccine, which of the following characteristics is most likely to qualify a strain to be included?
a strain that has a high potential for causing global pandemic
The lytic cycle is best defined as
a viral life cycle during which a virus penetrates a host cell and immediately begins to use the cell's materials and machinery to copy itself.
The lysogenic cycle is best defined as
a viral life cycle that includes a period of latency during which the viral DNA is copied along with the host cell DNA, creating new cells that contain the virus.
A virus can be defined as
an obligate intracellular parasite.
The cytokines released by the white blood cells in response to infection
are proteins that alert the organs to the presence of a pathogen.
An influenza virus targets a host cell using its
capsid proteins.
During the immune response to influenza, the white blood cells release ______, which are chemical signals whose actions cause digestive, muscular, nervous, and integumentary symptoms.
cytokines
chills
cytokines produced by the immune system that restrict blood vessels in the skin
During the immune response to influenza infection, which of these causes a host of flu symptoms including chills, fever, and nausea?
cytokines produced by white blood cells of the immune system
Flu symptoms like nausea, fever, and chills are caused by
cytokines release during the body's immune response to the influenza virus.
Proteins released by the white blood cells of the immune system during influenza infection are called
cytokines.
A flu virus with the name A/duck/Alberta/35/76 (H1N1) originated in which host?
duck
Aluminum salts
enhance the ability of the immune system to detect the virus
The influenza virus targets which types of cells in the human body?
epithelial cells
What is the primary target of the influenza virus?
epithelial cells
H spikes
hemagglutinin identifies receptors on the host cell 17 different variations
The symptoms associated with the flu are largely the result of a reaction by the ______ system to the virus.
immune
In the northern hemisphere, influenza strains are chosen to produce the vaccinations for the following flu season
in February of each year.
In the southern hemisphere, influenza strains are chosen to produce the vaccinations for the following flu season
in September of each year
Formaldehyde
inactivates toxins from vaccine production
Which quality of the flu virus makes it difficult to choose influenza strains to use in vaccines?
its potential to evolve quickly
The viral life cycle during which a virus integrates into the host cell genome and delays its own reproduction is called the ______ cycle.
lysogenic
The viral life cycle during which a virus immediately begins using a host cell's resources to manufacture new viruses is called the ______ cycle.
lytic
Cytokines produced during influenza infection that break down muscle fibers and cause fluid to accumulate cause
muscular symptoms like joint and muscle aches.
Which type of influenza A spike helps to initiate penetration of the virus in the host cell?
n spikes
N spikes
neuraminidase break down mucous material surrounding host cells in the respiratory tract initiate penetration of virus into host cells 10 different variations
thimersol
preservative found in multi-dose vials of vaccines
antibiotics
prevent bacterial growth during vaccine preparation and storage
All viruses have genetic material and a
protein capsid
Select the form(s) of flu vaccine that contain inactive (killed) viral particles.
quadrivalent vaccine trivalent vaccine
egg proteins
remnant from (some forms) of vaccine production
The genetic material of all living things is DNA, as far as we know. Viruses, however, may also use ______ as their genetic material.
rna
inflammation in the epithelial tissues caused by the proteins release by the flu, which interfere with epithelial cell function
sore throat
Glycoproteins found on the surface of influenza A, the types of which are included in the name of the virus, are called ______.
spikes
gelatin
stabilizer to protect from temperature variation
Which of these accounts for most of the symptoms commonly associated with the flu?
the body's immune response to the infection
Which body system is most responsible for the majority of flu symptoms?
the immune system
After influenza has entered the respiratory system, in which of these places would you expect it to be found next?
the pharynx
The trivalent influenza vaccine contains
three different strains of influenza, which are chosen specifically each year.
How does influenza enter the body?
through the nose or mouth
The target cells of influenza virus, which are epithelial cells in the respiratory system, are identified by the virus because
viral capsid proteins (spikes) identify specific glycoproteins embedded in the host cell membrane.
An obligate intracellular parasite that can only replicate itself using the cellular machinery of a host cell is called a(n)
virus
