BTMA 317 Mid Term Prep
Productivity is the result of optimizing operations and supplier processes
False
Technical Feasibility determines if the project is an acceptable finance risk and if the organization can afford the expense and time needed to complete the project
False
The CIO of an organization supervises the day-today operations of the data and/or computer centre
False
The biggest problem today is gathering data and then using it properly
False
The five stages of the design thinking process are empathize, define, investigate, prototype and test
False
a business process always includes information systems
False
information silos were particularly efficient when business processes crossed functional boundaries in an organization
False
information technology and information systems are the same thing
False
key-indicator reports show data at a greater level of detail
False
meaningful knowledge is information and meaningful information is data
False
A database management system is primarily a(n) _____.
Interface between applications and a database
An attribute is any characteristic or quality that describes a particular entity.
True
An informed user of IT can enhance his or her organization's competitive position
True
BPM can improve and organizations flexibility
True
ERP systems integrate the planning, management and use of all resources of the organization
True
End-user computing has two components; end-user data entry, reporting, and inquiry (commonly referred to as simply users); and end-user development, where useres develop usable systems such as spreadsheets or programs using programming languages or other development tools
True
IT audits can be used to find problems with IT systems
True
Organizations use low fidelity prototyping because it is quick and gets everyone involved
True
Properly designed CRM systems provide a single, enterprise wide view of each customer
True
The SDLC is relatively inflexible
True
business process management includes methods and tools to support the design, analysis, implementation, management and optimizing of business processes
True
business processes may be located within one functional area or may span multiple functional areas
True
collaborative CRM systems provide interaction with customers throughout the entire organization
True
cross-functional processes are business processes require the cooperation of multiple functional areas
True
knowledge is information in action
True
sourcing for external suppliers occurs in the upstream portion of the supply chain
True
the SDLC is relatively inflexible
True
the information systems for accounting and finance could contain control and audition processes
True
in a university's relational database, the student record contains information regarding the student's last name. the last name is a) attribute b) primary key c) file d) object
a) attribute
________ are the most successful solutions of problem-solving methods for achieving .a business objective a) best practices b) optimal strategies c) business functions d) business processes e) enterprise solutions
a) best practices
which of the following is an example of an analytical CRM system a) personalized web page b) data mining c) campaign management d) loyalty program
b) data mining
which of the following activities does not occur within the order fulfillment process a) the accounting department issues and invoice to the customer b) the sales department forwards a sales order to the warehouse c) the warehouse forwards a purchase requisition in order to buy goods from a vendor d) the warehouse prepares the shipment and produces internal documentation e) the sales department receives a customer inquiry and issues a question indicating price and availability
c) the warehouse forwards a purchase requisition in order to buy goods from a vendor
__________ is the result of optimizing operations and supplier processes.
cost reduction
Which of the following statements concerning business processes is false a) a process creates value b) a process has inputs c) a process has outputs d) a process has activities that can be measured d) a process cannot cross functional area boundaries
d) a process cannot cross functional area boundaries
You have just been hired by the largest manufacturer in your area to join their management trainee program. You enjoyed your "computer course" in college and hope that you'll be able to put that knowledge to good use. Which of the following might you expect to do during the management training program? a) code a new application b) recommend new technologies that might impact the org c) design a new application d) become familiar with tools to support using data for decision making e) work 8 to 5 in your office
d) become familiar with tools to support using data for decision making
a ________ is eight ______ a) byte, characters b) bit, digits c) bit, bytes d) byte, bits
d) byte, bits
Which of the following is a limitation of the ERP system a) decision-making b) flexibility c) efficiency d) cost
d) cost
which of the following is not a disadvantage of on-demand CRM a) vendor reliability b) integration difficulty c) strategic advantage d) cost
d) cost
supply chain visibility enhances supply chain _______ a) globalization b) e-commerce c) cost d) flexibility
d) flexibility
_________ reports summarize the performance of critical activities a) detailed b) routine c) ad hoc d) key indicator e) exception
d) key indicator
For many organizations, business process re-engineering a) is easy to implement b) is inexpensive c) has little impact on facilities d) is not disruptive to implement e) has a major impact on the corporate culture
e) has a major impact on the corporate culture
Productivity is the result of optimizing operations and supplier processes.
false
The business environment refers to the industry that a company is in
false
Data dictionaries perform all of the following functions except:
Providing information on each record
A student's decision to drop one course and add another would be considered a transaction to the university's information system but not to its accounting system.
True
A systems analyst focuses on determining the information requirements and technical specifications for new applications
True
An auditing manager focuses on the ethical and legal use of information systems and evaluates the quality or effectiveness of such systems
True
An organizations business processes can create a competitive advantage
True
E-commerce systems are a type of interorganizational information systems.
True
Functional area information systems support major portions of the enterprise
True
HR information management system was originally for benefits and tracking vacation
True
IT is enabling more and more people to communicate, collaborate and compete, thereby levelling the digital playing field
True
Information system can be function specific
True
an example of a transaction in a HRIS application is adding a new employee
True
an organization's IT infrastructure consists of the IT components and IT services
True
an organizations business processes can create a competitive advantage
True
and organization's supply chain starts at the supplier and ends at the customer
True
customer satisfaction is the result of optimizing and aligning business processes to fulfill customers needs, wants and desires
True
differentiation is the result of optimizing the marketing and innovation processes
True
digital dashboards are special information systems that support all managers of the organization
True
during the development cycle, users should be actively involved during system investigation phase
True
electronic data interchange is a problem for small businesses
True
_________ involves the analysis of accumulated data and involves a _______________ a) OLAP, data warehouse b) OLTP, database c) OLTP, data warehouse d) OLAP, database
a) OLAP, data warehouse
What would business dimensions be for Walmart's sales with it's many sales transitions for many products in many stores that would allow them to do a weekly analysis a) product, store and week b) customer, product, store and month c) customer, product and month d) customer, product, store and week e) customer, product store
a) product, store and week
The _____________ represents the business users and any other stakeholders in the project a) project owner b) scrum user c) scrum master d) scrum team
a) project owner
Greg is mowing lawns in the neighbourhood for the summer. which type of report would he use to see if a particular customer still owes him money a) key indicator b) Ad hoc c) routine d) detailed e) exception
b) Ad hoc
__________________ uses drag-and-drop features to search a database a) DDF b) QBE c) SQL d) DBMS
b) QBE
today customers have _________ a) difficulty in finding information about products b) higher expectation c) difficulty in comparing prices d) less knowledge about products e) less sophistication
b) higher expectation
the ______ model involves and educate guess about customer demand a) make-to-order b) push c) pull d) mass customization
b) push
Extranets use _____ technology to make communication over the Internet more secure. a) anti-malware b) videoconferencing c) virtual private network d) voice-over IP e) telepresence
c) virtual private network
In the relational database model, related tables can be joined when they contain common _____.
columns
Which of the following is not a disadvantage of on-demand CRM?
cost
__________ is the result of optimizing operations and supplier processes a) differentiation b) quality c) productivity d) cost reduction
d) cost reduction
it is difficult to manage data for example it is common for customers to move and for companies to go out of business this is an example of ______________ a) data security b) data rot c) scattered data d) data degradation
d) data degradation
An emerging technologies manager __________ a) manages data networks b) manages the ethical and legal use of information systems c) is responsible for strategic planning d) evaluates new technologies e) creates the Web sites and pages
d) evaluates new technologies
When the CFO of a company wants a report on business units which have spent 10% more than their allotted budget, she would ask for a) routine b) key indicator c) ad hoc d) exception e) detailed
d) exception
__________ reports include only information that falls outside certain threshold standards a) key indicator b) ad hoc c) routine d) exception
d) exception
customer-___________ applications involve direct interaction with customers a) interacting b) touching c) directing d) facing
d) facing
__________ provides companies with a single version of the truth for their data a) data warehouses b) data marts c) databases d) master data management e) enterprise information management
d) master data management
Which of the following is not an example of the growing initiative called green IT a) asking vendors about compliance on environmental standards b) designing energy-efficient data centres c) designing and IT infrastructure to support sustainability d) building systems that monitor carbon throughout the organization e) building computer applications that use less energy
e) building computer applications that use less energy
Which of the following statements is false? a) competitive advantage leads to higher than average profits b) competitive advantage is based on some measurement such as cost, quality or speed c) competitive advantage applies to companies of all sizes d) competitive advantage enables a company to function effectively within a market e) competitive advantage requires the use to technology
e) competitive advantage requires the use to technology
what does a systems analyst do a) creates Web sites and pages b) writes computer code c) manages an IS service d) forecasts technology trends e) determines information requirements and technical specifications for new applications
e) determines information requirements and technical specifications for new applications
organizations are turning to data governance for which of the following reasons a) their data are typically structured b) they have too little data c) their data are usually located in the organization's databases d) data across their organizations are generally consistent e) they are responding to federal regulations
e) they are responding to federal regulations
The drawbacks of ERP systems include all of the following except a) they are complex b) they are expensive c) they are time-consuming to implement d) companies may need to change existing business processes to fit the software e) they consist of modules
e) they consist of modules
An electronic commerce system is an intraorganizational information system
False
BPR is a strategy for improving the efficiency of an organization's data collection.
False
CRM means that a company should interact with its customers as a group.
False
CRM systems focus on marketing to masses of people
False
Enterprise resource management is an enterprise-wide effort to acquire and retain customers
False
Entity-relationship diagrams are documents that show the primary and secondary keys associated with a conceptual data model
False
Exception reports show a greater level of detail than is included in routine reports
False
For purposes of efficiency, customer data are best stored in the functional areas of the organization.
False
Horizontal integration is a business strategy in which a company buys in supplier
False
If you want to run a multination company, you need to rent office space and hire at least a few employees
False
Key-indicator reports shows data at a greater level of detail.
False
Maintenance ends when the new system is implemented and has run long enough for a systems audit.
False
One of the advantages of the buy option is the need to. hire specialized personnel
False
Over time, the customer relationship with vendors has become more personal
False
The functional area information systems are the most fundamental information systems in the organization
False
The procurement process includes the sales function
False
When data are normalized, attributes in the table depend on the primary key and any secondary keys.
False
When you make a purchase online, that transaction is an example of batch processing.
False
the IT infrastructure delineates the way an organization's information resources should be used to accomplish its mission
False
the business environment refers to the industry that a company is in
False
the grade point average (GPA) values of a class would be considered as information
False
the overall performance of an organization has little to do with how well it manages its business processes
False
Kelly has taken a job with her ideal company and is excited to start in their sales department. During orientation, she is told that the company is very proud of their ERP system from SAP. Looking at the list of modules the company has, Kathy wonders which one she won't be using. From the list below, which one would you tell Kathy is the one she won't be using.
Operations management
A list of football scores with the names of the teams that played the games would be considered information
True
If you have visited Amazon's Web site previously and then return, Amazon recommends other books that you might like. This is called cross-selling.
True
In general, informed users tend to get more value from whatever technologies they use
True
In the past customer data has been located all over the company typically in the functional areas
True
Mobile CRM systems are targeting customers through their portable devices such as mobile phones.
True
Modern organizations are concentrating on their core competencies and on becoming more flexible and agile
True
Online analytical processing (OLAP) involves the analysis of accumulated data by end users
True
Prototyping allows the users to clarify their information requirements as they use the prototype.
True
The IS operational plan is a set of projects that will be executed by the IS department and by functional area managers
True
The activities of a business process can be measured
True
The activities of a business process can be measured.
True
The data processed by transaction processing systems provide the inputs for other organizational information systems.
True
The goal of SCM systems is to reduce friction along the supply chain
True
The grade point average (GPA) values coupled with the appropriate student names of a class would be considered information
True
The information systems (IS) of an organization are intended to support internal processes, therefore all information systems must be owned by the organization itself
True
The information systems functional area, a department of information technology, deals with the planning, development, management and user of management information tool to help people perform all the tasks related to information processing and management
True
The long term goal of business process management is to create a competitive advantage through organizational flexibility
True
The push model begins with a forecast.
True
The real problem with interacting with customers over the Web is that the company does not have an opportunity to make a good first impression in person.
True
The supply chain management system is an inter-organizational information system
True
Today, customers are becoming increasing powerful
True
When ERP systems are not appropriate in an organization, then that organization can use an enterprise application integration system.
True
Whether forecasters overestimate or underestimate demand, the company still faces problems.
True
a business process has inputs and outputs
True
a data mart can be implemented more quickly than a data warehouse
True
a data mart is a low cost, scaled down version of a data warehouse
True
a negative value for a student's GPA is an example of a data integrity problem
True
adding functions after a project has been initiated is called scope creep
True
an entity is a person, place, thing or event about which information is maintained
True
e-commerce is the process of buying, selling, transferring or exchanging products, services or information via computer networks, including the internet
True
globalization is the integration and interdependence of many facets of life made possible by rapid advances in information technology
True
modality is the minimum number of times an instance of one entity can be associated with an instance of a related entity
True
source data automation involves collecting data from sensors
True
Refer to case 5.1 data problems at target Canada. In order for SAP ERP system to work properly, data needs to be a) accurate b) managed properly c) contained RFID information d) reengineered e) all of the above
a) accurate
________ CRM systems are used to create statistical models of customer behaviour to determine value of customer relationships over time and to create forecasts about acquiring, retaining and losing customers a) analytical b) operational c) statistical d) collaborative
a) analytical
the bullwhip effect results in ________ a) excess inventory b) mass customization c) deficient inventory d) mass production
a) excess inventory
which of the following is/are not a fundamental element of a business process a) feedback b) output c) input d) resources
a) feedback
Which of the following is a benefit of ERP systems? a) flexibility b) cost c) business process adaptation d) complexity
a) flexibility
The _________ process originates in the sales department and ends in the accounting department a) fulfillment b) hiring c) procurement d) production
a) fulfillment
__________ flows are all data related to demand, shipments, orders, returns, and schedules as well as to changes in any of these data a) information b) schedule c) financial d) material
a) information
_____________ pressures are generated by the global economy, intense competition, the changing nature of the workforce and powerful customers a) market b) social c) economic d) technology
a) market
________ CRM is a CRM system that is hosted by an external vendor in the vendor's data centre a) on-demand b) mobile c) open source d) on premises
a) on-demand
Kathy has taken a job with her ideal company and is excited to start in their sales department. During orientation, she is told that the company is very proud of their ERP system from SAP. Looking at the list of modules the company has, Kathy wonders which one she won't be using. From the list below, which one would you tell Kathy is the one she won't be using. a) operations management b) business intelligence c) customer relationship management d) e-business e) human resource management
a) operations management
when data are normalized, attributes in the table depend only on the _____ a) primary key b) common attribute c) common record d) common row e) secondary key
a) primary key
The primary goal of extranets is to do which of the following? a) to foster collaboration between and among business partners b) to provide security for corporate intranets c) to enable business partners to better plan mergers and acquisitions d) to provide effective communications inside corporate intranets e) to enable corporate employees to view inventory information for their companies
a) to foster collaboration between and among business partners
____________ is a sales strategy in which the sales person will provide customers the opportunity to purchase higher-value related products or services as opposed to, or along with the customers initial product or service selection a) up-selling b) cross-selling c) bundling d) personalization
a) up-selling
You have moved to a different apartment, but your electricity bill continues to be sent to your old address. The Post Office in your town has which problem with its data management? a) Data redundancy b) Data inconsistency c) Data isolation d) Data security e) Data dependence
b) Data inconsistency
_________ are interorganizational ERP systems that provide web-enabled links between and organization's key business systems and it's customers, suppliers, business partners and others a) supply chain management systems b) ERP II systems c) transaction processing systems d) office automation systems e) functional area information systems
b) ERP II systems
a business process can be a competitive advantage when _______ a) the company becomes less responsive and efficient b) IT enables the company to innovate or to execute better than its competitors c) a product or service is delivered to the organization d) inputs are translated to outputs
b) IT enables the company to innovate or to execute better than its competitors
______ involves a group meeting of all analysts and users who agree on system requirements a) agile b) JAD c) scrum d) RAD
b) JAD
ERP ______________ systems have the capability to place automatic requests to buy products from suppliers in real time. a) AI b) SCM c) ERP d) CRM
b) SCM
place the following members of the data hierarchy in their correct order a) bit-byte-field-record-database-file b) bit-byte-field-record-file-database c) byte-bit-record-field-database d) bit-field-byte-record-file-database e) bit-record-field-byte-file-database
b) bit-byte-field-record-file-database
__________ occurs when various copies of the data agree a) data redundancy b) data consistency c) data isolation d) data integrity
b) data consistency
_______________ is a formal approach to managing data consistently across an entire organization a) data warehousing b) data governance c) data mart d) database management e) enterprise information management
b) data governance
________ occurs when applications cannot access data associated with other applications a) data consistency b) data isolation c) data integrity
b) data isolation
which of the following is an example of an analytical CRM a) personalized web page b) data mining c) campaign management
b) data mining
which of the following is the correct hierarchy from the lowest level to the highest level a) information, data, knowledge b) data, information, knowledge c) information, experience, wisdom d) knowledge, information, data e) data, experience, information
b) data, information, knowledge
which of the following has not been identified as a reason for ERP implementation failure a) no change management processes b) lack of documentation c) failure to include affected employees in planning d) insufficient training
b) lack of documentation
___________ is a strategy of producing customized (made to individual specifications) products and services a) personalization b) make-to-order c) customer focus d) mass customization
b) make-to-order
applying copyright and trademarks is an example of a a) accounting business process b) marketing business process c) production business process d) finance business process
b) marketing business process
which of the following statements concerning technology pressures on modern business is true a) technology changes so rapidly that organizations should wait before they release new technology-based products b) new technologies offer alternative service options c) the important information on the internet is fee-based d) new technologies will never replace existing technologies d) the amount of information on the internet remains stable from year to year
b) new technologies offer alternative service options
___________ conversion introduces the new system in one part of the organization on a trial basis, when the new system is working properly, it is introduced in other parts of the organization a) phased b) pilot c) direct d) parallel
b) pilot
Managing purchasing is an example of a(n) a) finance business process b) production business process c) management information systems business process d) marketing business process
b) production business process
Which of the following statements is true a) querying databases is the most effective and efficient way of using data b) running queries in a data warehouse does not degrade database performance c) databases are well-suited for making comparisons between records d) databases are organized to make queries very easy
b) running queries in a data warehouse does not degrade database performance
___________ is the ability for all organizations in a supply chain to access or view relevant data on purchased materials as these material move through their suppliers production processes and transportation networks to their receiving docks a) supply chain integration b) supply chain visibility c) vertical integration d) supply chain intelligence e) horizontal integration
b) supply chain visibility
The initial goal of business process management is ___________ a) to create a competitive advantage through organizational flexibility b) to improve profitability by decreasing cost and increasing revenue c) to organize around the business process, not the individual task d) to be less radical, disruptive and more incremental
b) to improve profitability by decreasing cost and increasing revenue
The characteristics of ERP systems include all of the following except a) providing information necessary to control the business processes of the organization b) typically fitting an organizations existing business processes c) integrating the planning, management, and use of all resources of the organization d) they are expensive and time-consuming e) including a set of interdependent software modules
b) typically fitting an organizations existing business processes
When Walmart sells a package of diapers, the company captures data on that sale at its point-of-sale terminal and transmits those data to the company that makes the diapers. When inventory gets too low, the diaper company ships more diapers in that Walmart store. This process is called: a) demand chain management b) vendor-managed inventory c) enterprise resource planning inventory d) supply chain management d) just in time management
b) vendor-managed inventory
_____________ is an inventory strategy where the supplier monitor inventory and then replenishes the products when needed a) vertical integration b) vendor-managed inventory c) bundling d) just-in-time
b) vendor-managed inventory
________________ allows users to perform complicated searches by using relatively simple statements or keywords a) DBMS b) QBE c) SQL d) SSK
c) SQL
SCM helps address which of Porter's Five Forces? a) Buyer power b) Rivalry c) Supplier power d) Threat of substitutes
c) Supplier power
which of the following is not an inter-organizational system a) CRM b) SCM c) TPS d) ERP
c) TPS
Reconciling bank accounts is an example of a(n): a) marketing business process b) production business process c) accounting business process d) finance business process e) management information systems business process
c) accounting business process
a ________ represents a single character, such as a letter, number, or symbol a) field b) file c) byte d) database e) record
c) byte
which of the following has the broadest impact on an organization a) decisions about hardware b) decisions about software c) decisions about data d) all of the above have equal impact
c) decisions about data
Which of the following is not a role that information systems play in business process? a) monitor process performance b) detect problems with the process c) establish standards d) capture and store process data e) execute the process
c) establish standards
Managing account collections is an example of a(n): a) management information system business process b) production business process c) finance business process d) marketing business process
c) finance business process
in Canada, Bill 198 legally mandates that public companies evaluate and disclose the effectiveness of their ________ a) HR rules b) IT policies c) financial controls d) saes goals
c) financial controls
data __________ ensures data meets system constraints a) independence b) consistency c) integrity d) security
c) integrity
__________ reduces a relational database to its most streamlined form a) a database mangement system b) a data dictionary c) normalization d) streamlining
c) normalization
____________ is a traditions function of the MIS department a) managing system integration including the internet, intranets and extranets b) creating business alliances with business partners c) providing technical services d) educating the non-MIS managers about IT
c) providing technical services
the initial goal of business process management is a) to create a competitive advantage through organizational flexibility b) to organize around the business process, not the individual task c) to improve profitability by decreasing costs and increasing revenue d) to be less radical, disruptive and more incremental
c) to improve profitability by decreasing costs and increasing revenue
in a database, the primary key field is used to ______ a) identify duplicated data b) uniquely identify an attribute c) uniquely identify a record d) specify an entity e) create linked lists
c) uniquely identify a record
Which of the following statements concerning the complexity of management of information resources is not true? a) managing information resources is divided between the MIS departments and end users and there is no standard way to divide responsibility between them b) information systems have an enormous strategic value within an organization and therefore firms rely on them heavily c) computers are decentralized throughout the organization, which makes it harder to manage d) managing mainframes has become more difficult e) information systems are expensive to acquire, operate and maintain
d) managing mainframes has become more difficult
To effectively manage by exception (i.e., use exception reports), the company must first create: a) best practices b) employee evaluation guides c) a database d) performance standards e) user information requirements
d) performance standards
Procurement is NOT completed in this functional area: a) warehouse b) purchasing c) accounting d) sales
d) sales
Enterprise resource planning systems are very _________ software products, meaning that companies typically have to change their __________ to accommodate how the software functions a) structured, accounting processes b) unstructured, inventory control c) unstructured, business processes d) structured, business processes e) structured, reporting processes
d) structured, business processes
You order a pair of shoes online, but they don't fit. You send them back, This is an example of a ____________ transaction a) intraorganizational b) downstream c) internal d) upstream
d) upstream
a raw supplier is an example of a _________ component of supply chain management a) instream b) downstream c) internal d) upstream
d) upstream
You should seek to be an informed user of IT because a) it is easy to understand how IT works b) you could end up working in the IT department in your organization c) everyone uses IT d) you will be in a position to enhance the quality of IT applications
d) you will be in a position to enhance the quality of IT applications
Which of the following is false? a) ERP systems integrate functional areas within and organization b) ERP systems use a common database c) ERP systems are designed to integrate business processes d) FAIS were usually developed independently e) FAIS easily communicate with each other
e) FAIS easily communicate with each other
Which of the following is a benefit of being and informed user of IT? a) understanding what is "behind: applications you use in your organization b) providing input to enhance your organization's applications c) helping to select new applications d) keeping abreast of new technologies e) all of the above
e) all of the above
An Electronic Commerce (e-Commerce) system is an intraorganizational information system.
false
An organization's data warehouse generally maintains its operational data.
false
BPM is an implementation of BPR.
false
During the development life cycle, users should be actively involved during the system investigation phase.
true
ERP systems integrate the planning, management and use of all resources of the organization.
true
HR Information Management System was originally for benefits and tracking vacation.
true
The data in a data warehouse:
Are not updated
Costs are harder to quantify than benefits.
False
IT architecture focuses only on the technical aspects of information resources.
False
A business process has inputs and outputs
True
Which of the following is a challenge for developing a knowledge management system a) employees must be willing to share their explicit knowledge b) it must be continually maintained and updated c) it makes human capital widely accessible d) all of the above are challenges
b) it must be continually maintained and updated
________ conveys understanding, accumulated learning and expertise as they apply to current problems a) information b) knowledge c) database d) data
b) knowledge
______________ conversion is rarely used today if at all a) direct b) parallel c) pilot d) phased
b) parallel
An example of a cross-functional business process is ___________ a) purchasing b) procurement c) warehousing d) accounting
b) procurement
vertical integration is a business strategy in which a company purchases its ________ suppliers a) internal b) upstream c) downstream
b) upstream
a data warehouse is a repository of ______________ data a) current b) numbered c) historical d) queried
c) historical
Historically, management information systems have focused on capturing, storing, managing, and reporting _____ knowledge.
explicit
