C12 Lecture
Blood: Erythrocytes:
(increase in these) Contains hemoglobin (increases oxygen carrying capacity of blood)
Muscle Fiber Structure: Hypertrophy and resultant changes in relative proportions of Is and IIs within given CSA.
Fiber recruited during LSD: T1 Adaptations in fiber size: selective hypertrophy in T1 Adaptations in relative proportions within given CSA Type I ↑ : takes up more space Type IIx ↓ : don't atrophy but take up less space
HR: Resting: How might this affect an intensity prescription for aerobic training?
Liters, Mets, RPE, most commonly used: derivation of HR, HR reserve (remember to readjust training zones)
Adaptations in response to HIIT:
Morphological adaptations of the heart, more blood vessels, more mitochondria, increased blood volume, improvements in VO2 max.
Cardiac Output: Explanation:
Some get offset and some do not. Rest and submax reciprocally related and at max, there is an increase in stroke volume
Blood pressure: Maximal aerobic:
Supports performance. Increase in BP, *** adaptation *** decrease in systemic peripheral resistance (Afterload) with training
Adaptations in response to HIIT: Anaerobic
Takes 10 HRS
Adaptations in response to HIIT: Aerobic
Takes 2.5 hrs
Hematocrit: How does the change in hematocrit affect performance (VO2max)?
The more blood oxygen, the better potential in performance
lactate threshold
The point during exercise of increasing intensity at which blood lactate begins to accumulate above resting levels, where lactate clearance is no longer able to keep up with lactate production.
VO2: Submaximal
Usually doesn't change. IF reduction seen, reduction is due to improvement of movement economy most likely.
Which of the following hormones aid in plasma volume adaptation seen with regular aerobic training? (Indicate all correct)
anti diuretic hormone aldosterone
Blood: Plasma volume: Adaptation:
increase in plasma volume (mostly water).
Heart structure explanation to aerobic/endurance training
increase in plasma volume, increase in vagal tone (turns down HR). Volume loading effect: increase in plasma volume and filling time that drive structural adaptations in the heart
Blood: Plasma volume: Explanation:
increase in proteins (proteins attract water and fluid), increase in Anti diarrhetic hormone and increase in aldosterone (reabsorption of sodium). Increased proteins (albumin) Support volume loading effect
a-v O2 difference: Submaximal
increased (20L/min)
Heart structure adaptation to aerobic/endurance training
increased Left Ventricular ID, Left Ventricle Mass, Mean Wall Thickness, increase with aerobic training
Heart structure adaptation to resistance training
increased Left Ventricular Mass, Mean Wall Thickness
Metabolic changes: Glycogen sparing
it is metabolic adaptation where at given exercise intensity post-training we are going to create the energy to exercise at that intensity using more fat in place of the glycogen (still using both though)
Which of the following athletes is credited with the highest recorded VO2max?
male Norwegian cross country skiier
Which fiber type demonstrates the greatest hypertrophy in response to sprint training (i.e. repeated 15-30 sec sprints)?
type IIa
Which of the following explain the adaptations seen in VO2 after a period of regular aerobic training? (Indicate all correct)
unchanged resting VO2, unchanged submaximal VO2, increased maximal VO2
VO2: Submaximal: Ways to identify improvements in submaximal aerobic capacity (VO2submax)
when there a decrease in VO2 and improvement in movement economy
Pulmonary ventilation: Submaximal
Slightly reduced (30%)
a-v O2 difference: Explanation
angiogenesis; enhanced blood flow to all tissues in body, and more mitochondria
a-v O2 difference: Maximal
increase
VO2: Resting
1 MET = (3.5ml/kg/min) (not changed)
HR: Resting: How much might it come down in initial weeks of training?
1 bpm/week
Stroke Volume: Explanation:
1. Increase in plasma volume, 2. Decrease in resting HR, decrease in submax HR response (heart more time to fill up with blood) to achieve greater pre-load, LVID, Mean wall thickness, decrease systemic peripheral (lower afterload)
Blood: Volume:
5L (pretraining); 5.7L (posttraining)
HR: Maximal: Adaptations.
Adaptations: No change in max heart rate with increased aerobic exercise
Mitochondrial adaptations: What are the roles of PGC1 alpha in adaptations of exercise training?
Aerobic and anaerobic acute and chronic activate pGC1alpha
Cardiac Output: Maximal:
CHANGED. Since HR does not increase in training, increase in max SV.
HR: Recovery: How is this useful in fitness testing?
Clear differences in pre and post training in HR recovery. HR recovery period is shortened in trained individuals
Blood pressure: Sub-maximal aerobic:
Easier on the heart. Increased BP.
Muscle fiber transitions (i.e. it's opposite day).
Exercise training does not change innervation: just takes on other characteristics Improvements in bioenergetic abilities Increased myoglobin (75% increase). T1: a lot of myoglobin T2: Less myoglobin —> oxygen deficit trained peeps have more myoglobin and have less O2 deficit
After a period of regular aerobic training, RER at a fixed submaximal workload will be increased.
False
After a period of regular aerobic training, the pulmonary ventilation response to a fixed submaximal intensity of aerobic exercise is increased.
False
After a period of regular aerobic training, the systolic blood pressure response to both submaximal and maximal aerobic exercise is reduced.
False
Regular aerobic training increases oxygen consumption at rest.
False
Regular resistance training promotes increases in both internal diameter and mass of the left ventricle.
False
Type I, IIa, and IIx hypertrophy in response to aerobic training.
False
Blood Vessels: Function:
Gas exchange (bioenergetic processes). Support aerobic metabolism. Improved recruitment of existing capillaries, Improved distribution of blood flow, Increased total blood volume.
_____ describes an increased contribution of fat for energy production during endurance activity.
Glycogen sparing
Which of the following represent VO2 as defined by the Fick equation?
HR * SV * a-v O2 difference
Blood Vessels: Structure:
Hemoglobin, oxygen molecule.
HR: Submaximal: If using submaximal heart rate to demonstrate progress, will changes be evident at lower or higher intensities?
Higher intensities
Blood pressure: Resting: Hypertensive:
Hypertensive- High BP at rest.
Pulmonary Diffusion: Maximal
Increase
HR: Resting: What is responsible for reduction?
Increase in plasma volume, increase in vagal tone
Pulmonary ventilation: Maximal
Increased
Pulmonary Diffusion: Resting
No change
Pulmonary Diffusion: Submaximal
No change
Pulmonary ventilation: Resting
No change
Blood pressure: Resting: Normohypotensive
Normotensive- normal BP. No changes in resting BP
Which of the following promotes several mitochondrial adaptations to exercise?
PGC1-alpha
Pulmonary ventilation: Explanation
Respiratory depth increases and respiratory frequency increases
Stroke Volume: Maximal:
SV increased
Stroke Volume: Submaximal:
SV increased
Stroke Volume: Resting:
SV increased. Evidence of plateau
Type I, IIa, and IIx fibers hypertrophy in response to repeated bouts of high intensity interval training.
True
Which of the following contribute to the adaptation seen in maximal VO2 with regular aerobic training? (Indicate all correct)
angiogenesis stroke volume a-v O2 difference mitochondrial biogenesis
Hematocrit: Adaptation:
decrease in hematocrit (solid elements: Liquid elements) GOOD THING. Hematocrits reduced due to increased plasma volume.
Hematocrit: Effect
decrease viscosity which is GOOD proteins. Reduces viscosity of blood aids perfusion of muscles w/ blood
Aerobic training results in which of the following structural adaptations of the heart? (Indicate all correct)
increased left ventricular thickness, increased left ventricular internal diameter
Which of the following explain the adaptation seen in maximal cardiac output with regular aerobic training?
increased maximal stroke volume
Which of the following mitochondrial adaptations occur with exercise training? (Indicate all correct)
increased mitophagy increased number increased size increased resistance to stress
Which of the following describe changes in blood with regular aerobic training?
increased plasma, increased erythrocytes, decreased hematocrit
Pulmonary Diffusion: Explanation
increased pulmonary blood flow and increase pulmonary ventilation
Which of the following accurately describe adaptations in stroke volume after a period of regular aerobic training?
increased resting SV, increased submaximal SV, increased maximal SV
Which of the following explain the adaptation seen in maximal pulmonary ventilation with regular aerobic training? (Indicate all correct)
increased tidal volume increased respiratory frequency
Which of the following explain the adaptation seen in resting heart rate after a period of regular aerobic training? (Indicate all correct)
increased vagal tone decreased intrinsic heart rate
Which of the following explain aerobic training-induced structural adaptations in the heart? (Indicate all correct)
increased ventricular filling time increased plasma volume
VO2: Maximal
increases Average Improvement in healthy, untrained: (15-20%) in training periods of 2-12 months)) Sex differences dependent on conditioning status (previously untrained peoples) Highest: M: Norwegian: 94; F: Russian 80. College: M: 45; F 40
_____ increases with regular aerobic training and is one explanation for the lower oxygen deficit seen in trained individuals in the rest-to-exercise transition.
myoglobin
a-v O2 difference: Resting
no change
Cardiac Output: Submaximal:
not changed
Cardiac Output: Resting:
not changed. Avg output 5L/min, same in trained and untrained individuals but they achieve different way.
Heart structure explanation to resistance training
pressure loading effect (i.e., repeatedly overcoming increased TPR).TPR is increased and muscle generating more force and muscle contractions literally squish capillaries
Which of the following explain resistance training-induced structural adaptations in the heart?
repeatedly overcoming increased afterload