C12 Lecture

Blood: Erythrocytes:

(increase in these) Contains hemoglobin (increases oxygen carrying capacity of blood)

Muscle Fiber Structure: Hypertrophy and resultant changes in relative proportions of Is and IIs within given CSA.

Fiber recruited during LSD: T1 Adaptations in fiber size: selective hypertrophy in T1 Adaptations in relative proportions within given CSA Type I ↑ : takes up more space Type IIx ↓ : don't atrophy but take up less space

HR: Resting: How might this affect an intensity prescription for aerobic training?

Liters, Mets, RPE, most commonly used: derivation of HR, HR reserve (remember to readjust training zones)

Adaptations in response to HIIT:

Morphological adaptations of the heart, more blood vessels, more mitochondria, increased blood volume, improvements in VO2 max.

Cardiac Output: Explanation:

Some get offset and some do not. Rest and submax reciprocally related and at max, there is an increase in stroke volume

Blood pressure: Maximal aerobic:

Supports performance. Increase in BP, *** adaptation *** decrease in systemic peripheral resistance (Afterload) with training

Adaptations in response to HIIT: Anaerobic

Takes 10 HRS

Adaptations in response to HIIT: Aerobic

Takes 2.5 hrs

Hematocrit: How does the change in hematocrit affect performance (VO2max)?

The more blood oxygen, the better potential in performance

lactate threshold

The point during exercise of increasing intensity at which blood lactate begins to accumulate above resting levels, where lactate clearance is no longer able to keep up with lactate production.

VO2: Submaximal

Usually doesn't change. IF reduction seen, reduction is due to improvement of movement economy most likely.

Which of the following hormones aid in plasma volume adaptation seen with regular aerobic training? (Indicate all correct)

anti diuretic hormone aldosterone

Blood: Plasma volume: Adaptation:

increase in plasma volume (mostly water).

Heart structure explanation to aerobic/endurance training

increase in plasma volume, increase in vagal tone (turns down HR). Volume loading effect: increase in plasma volume and filling time that drive structural adaptations in the heart

Blood: Plasma volume: Explanation:

increase in proteins (proteins attract water and fluid), increase in Anti diarrhetic hormone and increase in aldosterone (reabsorption of sodium). Increased proteins (albumin) Support volume loading effect

a-v O2 difference: Submaximal

increased (20L/min)

Heart structure adaptation to aerobic/endurance training

increased Left Ventricular ID, Left Ventricle Mass, Mean Wall Thickness, increase with aerobic training

Heart structure adaptation to resistance training

increased Left Ventricular Mass, Mean Wall Thickness

Metabolic changes: Glycogen sparing

it is metabolic adaptation where at given exercise intensity post-training we are going to create the energy to exercise at that intensity using more fat in place of the glycogen (still using both though)

Which of the following athletes is credited with the highest recorded VO2max?

male Norwegian cross country skiier

Which fiber type demonstrates the greatest hypertrophy in response to sprint training (i.e. repeated 15-30 sec sprints)?

type IIa

Which of the following explain the adaptations seen in VO2 after a period of regular aerobic training? (Indicate all correct)

unchanged resting VO2, unchanged submaximal VO2, increased maximal VO2

VO2: Submaximal: Ways to identify improvements in submaximal aerobic capacity (VO2submax)

when there a decrease in VO2 and improvement in movement economy

Pulmonary ventilation: Submaximal

Slightly reduced (30%)

a-v O2 difference: Explanation

angiogenesis; enhanced blood flow to all tissues in body, and more mitochondria

a-v O2 difference: Maximal

increase

VO2: Resting

1 MET = (3.5ml/kg/min) (not changed)

HR: Resting: How much might it come down in initial weeks of training?

1 bpm/week

Stroke Volume: Explanation:

1. Increase in plasma volume, 2. Decrease in resting HR, decrease in submax HR response (heart more time to fill up with blood) to achieve greater pre-load, LVID, Mean wall thickness, decrease systemic peripheral (lower afterload)

Blood: Volume:

5L (pretraining); 5.7L (posttraining)

HR: Maximal: Adaptations.

Adaptations: No change in max heart rate with increased aerobic exercise

Mitochondrial adaptations: What are the roles of PGC1 alpha in adaptations of exercise training?

Aerobic and anaerobic acute and chronic activate pGC1alpha

Cardiac Output: Maximal:

CHANGED. Since HR does not increase in training, increase in max SV.

HR: Recovery: How is this useful in fitness testing?

Clear differences in pre and post training in HR recovery. HR recovery period is shortened in trained individuals

Blood pressure: Sub-maximal aerobic:

Easier on the heart. Increased BP.

Muscle fiber transitions (i.e. it's opposite day).

Exercise training does not change innervation: just takes on other characteristics Improvements in bioenergetic abilities Increased myoglobin (75% increase). T1: a lot of myoglobin T2: Less myoglobin —> oxygen deficit trained peeps have more myoglobin and have less O2 deficit

After a period of regular aerobic training, RER at a fixed submaximal workload will be increased.

False

After a period of regular aerobic training, the pulmonary ventilation response to a fixed submaximal intensity of aerobic exercise is increased.

False

After a period of regular aerobic training, the systolic blood pressure response to both submaximal and maximal aerobic exercise is reduced.

False

Regular aerobic training increases oxygen consumption at rest.

False

Regular resistance training promotes increases in both internal diameter and mass of the left ventricle.

False

Type I, IIa, and IIx hypertrophy in response to aerobic training.

False

Blood Vessels: Function:

Gas exchange (bioenergetic processes). Support aerobic metabolism. Improved recruitment of existing capillaries, Improved distribution of blood flow, Increased total blood volume.

_____ describes an increased contribution of fat for energy production during endurance activity.

Glycogen sparing

Which of the following represent VO2 as defined by the Fick equation?

HR * SV * a-v O2 difference

Blood Vessels: Structure:

Hemoglobin, oxygen molecule.

HR: Submaximal: If using submaximal heart rate to demonstrate progress, will changes be evident at lower or higher intensities?

Higher intensities

Blood pressure: Resting: Hypertensive:

Hypertensive- High BP at rest.

Pulmonary Diffusion: Maximal

Increase

HR: Resting: What is responsible for reduction?

Increase in plasma volume, increase in vagal tone

Pulmonary ventilation: Maximal

Increased

Pulmonary Diffusion: Resting

No change

Pulmonary Diffusion: Submaximal

No change

Pulmonary ventilation: Resting

No change

Blood pressure: Resting: Normohypotensive

Normotensive- normal BP. No changes in resting BP

Which of the following promotes several mitochondrial adaptations to exercise?

PGC1-alpha

Pulmonary ventilation: Explanation

Respiratory depth increases and respiratory frequency increases

Stroke Volume: Maximal:

SV increased

Stroke Volume: Submaximal:

SV increased

Stroke Volume: Resting:

SV increased. Evidence of plateau

Type I, IIa, and IIx fibers hypertrophy in response to repeated bouts of high intensity interval training.

True

Which of the following contribute to the adaptation seen in maximal VO2 with regular aerobic training? (Indicate all correct)

angiogenesis stroke volume a-v O2 difference mitochondrial biogenesis

Hematocrit: Adaptation:

decrease in hematocrit (solid elements: Liquid elements) GOOD THING. Hematocrits reduced due to increased plasma volume.

Hematocrit: Effect

decrease viscosity which is GOOD proteins. Reduces viscosity of blood aids perfusion of muscles w/ blood

Aerobic training results in which of the following structural adaptations of the heart? (Indicate all correct)

increased left ventricular thickness, increased left ventricular internal diameter

Which of the following explain the adaptation seen in maximal cardiac output with regular aerobic training?

increased maximal stroke volume

Which of the following mitochondrial adaptations occur with exercise training? (Indicate all correct)

increased mitophagy increased number increased size increased resistance to stress

Which of the following describe changes in blood with regular aerobic training?

increased plasma, increased erythrocytes, decreased hematocrit

Pulmonary Diffusion: Explanation

increased pulmonary blood flow and increase pulmonary ventilation

Which of the following accurately describe adaptations in stroke volume after a period of regular aerobic training?

increased resting SV, increased submaximal SV, increased maximal SV

Which of the following explain the adaptation seen in maximal pulmonary ventilation with regular aerobic training? (Indicate all correct)

increased tidal volume increased respiratory frequency

Which of the following explain the adaptation seen in resting heart rate after a period of regular aerobic training? (Indicate all correct)

increased vagal tone decreased intrinsic heart rate

Which of the following explain aerobic training-induced structural adaptations in the heart? (Indicate all correct)

increased ventricular filling time increased plasma volume

VO2: Maximal

increases Average Improvement in healthy, untrained: (15-20%) in training periods of 2-12 months)) Sex differences dependent on conditioning status (previously untrained peoples) Highest: M: Norwegian: 94; F: Russian 80. College: M: 45; F 40

_____ increases with regular aerobic training and is one explanation for the lower oxygen deficit seen in trained individuals in the rest-to-exercise transition.

myoglobin

a-v O2 difference: Resting

no change

Cardiac Output: Submaximal:

not changed

Cardiac Output: Resting:

not changed. Avg output 5L/min, same in trained and untrained individuals but they achieve different way.

Heart structure explanation to resistance training

pressure loading effect (i.e., repeatedly overcoming increased TPR).TPR is increased and muscle generating more force and muscle contractions literally squish capillaries

Which of the following explain resistance training-induced structural adaptations in the heart?

repeatedly overcoming increased afterload