c321 Module 1 Topic 1 Presentations Topic 2 Interviews

Principles for a Lifetime

************ Principle One (Aware): Be aware of your communication with yourself and others. Principle Two (Verbal): Effectively use and interpret verbal messages. Principle Three (Nonverbal): Effectively use and interpret nonverbal messages. Principle Four (Listen and Verbal): Listen and respond thoughtfully to others. Principle Five (Adapt): Appropriately adapt messages to others.

What are 5 ways that a speaker can organize main ideas? Under what circumstances is each organizational strategy most appropriate?

************* 1. Topical (recency, primary, complexity): Arbitrary arrangement of topics or organization according to recency, primacy, or complexity. Logical divisions. Example: instruments in the orchestra 2. Chronological: Organization by time or sequence. Steps or a chronological sequence. Example: process, historical overview 3. Spatial: Organization according to location or position. Local divisions. Example: offer someone directions. 4. Cause and effect: Organization by discussing a situation and its causes (effect-cause) or a situation and its effects (cause-effect). Reasons (effect-cause) Logical divisions (cause- effect). Example: Teen pregnancy 5. Problem and solution: Organization by discussing a problem and then various solutions. Logical divisions. Example: ending discrimination against overweight people-first establish that such discrimination exists and then talk about solutions. Logical divisions Determine your way to organize main ideas by returning to your specific purpose!

What are some strategies for organizing an informative presentation?

************** Objects: Present information about tangible things. Organizational patterns: Topical, spatial, chronological Procedures: Review how something works or describe a process. Organizational patterns: Chronological, topical, complexity People: Describe either a famous person or a personal acquaintance. Organizational patterns: Chronological, topical Events: Describe and actual event. Organizational patterns: Chronological, topical, complexity, spatial Ideas: Present abstract information or information about principles, concepts, theories, or issues. Organizational patterns: Topical, complexity

What are some strategies for developing effective introductions and conclusions in a speech? What should be present in each one in order to be effective?

************************** Introduction: Opening lines of a presentation, which must catch the audience's attention, introduce the topic, give the audience a reason to listen, establish the speaker's credibility, state the central idea, and preview the main ideas. -Catch audience's attention: open with illusion, ask a rhetorical question, relate a startling fact or statistic, quote an expert or a literary text, tell a humorous story, or refer to historical or recent events. -Introduce the topic. -Give the audience a reason to listen: show how your topic affects the audience and those they care about, rhetorical questions -Establish your credibility: increase credibility by telling audience about your experience if it pertains to topic -State the central idea -Preview your main ideas: can provide main ideas immediately after central idea Conclusion: closing lines of a presentation, which leave a final impression -Summarize the presentation. -Reemphasize the central idea in a memorable way: Word your thoughts so that your audience cannot help but remember them -Motivate the audience to respond: depends on your specific purpose -Provide closure: The sense that a presentation is finished. You can provide closure by referring back to your introduction and finishing a story, answering a rhetorical question, or reminding your audience of where you started. You can also achieve closure by using verbal and nonverbal signposts. For example, you might use such transitions as finally and in conclusion as you move into your conclusion. You might pause before you begin the conclusion, slow your speaking rate as you deliver your final sentence, or signal by falling vocal inflection that you are making your final statement.

What are the three types of audiences and how can a speaker adapt a message specifically to that audience?

*************************** Receptive audience: Identify with your audience, Emphasize common interests. Provide a clear objective; tell your listeners what you want them to do. Appropriately use emotional appeals. Neutral audience: Gain and maintain your audience's attention. Refer to beliefs and concerns that are important to listeners. Show how the topic affects people your listeners care about. Be realistic about what you can accomplish. Unreceptive audience: Don't tell listeners that you are going to try to convince them to support your position. Present your strongest arguments first. Acknowledge opposing points of view. Use appropriate gestures.

1. According to Dr. Billings, • what is the most sought-after skill set by employers today, • what skills are involved in this competency, and • why are these skills important? Hint: He mentions these skills when describing his experience on the debate team. Review & Connect

*Public Speaking -research, writing, organization *Core stone to success, oral communication most sought after skill for jobs. *

What are the three types of audiences and how can a speaker adapt a message specifically to that audience?

---The Receptive Audience (an audience who supports you and your message): -One suggestion to help you make the most of such a speaking opportunity is to identify with your audience. Emphasize your similarities and common interests. A good place to do so is often in the introduction of your message. -Another suggestion is to state your speaking objective overtly, telling your audience members exactly what you want them to do and asking them for an immediate show of support. -A third suggestion for persuading a receptive audience is to use emotional appeals. ---The Neutral Audience (not supportive or unsupportive of you and your topic in the beginning/ they don't see how the topic effects them): -Appeal to them early. "Hook" a neutral audience with an especially engaging introduction or attention step. -Appeal to common ground. Another strategy for persuading neutral audiences is to refer to universal beliefs or common concerns. - Appeal to their interests. Show how the topic affects not only them but also people they care about. -Limit your appeals. Be realistic about what you can accomplish. ---The Unreceptive Audience (do not agree with you or your topic): -First, don't immediately announce your persuasive purpose. Immediately and explicitly telling your unreceptive listeners that you plan to change their minds can make them defensive. Instead, focus on areas of agreement. -Second, if you think that your audience may be unreceptive, follow the principle of primacy and advance your strongest arguments first. -Third, acknowledge the opposing points of view that audience members may hold. Summarize the reasons they may oppose your point of view; then cite evidence and use arguments to refute the opposition and support your conclusion. *************************** Receptive audience: Identify with your audience, Emphasize common interests. Provide a clear objective; tell your listeners what you want them to do. Appropriately use emotional appeals. Neutral audience: Gain and maintain your audience's attention. Refer to beliefs and concerns that are important to listeners. Show how the topic affects people your listeners care about. Be realistic about what you can accomplish. Unreceptive audience: Don't tell listeners that you are going to try to convince them to support your position. Present your strongest arguments first. Acknowledge opposing points of view. Use appropriate gestures.

Why is it important to understand that elements of persuasion play a key role in job interviews? How can we translate audience adaptation to an interview context?

--persuasion interview- An interview that attempts to change or reinforce attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior, such as a sales interview.- During a persuasion interview, one person seeks to change or reinforce the attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior of another person. The sales interview is a classic example of an interview in which the goal is to persuade. A political campaign interview is another example of a persuasion interview.

What are the different types of supporting materials that a speaker can use during a presentation and what are some strategies for using each supporting material?

-Analogies: (literal or figurative) demonstrates how unfamiliar ideas, things, and situations are similar to something the audience already understands. Be certain that the two things you compare in a literal analogy are very similar. Make the similarity between the two things compared in a figurative analogy apparent to the audience. -Statistics: or numerical data, can represent hundreds or thousands of illustrations, helping a speaker express the significance or magnitude of a situation. Statistics can also help a speaker express the relationship of a part to the whole. Exploding: Adding or multiplying related numbers to enhance their significance. Round off large numbers. Use visual aids to present your statistics. Cite the sources of your statistics -Opinions: can add authority, drama, and style to a presentation (Expert testimony: The opinion of someone who is an acknowledged expert in the field under discussion. Lay testimony:The opinion of someone who experienced an event or situation firsthand. Literary quotation: A citation from a work of fiction or nonfiction, a poem, or another speech.) Be certain that any authority you cite is actually an expert on the subject you are discussing. Identify your sources. Cite unbiased authorities. Cite opinions that are representative of prevailing opinion. If you cite a dissenting viewpoint, identify it as such. Quote or paraphrase your sources accurately and note the context in which the remarks were originally made. Use literary quotations sparingly.

What are some strategies for making your informative presentation memorable?

-Build in redundancy. -Use adult learning principles. -Reinforce key ideas verbally. -Reinforce key ideas nonverbally. ******** -Built in redundancy: Tell them what you're going to tell them in introduction, Tell them in your body, and Tell them what you've told them in your conclusion -Use adult learning principles: preferences of adult learners for what and how they learn. These include: Relevant information that they can use immediately, Active involvement in the learning process, Connections between the new information and their life experiences -Reinforce key ideas verbally: You can reinforce an idea by using a phrase such as "This is the most important point" or "Be sure to remember this next point; it's the most compelling one." -Reinforce key ideas nonverbally: gestures, well placed pauses, and voice changes as well as movements

What are some strategies outlined in the text for effective nonverbal delivery?

-Eye contact: Establish eye contact with your audience before you say anything. Eye contact sends listeners a message to tune in as you start your talk. Maintain eye contact with your audience as you deliver your opening sentence without looking at your notes. Try to establish eye contact with people throughout your audience, not just with the front row or only one or two people. Briefly look in to the eyes of an individual, and then transfer your eye contact to someone else. Do not look over your listeners' heads! They will notice if you do so and may even turn around to try to find out what you are looking at. -Physical delivery: Include gestures, movements and posture GESTURES: Focus on the message you want to communicate. , when you speak in public, your hands should help emphasize or reinforce your verbal message. Your gestures should coincide with what you are saying. • Again, as in conversation, let your gestures flow with your message. They should appear natural, not tense or rigid. • Be definite. If you want to gesture, go ahead and gesture. Avoid minor hand movements that will be masked by the lectern or that may appear to your audience as accidental brief jerks. • Vary your gestures. Try not to use the same hand or one all-purpose gesture all the time. Think of the different gestures you can use, depending on whether you want to enumerate, point, describe, or emphasize ideas. • Don't overdo your gestures. You want your audience to focus not on your gestures, but on your message. • Make your gestures appropriate to your audience and situation. When speaking to a large audience in a relatively formal setting, use bolder, more sweeping, and more dramatic gestures than when speaking to a small audience in an informal setting. Also consider the culture-based expectations of your audience. Americans in general tend to use more gestures than do speakers from other cultures. If you are speaking to a culturally diverse audience, you may want to tone down your gestures.

Four basic methods of delivery

-Impromptu Speaking: Delivering a presentation without advance preparation. Consider your audience. A quick mental check of who your audience members are and their interests, expectations, and knowledge can help ensure that your impromptu remarks are centered on them. Be brief. One to three minutes is probably a realistic time frame for most impromptu presentations. As one leadership consultant points out, "You're merely expected to hit a theme, say a few nice words, and then depart."6 Organize. Think quickly about an introduction, body, and conclusion. If you want to make more than one point, use a simple organizational strategy such as chronological order—past, present, and future. Or construct an alphabetical list in which your main ideas begin with the letters A, B, and C.7 Draw on your personal experience and knowledge. Audiences almost always respond favorably to personal illustrations, so use any appropriate and relevant ones. Use gestures and movement that arise naturally from what you are saying. Be aware of the potential impact of your communication. If your subject is at all sensitive or your information is classified, be noncommittal in what you say. -Extemporaneous speaking: Delivering a well-developed, well-organized, carefully rehearsed presentation without having memorized exact wording. Use a full-content preparation outline when you begin to rehearse your extemporaneous presentation. Be aware of your growing confidence in delivering it, and continue to decrease your reliance on your notes. Prepare speaking notes. Using this new outline, continue to rehearse. Even as you become increasingly familiar with your message, do not try to memorize it word for word. Continue to vary the ways in which you express your ideas and information. As you deliver your presentation, adapt it to your audience. Use gestures and movement that arise naturally from what you are saying.

What does it mean to be an audience-centered presentational speaker? How does the audience-centered model influence all aspects of the presentational speaking process?

-It means to be someone who considers and adapts to the audience at every stage of the presentational speaking process. Someone who considers and adapts to the audience at every stage of the presentational speaking process. While guarding against generalizations that might be offensive, they acknowledge that cultural, ethnic, and other traditions affect the way people process messages. They apply the fundamental principle of appropriately adapting their messages to others. How? They might choose to use pictures to help them communicate. They might select topics and use illustrations with universal themes such as family and friendship. They might adjust the formality of their delivery and even their dress to whatever is expected by the majority of the audience members.

What are some strategies outlined in the text that might help a speaker manage anxiety and build confidence?

-Know how to develop a presentation -Be prepared -Focus on your audience -Focus on your message -Give yourself a mental pep talk -Use deep-breathing techniques -Take advantage of opportunities to speak -Seek professional help ******************* -Understand speaker anxiety. -Know how to develop a presentation. -Be prepared: Research thoroughly and practice standing up and speaking out loud. -Focus on your audience: The fundamental communication guideline of being centered on your audience is key to reducing speaker anxiety. As you rehearse your presentation, visualize your audience members and imagine how they may respond; practice adapting your presentation to the responses you imagine. The more you know about your listeners and how they are likely to respond to your message, the more comfortable you will feel about delivering that message. And as you finally deliver your presentation, focus on connecting to your audience. Focusing on audience will distract from own nervousness. -Focus on your message: will also help distract from own nervousness. -Give yourself a mental pep talk: think positively. -Use deep breathing techniques. -Take advantages of opportunities to speak: Habituation. Past success builds confidence. -Seek professional help. -Systematic desensitization -Performance visualization

What are some strategies for making your informative presentation interesting?

-Relate to your listeners' interests. -Use attention-catching supporting material. -Establish a motive for your audience to listen to you. -Use word pictures. -Create interesting presentation aids. -Use humor. ******** -Relate to your listeners interests: affect them directly, it may add to their knowledge, it may satisfy their curiosity, or it may entertain them -Use attention getting supporting material: Before providing detailed supporting material, first give listeners the "big picture," conveying the gist of the object, process, person, event, or idea. Research suggests that you can increase audience interest if you first provide a simple overview with an analogy, model, picture, or vivid description.4 • As you discuss the object, process, person, event, or idea, keep in mind the who, what, when, where, and why questions -Establish a motive for your audience to listen to you: Ask them a question, begin your presentation with an anecdote, a startling statistic, or some other attention-getting strategy, or tell your listeners explicitly how the information you present will be of value to them. -Use work pictures: vivid description that helps your listeners form a mental image by appealing to one or more of their senses of sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste. -Create interesting presentation aids -Use humor (is it appropriate and does it make a point?). Make yourself the butt of the joke. use humorous quotations (don't forget to site source!). Use cartoons.

What are some strategies for making an informative presentation clear?

-Simplify ideas. -Pace the information flow. -Relate new information to old (things the audience already knows). **************** -Simplify ideas (think of having to use an interpreter) -Pace your information flow -Relate new information to old (use analogies)

What are three questions that a speaker should consider when selecting a topic for a presentation? How might each of these influence a choice of topic for a public speaking occasion?

-Who are the members of your audience? -What interests and needs do they have in common? -Why did they ask you to speak? ***** 1. Who is the audience? - Who are the members of your audience? What interests and needs do they have in common? Why did they ask you to speak? 2. What is the occasion? 3. What are my interests and experiences? - Exploring your own interests, attitudes, and experiences may suggest topics about which you know a great deal and feel passionately, resulting in a presentation you can deliver with energy and genuine enthusiasm. Also conducting silent brainstorming, scanning web dictionaries and web pages, listening and reading for topic ideas.

What are the different types of supporting materials that a speaker can use during a presentation and what are some strategies for using each supporting material?

-You: Take advantage of your own expertise. -The Internet: Use vertical search engines, conduct Boolean searches, and apply evaluation criteria to choose the best information. -Online databases: For access to abstracts and full texts for a variety of resources, explore the databases to which your library subscribes. -Libraries: Get to know your librarian for help mining traditional library resources ************ -Illustration: A story or anecdote that provides an example of an idea, issue, or problem the speaker is discussing. Hypothetical illustration: An example or story that has not actually occurred. Be sure that your illustrations are directly relevant to the idea or point they are supposed to support. Choose illustrations that are typical, not exceptions. Make your illustrations vivid and specific. Use illustrations with which your listeners can identify. Remember that the most effective illustrations are often personal ones. -Description: A word picture, provides detailed images that allow an audience to see, hear, smell, touch, or taste whatever you are describing. -Explanation: how something works or why a situation exists can help an audience understand conditions, events, or processes. Avoid too many descriptions and explanations. Keep your descriptions and explanations brief. Describe and explain in specific and concrete language. -Definitions: either classification or operational definition Use definitions only when necessary. Be certain that your definitions are understandable. Be sure that any definition you provide accurately reflects your use of the word or phrase throughout the presentation.

What are 5 ways that a speaker can organize main ideas? Under what circumstances is each organizational strategy most appropriate?

1) Topical organization: Organization determined by the speaker's discretion or by recency, primacy, or complexity. Logical divisions Recency: Arrangement of ideas from least important to most important or from weakest to strongest. Primacy: Arrangement of ideas from most important to least important or from strongest to weakest. Complexity: Arranging ideas from simple to more complex. 2) Chronological organization: Organization by time or sequence. Steps or a chronological sequence 3) Spatial organization: Organization according to location, position, or direction. Logical divisions 4) Cause-and-Effect organization: Organization by discussing a situation and its causes, or a situation and its effects. Reasons (effect-cause) Logical divisions (cause- effect) 5) Problem-Solution organization: Organization by discussing first a problem and then various solutions. "Soft" to "hard" evidence: From hypothetical illustrations and opinions to facts and statistics

Principles for a Lifetime

1. Be aware of your communication with yourself and others. • Take inventory of your skills and abilities to help you determine the job opportunities and careers that are best for you. • Use your analysis of your talents to help you develop your resumé. • During an interview, monitor your messages to ensure that you are communicating clearly and effectively. 2. Effectively use and interpret verbal messages. • Speak clearly and respond to each question you are asked during an interview. • Use action-oriented words on your resumé and during an interview to describe your accomplishments. • Organize your resumé to include key elements of your education, experience, and special qualifications. • When conducting an employment interview, don't ask illegal or unethical questions. 3. Effectively use and interpret nonverbal messages. • Pay special attention to your appearance when you interview for a job; dress conservatively and appear neat and well groomed. • Speak with confidence, use appropriate eye contact, and communicate interest and enthusiasm during the interview. • When you interview someone, monitor your interviewee's nonverbal messages for clues about the individual's personality and ability to work with people. • As an interviewer, observe, evaluate, and then appropriately adapt to the communication behavior of the interviewee. 4. Listen and respond thoughtfully to others. • When you are interviewed for a job, be sure to stop, look, and listen to the questions and comments of the interviewer. • Listen for both the details of the message and the major points or key ideas. • When interviewing others, consider listening among your most important tasks. 5. Appropriately adapt messages to others. • Learn as much as you can about any prospective employer so that you can describe how your abilities best fit with the needs of the organization to which you are applying. • Appropriately adapt your communication behavior during an interview, whether you are the interviewer or the interviewee, based on what you learn and observe during the interview.

Selecting the right presentational aid:

1. Be constantly aware of your specific purpose. Be certain that your presentation aid contributes to it. 2. Adapt to your listeners. Let their interests, experiences, and knowledge guide your selection of presentation aids. For example, an audience of accountants would readily understand arbitrage charts that might be incomprehensible to a more general audience. If you will be speaking to a large audience, be certain that everyone will be able to see or hear your presentation aid. 3. Consider your own skill and experience. Use equipment with which you have had experience, or allow yourself ample time to practice. 4. Take into account the room in which you will speak. If it has large windows and no shades, for example, do not plan to use a visual presentation aid that will require a darkened room. If you plan to use PowerPoint slides, be sure that both hardware and software are available and in good working order.

What are some strategies for organizing an informative presentation?

1. PRESENTATION TYPE: Objects DESCRIPTION: Present information about tangible things TYPICAL ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS: Topical, Spatial, Chronological SAMPLE TOPICS: The Rosetta Stone, MP3 players, International space station, The U.S. Capitol 2. PRESENTATION TYPE: Procedures DESCRIPTION: Review how something works or describe a process TYPICAL ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS: Chronological, Topical, Complexity SAMPLE TOPICS: How to ...Clone an animal, Operate a nuclear power plant, Use a computer, Trap lobsters 3. PRESENTATION TYPE: People DESCRIPTION: Describe either a famous person or a personal acquaintance TYPICAL ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS: Chronological, Topical SAMPLE TOPICS: Rosa Parks, Nelson Mandela, Indira Gandhi, Your grandmother, Your favorite teacher 4.PRESENTATION TYPE: Events DESCRIPTION: Describe an actual event TYPICAL ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS: Chronological, Topical, Complexity, Spatial SAMPLE TOPICS: Chinese New Year, Inauguration Day, Cinco de Mayo 5. PRESENTATION TYPE: Ideas DESCRIPTION: Present abstract information or information about principles, concepts, theories, or issues TYPICAL ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS: Topical, Complexity SAMPLE TOPICS: Communism, Economic theory, Tao Te Ching

What are some criteria for evaluating the credibility of Internet resources? Why is it important to evaluate sources for credibility?

ACCOUNTABILITY: Who is responsible for the website? ACCURACY: Is the information correct? OBJECTIVITY: Is the website free of bias? DATE: Is the site current? USABILITY: Do the layout and design of the website facilitate its use? DIVERSITY: Is the site inclusive? If you do not evaluate these sources, your information may be invalid. ******** -accountability: who is responsible for the website? -accuracy: is the informations correct? -objectivity: is the website free of bias? -date: is the site current? -usability: do the layout and design of the website facilitate its use? -diversity: is the site inclusive?

What is the difference between an attitude, value, and behavior and how do these function as persuasive purposes?

ATTITUDE: A learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to something; a like or dislike. VALUE: An enduring conception of right or wrong, or good or bad. BELIEF: A sense of what is true or false. ************** These are all concepts of a person's self concept. ATTITUDE: is a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to something. In other words, attitudes represent likes and dislikes BELIEF: a sense of what is true or false (Proposition of fact: a claim that something is or is not the case or that something did or did not happen. Example: Asbestos exists in our elementary school.) VALUE: An enduring conception of right or wrong, or good or bad. (Proposition of value: a claim that calls for the listener to judge the worth or importance of something. Example: Using calculators for elementary math is a good idea.) (proposition of policy: a claim advocating a specific action to change a regulation, procedure, or behavior. The speaker who develops a proposition of policy is often likely to go one step beyond influencing an audience's attitudes, beliefs, and values and will urge them to take action. Example: Casino gambling should be legalized in all states.)

What are some adult learning principles and how might a speaker or an interviewee use these to relate the audience in public presentation contexts?

Adult Learning Principles: • Relevant information that they can use immediately • Active involvement in the learning process • Connections between the new information and their life experiences ******* These include: Relevant information that they can use immediately, Active involvement in the learning process, Connections between the new information and their life experiences

What are the different types of visual aids that can be selected for a presentation? What should a speaker consider when choosing a visual aid that is appropriate for the public speaking context?

Any tangible item used to help communicate ideas to an audience (listen to or look at). -Objects: Make certain that the object can be handled easily. If it is too large, it may be unwieldy; if it is too small, your audience won't be able to see it. Don't use dangerous or illegal objects as presentation aids. They may make your audience members uneasy or actually put them at risk. -Models -People: Rehearse with the person who will be helping you. Don't have the person stand beside you doing nothing. Wait until you need your presentation aid to have your assistant come to the front. Don't let your presentation aid steal the show. Make his or her role specific and fairly brief. As the speaker, you should remain the "person of the hour." -Drawing: Keep your drawings large and simple. Line drawings are often more effective than more detailed ones. • One way to show the audience your drawing is to scan it and then put it into a PowerPoint slide. • Your drawing does not have to be original artwork. You could ask a friend to help you prepare a drawing, or you could use computer software to generate a simple image. Just be sure to credit your source if you use someone else's sketch. -Photographs -Maps: Enlarge your map by transferring it to a PowerPoint slide. • Highlight on your map the areas or routes you are going to talk about in your presentation. -Charts: Be certain that your chart is big enough to be seen easily. • Keep your chart simple. Do not try to put too much information on one chart. Eliminate any unnecessary words. - Graphs: Keep your graphs simple and uncluttered. • Remember that many computer programs will generate graphs from statistics. You often don't need to find graphs already prepared or draw your own. -Audio and video: Be certain that the equipment you need will be available in the room in which you are going to speak. Have the equipment set up and ready to go. • Be certain that the volume of any audio is amplified enough so that your audience can hear it without straining. • If you have an audience of twenty-five to thirty people, you can use a twenty-five-inch screen for video. For larger audiences, you will need several television monitors or projection technology. • Use only brief clips and excerpts. Audio and video should always supplement, rather than supplant, your speech. -PowerPoint: Don't use too many slides. Make certain that the slides you do use contain significant information in a simple, uncluttered style. • Don't overuse bulleted text. Some experts suggest no more than seven lines of text on any single slide. • Make informed decisions about fonts, color, and layout. A light background with darker-colored words in a simple 28-point-or-larger font usually works well. • Finally, practice with your PowerPoint slides so that you can time them to coincide with your oral presentation.

"Why Study Communication?" (pp. 4-6)

Communication is essential for life. It is important to learn about communication, because being a skilled communicator can help you: • Obtain a good job. • Enhance the quality of your relationships. • Improve your physical and emotional health.

What are ethos, logos, and pathos? How do each of these help a speaker to build an effective and credible persuasive argument?

ETHOS: The credibility or ethical character of a speaker. LOGOS: Logical arguments. PATHOS: Emotional appeals. Aristotle suggested three: (1) ethos, emphasizing the credibility or ethical character of a speaker; (2) logos, using logical arguments; and (3) pathos, using emotional appeals to move an audience. ************* ETHOS: the credibility or ethical character of a speaker. -establishing your credibility: an audience's perception of a speaker's competence, trustworthiness, and dynamism. 1. competence: An aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as informed, skilled, and knowledgeable. 2. trustworthiness: An aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as believable and honest. 3. Dynamism (charisma: talent, charm, and attractiveness): An aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as energetic. ENHANCE CREDIBILITY: 1. Before you speak: Initial credibility: The impression of a speaker's credibility that listeners have before the speaker begins to speak. 2. As you speak: derived credibility: The impression of a speaker's credibility based on what the speaker says and does during the presentation. 3. After you speak: Terminal credibility: The final impression listeners have of a speaker's credibility, after the presentation has been concluded.

Standard Outline Format:

I. First main idea A. First subdivision of I B. Second subdivision of I 1. First subdivision of B 2. Second subdivision of B (a) First subdivision of 2 (b) Second subdivision of 2 II. Second main idea And so on............................

What are some strategies for developing effective introductions and conclusions in a speech? What should be present in each one in order to be effective?

Introductions: One commonly used and quite effective way is to open with an illustration. Other strategies are to ask a rhetorical question, relate a startling fact or statistic, quote an expert or a literary text, tell a humorous story, or refer to historical or recent events. Other speakers might get their audience's attention by referring to a personal experience, the occasion, or something said by a preceding speaker. With your INTRODUCTION you should.... -Introduce the topic (listeners should know what the topic is within the first few seconds of your speech). -Give the audience a reason to listen (grab their interest/show them that your topic affects them and/or those they care about). -Establish your credibility (A credible speaker is one whom the audience judges to be believable, competent, and trustworthy. You can talk about your expertise on a subject to demonstrate this). -State your central idea (Your central idea usually appears at or near the end of your introduction). -Preview your main ideas (Example: "So in today's speech we will uncover the problems associated with the denial of benefits to discharged veterans suffering from Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Next we will investigate the causes of these problems before finally understanding what can be done to solve this flaw in the policies of the VA.") Conclusions: Are closing lines of a presentation, which should leave a final impression on the audience. With your CONCLUSION you should.... -Summarize the Presentation (The conclusion offers a speaker a last chance to repeat his or her main ideas). -Reemphasize the Central Idea in a Memorable Way (Use your final verbal message effectively. Word your thoughts so that your audience cannot help but remember them). -Motivate the Audience to Respond (What do you want your audience to be able to do by the end of your presentation? If your purpose is to inform, you may want your audience to think about your topic or seek more information about it. If your purpose is to persuade, you may want your audience to take some sort of action, such as write a letter, make a phone call, or volunteer for a cause. Your conclusion is where you can motivate your audience to respond). -Provide Closure (Your audience should be able to tell that your speech is over).

What are some strategies outlined in the text for effective nonverbal delivery?

MOVEMENTS: Like gestures, any movement should be purposeful. It should be consistent with the verbal content of your message; otherwise, it will appear to be aimless wandering. You might signal the beginning of a new idea or major point in your speech with movement, or you might move to signal a transition from a serious idea to a more humorous one. The bottom line is that your use of movement should make sense to your listeners. No movement at all is better than random, distracting movement. • If a physical barrier such as a lectern, a row of chairs, or an overhead projector makes you feel cut off from your listeners, move closer to the audience. Studies suggest that physical proximity enhances learning.22 • Adapt to the cultural expectations of your audience. British listeners, for example, have commented to us that American lecturers tend to stand too close to an audience when speaking. If you think that movement will make your audience uncomfortable, stay in one carefully chosen spot to deliver your presentation. POSTURE: Avoid slouching, shifting from one foot to the other, or drooping your head. • Unless you have a disability, do not sit while delivering a presentation. An exception might be perching on or leaning against the edge of a desk or stool (which would still elevate you slightly above your audience) during a very informal presentation. -Facial expression: plays a key role in expressing your thoughts, emotions, and attitudes -Vocal delivery: involves nonverbal vocal cues—not the words you say, but the way you say them. Include volume, pitch, rate, and articulation VOLUME: The softness or loudness of your voice. (3 types of microphones: Lavaliere: clip on, Boom, Stationary) PITCH: Refers to how high or low your voice it (inflection) RATE: How fast or slowly a speaker speaks ARTICULATION: Enunciation of sounds. The production of clear and distinct speech sounds. (Dialect: A consistent style of pronunciation and articulation that is common to an ethnic group or geographic region) -Personal appearance: Dress and grooming Never wear anything that is potentially distracting, such as a T-shirt with writing on it. You want your audience to listen to you, not read you. • Consider appropriate clothing as a presentation aid. For example, if you are a nurse or emergency technician, wear your uniform when you speak about your profession. (We'll discuss presentation aids in more detail shortly.) • Take cues from your audience. If you know that they will be dressed in business attire, dress similarly. If anything, you want to be a bit more dressed up than members of your audience. • When in doubt about what to wear, select something conservative.

Four basic methods of delivery

Manuscript speaking, memorized speaking, impromptu speaking, and extemporaneous speaking. -Manuscript speaking: reading a presentation from a written text. Type your manuscript in short, easy-to-scan phrases on the upper two-thirds of the paper so that you do not have to look too far down the page. f possible, practice with your manuscript before you speak. If you're afraid that you'll lose your place in the manuscript, unobtrusively use your index finger to keep your place in the text. Use appropriate nonverbal messages. Try to take in an entire sentence at a time so that you can maintain eye contact with your audience throughout each sentence. Do not read the manuscript too quickly. Use a slash mark (/) or some other symbol to remind you to pause in strategic places. Vary the rhythm, inflection, and pace of your delivery so that the presentation does not sound as if it is being read. Use gestures and movement to add further nonverbal interest and emphasis to your message. -Memorized speaking: Delivering a presentation word for word from memory without using notes. Do not deliver your memorized speech too rapidly. Avoid patterns of vocal inflection that make the speech sound recited. Focus on what you are saying, and let your voice rise and fall to emphasize important words and phrases and to reflect the structures of your sentences. Consider recording your presentation beforehand and listening to it to ensure that your vocal delivery sounds like a conversation rather than a recitation. Use gestures and movement to add interest and emphasis to your message.

What is pathos? How do each of these help a speaker to build an effective and credible persuasive argument?

PATHOS: emotional appeals Use emotion-arousing words. Use concrete illustrations and descriptions to create emotional images. Use visual aids to evoke both positive and negative emotions. Be ethical and forthright. Avoid making false claims, misusing evidence or images, or relying exclusively on emotion.

SET 2 STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE STUDY QUESTIONS: ORGANIZING AND OUTLINING YOUR PRESENTATION

SET 2 STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE STUDY QUESTIONS: ORGANIZING AND OUTLINING YOUR PRESENTATION

STUDY QUESTIONS

STUDY QUESTIONS

STUDY QUESTIONS

STUDY QUESTONS

Set 3 STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE STUDY QUESTIONS: DELIVERING YOUR PRESENTATION

Set 3 STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE STUDY QUESTIONS: DELIVERING YOUR PRESENTATION

Set 4 STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE STUDY QUESTIONS: SPEAKING TO INFORM

Set 4 STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE STUDY QUESTIONS: SPEAKING TO INFORM

SET 5 STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE STUDY QUESTIONS: SPEAKING TO PERSUADE

Set 5 STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE STUDY QUESTIONS: SPEAKING TO PERSUADE

What are signposts and how does a speaker use these to help the audience listen to the argument in a presentation?

Signpost: A verbal or nonverbal organizational signal. You do so by adding previews, transitions, and summaries that allow you to move smoothly from one idea to the next throughout the presentation. *************** A verbal or nonverbal organizational signal. You do so by adding previews, transitions, and summaries that allow you to move smoothly from one idea to the next throughout the presentation. -Preview: a statement of what is to come Initial preview: First statement of the main ideas of a presentation, usually presented with or near the central idea. Internal preview: A preview within the speech that introduces ideas still to come. -Transition: A word, phrase, or nonverbal cue that indicates movement from one idea to the next or the relationship between ideas. Verbal transition: A word or phrase that indicates the relationship between two ideas. Nonverbal transition: A facial expression, vocal cue, or physical movement that indicates that a speaker is moving from one idea to the next. -Summaries: A recap of what has been said. Internal summary: A recap within the presentation of what has been said so far. Final summary: A recap of all the main points of a presentation, usually occurring just before or during the conclusion.

How does a speaker build credibility with a particular audience? What is the difference between initial, derived, and terminal credibility?

To build credibility with an audience a speaker uses competence (An aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as informed, skilled, and knowledgeable), trustworthiness (An aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as believable and honest), and dynamism (An aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as energetic). -Initial Credibility: The impression of a speaker's credibility that listeners have before the speaker begins to speak (often based on appearance and credentials). -Derived Credibility: The impression of a speaker's credibility based on what the speaker says and does during the presentation (specific strategies include establishing common ground with your listeners, supporting your arguments with evidence, and presenting a well-organized message). -Terminal credibility: The final impression listeners have of a speaker's credibility, after the presentation has been concluded ( prepare your conclusion and deliver it well, maintain eye contact through and even after your closing sentence, be prepared to answer questions after your presentation). **************** ENHANCE CREDIBILITY: 1. Before you speak: Initial credibility: The impression of a speaker's credibility that listeners have before the speaker begins to speak. 2. As you speak: derived credibility: The impression of a speaker's credibility based on what the speaker says and does during the presentation. 3. After you speak: Terminal credibility: The final impression listeners have of a speaker's credibility, after the presentation has been concluded

What are two criteria for evaluating the presentations? How might a speaker consider these in preparing for and delivering a speech?

Two criteria for evaluating the presentations.... • Effective: To be effective, a presentation should be understandable to listeners and should achieve the speaker's intended purpose. • Ethical: A good speaker is an ethical speaker—one who tells the truth, cites sources for nonoriginal words and ideas, and is sensitive and responsive to listeners. Even if a message can be understood clearly and achieves the speaker's purpose, if the speaker has used unethical means to achieve that purpose, the presentation is not successful. *********** Effective: To be effective, a presentation should be understandable to listeners and should achieve the speaker's intended purpose.35 Ethical: A good speaker is an ethical speaker—one who tells the truth, cites sources for nonoriginal words and ideas, and is sensitive and responsive to listeners. Even if a message can be understood clearly and achieves the speaker's purpose, if the speaker has used unethical means to achieve that purpose, the presentation is not successful.

What are some strategies outlined in the text for effective verbal delivery?

Use specific, concrete words to communicate clearly and specifically. Use unbiased words to avoid offending people of either gender or from any racial, cultural, or religious group. Use vivid words to add color and interest to your language. Use simple words to be understood readily. Use correct words to enhance your credibility. To make your message memorable, use ... -Figurative Language: Metaphor: Making an implied comparison Simile: Making a comparison using like or as Personification: Attributing human qualities to nonhuman things or ideas -Drama: Omission: Leaving nonessential words out of a phrase or sentence Inversion: Reversing the normal order of words in a phrase or sentence Suspension: Withholding the key words in a phrase or sentence until the end -Cadence: Parallelism: Using two or more clauses or sentences with the same grammatical structure Antithesis: Using a two-part parallel structure in which the second part contrasts in meaning with the first Repetition: Using a key word or phrase more than once Alliteration: Repeating a consonant sound ****************

What are some strategies outlined in the text for effective verbal delivery?

Using words well: -Specific, concrete words: A specific word refers to an individual member of a general class—for example, ammonite as opposed to the more general term fossil, or sodium as opposed to chemical. Specific words are often concrete words, appealing to one of the five senses and communicating an image clearly. -Unbiased words: A word that does not stereotype, discriminate against, or insult either gender or any racial, cultural, or religious group. -Vivid words: A colorful word -Simple words: A word known to most people who speak the language -Correct words: A word that means what the speaker intends and is grammatically correct in the phrase or sentence in which it appears. Can make or break your credibility -Also using memorable word structures such as: metaphors similes personification drama omission inversion suspension cadence parallelism antithesis repetition alliteration

What are some strategies outlined in the text concerning how to be interviewed for a job? What communication skills are highlighted in these strategies?

When you are seeking employment, start by becoming aware of your skills and abilities; then use your personal inventory to develop a well-written resumé. Focus on the needs of your prospective employer: Research the organization where you seek a job. During the interview, listen carefully to the questions asked by the interviewer and respond appropriately. After the interview, it may be appropriate to send a thank-you note to the interviewer.

What are some responsibilities of an interviewer?

When you interview others, don't let your own biases and prejudices interfere with your job of listening and responding to the interviewee. Although it's useful to have a list of questions, be prepared to adapt to the interviewee's behavior. The best interviews have a spontaneous flow rather than a rigid structure. Don't ask illegal questions during a job interview and handle sensitive questions with tact and diplomacy. Listening well is the hallmark of an effective interviewer. Develop a strategy to record the information you gather from the interview. Finally, the key to any interview is the quality of the questions asked. As the interviewer, it is your responsibility to ask clear, appropriate, and answerable questions.

Why is it important to remember that audience analysis is at the heart of the speech making process? How does this influence the development and delivery of a persuasive speech?

Your specific persuasive purpose is to target your audience's attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior. Attitudes are learned predispositions to respond favorably or unfavorably toward something. A belief is one's sense of what is true or false. Values are enduring conceptions of right or wrong or good or bad. Of the three, attitudes are most susceptible to change, and values are least likely to change. ********* Audience analysis is at the heart of the speech making process making it important to know what motivates an audience to respond to your persuasive appeal. -cognitive dissonance -Maslow's hierarchy of needs -Fear -positive appeals

set 1 STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE STUDY QUESTIONS: DEVELOPING YOUR PRESENTATION

set 1) STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE STUDY QUESTIONS: DEVELOPING YOUR PRESENTATION

How might a speaker adapt to a diverse audience?

• Adapt your supporting materials. Telling a good story to illustrate your ideas is an especially effective strategy to appeal to a wide range of audience preferences. Most audiences value a good story with a point or moral that is relevant to the point you want to make. • Adapt your visual support. You might want to use more visual aids to illustrate your talk. Pictures and images can communicate universal messages, especially emotional ones. • Adapt your speech organization. People from the predominant culture in North America usually prefer a structured presentation that follows an outlined pattern; they also prefer an introduction that previews the ideas you'll present and a conclusion that crisply summarizes the essential points you've made. A Russian or Eastern European audience would expect a less tightly structured presentation, however. When you're in doubt about listener preferences, we recommend being structured and organized. • Adapt your delivery style. One study found that members of some cultures prefer a more formal oratorical style of delivery than the conversational, extemporaneous style that is usually taught in American presentational speaking classes.36 For example, Japanese speakers addressing a predominantly Japanese audience begin a presentation by making respectful references to their audience. Be aware of who will be in your audience!

Once a central idea is established, how might a speaker generate main ideas in a speech?

• Consider the audience, the occasion, and your interests and experiences. • Practice silent brainstorming. • Scan web directories and web pages. • Listen and read for topic ideas. • Narrow your topic by generating increasingly specific categories and subcategories. ****** Write central idea at the top of the page and below, ask yourself: 1. Does the central idea have logical divisions? 2. Can I think of several reasons the central idea is true? 3. Can I support the central idea with a series of steps or a chronological sequence?

How does a speaker determine what sources should be acknowledged during a speech? What are the basic components of an oral citation?

• Direct quotations, even if they are only brief phrases • Opinions, assertions, or ideas of others, even if you paraphrase them rather than quote them verbatim • Statistics • Any non original visual materials, including graphs, tables, and pictures Oral Citation: The oral presentation of such information about a source as the author, title, and publication date. ******* • Direct quotations, even if they are only brief phrases • Opinions, assertions, or ideas of others, even if you paraphrase them rather than quote them verbatim • Statistics • Any non original visual materials, including graphs, tables, and pictures An oral citation is the oral presentation of such information about a source as the author, title, and publication date.

What are some strategies outlined in the text for effective nonverbal delivery?

• Eye contact should be established before you say anything and sustained as much as possible throughout your presentation. • Gestures should be relaxed, definite, varied, and appropriate to your audience and the speaking situation. • Movement should be purposeful and adapted to the audience's cultural expectations. • Posture should feel natural and be appropriate to your topic, your audience, and the occasion. • Facial expression should be alert, friendly, and appropriate to your message. • Volume should be loud enough that you can be easily heard and should be purposefully varied. • Pitch should be varied so that the inflection in your voice helps sustain your audience's interest. • Rate should be neither too fast nor too slow and can be varied to add interest and emphasize key ideas. • Articulation should be clear and distinct. • Appearance should conform to what the audience expects.

What are the different types of visual aids that can be selected for a presentation? What should a speaker consider when choosing a visual aid that is appropriate for the public speaking context?

• Use objects that you can handle easily and that are safe and legal. • Be sure that any models you use are large enough to be seen easily. • Rehearse with people who will serve as presentation aids, and don't let them steal the show. • Keep drawings simple and large. • Be sure that photographs are large enough to be seen easily. • Highlight on a map the geographic areas you will discuss. • Limit the amount of information you put on any single chart. • Keep graphs simple and uncluttered. • Use only brief audio and video clips, make sure they can be easily seen or heard, and have equipment ready to go before you speak. A speaker should consider the following when choosing a visual aid.... 1. Be constantly aware of your specific purpose. Be certain that your presentation aid contributes to it. 2. Adapt to your listeners. Let their interests, experiences, and knowledge guide your selection of presentation aids. For example, an audience of accountants would readily understand arbitrage charts that might be incomprehensible to a more general audience. If you will be speaking to a large audience, be certain that everyone will be able to see or hear your presentation aid. 3. Consider your own skill and experience. Use equipment with which you have had experience, or allow yourself ample time to practice. 4. Take into account the room in which you will speak. If it has large windows and no shades, for example, do not plan to use a visual presentation aid that will require a darkened room. If you plan to use PowerPoint slides, be sure that both hardware and software are available and in good working order. ********************