CA 1-8 Anatomy Midterm
Which color indicates either a local or general increase in melanin production by melanocytes ?
brown
blood vessels, heart, blood
cardiovascular system
Basic building blocks of all living organisms ?
cells
The space in the center of the osteon to allow blood flow into bone tissue ?
central canal
Prominent ridge
crest
Cells that you would find in the stratum granulosum ?
keratinocyte only
Cells that you would find in stratum spinosum ?
keratinocytes and langerhan cells
Cells that you would find in stratum lucidum ?
keratinocytes only
Cells that you would find in stratum basale ?
keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, stem cells
Organs that get rid of waste from blood ?
kidneys
Concentric sheets of bone in osteons ?
lamella
proteins present in basal lamina
laminin, collagen, glycoproteins and proteoglycans
Which of the following is ONLY found in lumbar vertebrae
largests centrum and smallest vertebral foramen
Organ that gets rid of toxins in blood ?
liver
What type of bone is a clavicle ?
long bone
Organs that help you breathe ?
lungs
thymus
lymphatic and endocrine
spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils
lymphatic system
develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris via phagocytosis
macrophages
abundant along blood bessels. They produce histamine, which dilates small blood bessels during inflammation and kills bacteria.
mast cells
Facial bones part of the orbit
maxilla, lacrimal, zygomatic, palatine
The space inside bone that houses bone marrow ?
medullary cavity
The widening portion of diaphysis where bone is added during growth
metaphysis
How many layers does stratified epithelial have ?
more than one cell layer
Organ system that lets you move ?
muscular system
skeletal muscles
muscular system
Organ system that controls muscle movement and your senses ?
nervous system
brain, nerves, spinal cord, eyes and ears
nervous system
white blood cells that migrate to sites of infection that destroy microbes by phagocytosis
neutrophils
What type of bone is the patella ?
sesamoid bone
What type of bones are the tarsals
short and ireggular
What type of bone are the carpals ?
short bones
functions in secretion and absorption ?
simple columnar epithelium
functions in diffusion and filtration ?
simple squamous epithelium
Organ system that gives your body structure ?
skeletal system
bones, joints and cartilages
skeletal system
Bone that protects your brain ?
skull
Organ that absorbs nutrients from food ?
small intestine
Sharp slender projection
spinous process
cuboidal cells are ?
square in shape
Organ that contains acid and breaks down food ?
stomach
functions in protection ?
stratified and transitional epithelia
Also refered to as stratum germinativum ?
stratum basale
Composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
stratum basale
Contains scattered intermediate filaments also known as tonofilaments ?
stratum basale
Cells are continously shed and replaced by cells from the deeper strata ? (which epidermal layer)
stratum corneum
Cells are extremely thin, flat and are called corneocytes
stratum corneum
Consist on average of 25 - 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes?
stratum corneum
Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates increased cell production and keratin production in this lauyer that results in the formation of a callus ?
stratum corneum
Composed of 3-5 cell layers ?
stratum granulosum
Keratinocytes start to undergo apoptosis
stratum granulosum
Presence of darkly staining protein granules called keratohyalin
stratum granulosum
Presence of membrane-enclosed lamellar granules that release a lipid-rich secretion ?
stratum granulosum
Present in the thick skin of areas such as the fingertips, palms, and soles ?
stratum lucidum
consist of four to six layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin.
stratum lucidum
Arranged in 8-10 cell layers of keratinocytes
stratum spinosum
Live rounded cells with an abundance of tonofilaments that shrink when prepared for microscopic examination
stratum spinosum
Presence of melanocytes projections in every induvidual independent of skin color ?
stratum spinosum
appear to be covered with thornlike spikes
stratum spinosum
Groove along a bone surface that accomodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon
sulcus
Head of rib articulates with ?
superior and inferior costal facets of thoracic cavity
Groups of cells with similar function that work together ?
tissue
changes shape as the tissue stretches ?
transitional epithelium
Rib tubercle articulates with ?
transverse costal facets of thoracic vertebrae
Which of the following is found in ALL vertebrae ?
transverse process, articular facets, vertebral foramen
Rough projection
tuberosity
urinary bladder, kidney, ureter, urethra
urinary system
formation of skin patches
vitiligo
loss of melanocytes may be related to an immune system malfunction in which antibodies attack melanocytes?
vitiligo
Partial or complete loss of melanocytes
vitilligo
Organ that pumps blood ?
heart
two extracellular layers that from the basement membrane
- basal lamina - reticular lamina
High calcium levels physiological events
- calcitonin secreted by thyroid gland - stimulates deposition by osteoblasts - decreases uptake of calcium in kidneys - decreases calcium levels in the blood
Low calcium level physiological events
- parathyroid hormone is released by the parathyroid gland - stimulate resportion by osteoclasts - increases uptake of calcium by kidneys - increases calcium levels in the blood
Layers of THIN epidermis from superficial to deep ?
- stratum corneum - stratum granulosum - stratum spinosum - stratum basale
Layers of THICK epidermis from superficial to deep ?
- stratum corneum - stratum lucidum - stratum granulosum - stratum spinosum - stratum basale
Endochondral ossification events listed in order
1) Development of cartilage model: mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts, which form the cartilage model 2) Growth of cartilage model: growth occurs by cell divison of chrondrocytes 3) Development of primary ossification center: in diaphysis, bone tissue has replaced most of cartilage. 4) Development of the medullary cavity: bone breakdown by osteoclasts forms the medullary cavity 5) Development of secondary ossification centers: these occur in the epiphysis of the bone 6) Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate: both structures consist of hyaline cartilage
Intramembraneous ossification events listed in order
1) Organic extracellular matrix is secreted by osteoblasts 2) deposition of calcium and other mineral salts 3) calcification of extracellular matrix 4) extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae 5) formation of spongy bone 6) formation of periosteum from peripheral mesenchyme.
white blood cells that migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses
Eosinophils
develop from B lymphocytes. They secerte antibodies that attack and neutralize forgeing substances
Plasma cells
Type of bone with many spaces. Ligher, organized into trabeculae
Trabecular bone
store fats. They are found below the skin and around organs (heart, kindey).
adipocytes
Which of the bone features are found in the sacrum ?
ala, hiatus, articular facet, foramen, canal
Inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin ?
albanism
melanin is missing from their hair, eyes, and skin
albanism
normal amounts of melanocytes
albanism
vision problems
albanism
A blood vessel that pumps blood away from the heart ?
artery
ligaments
attach bone to bone
hemidesmosomes
attach the epithelial cells to the basement membrane
tendon
attaches muscle to bone
layer of the basement membrane closer to the epithelium
basal lamina
What color indicates an increased number of blood cells carrying insufficient oxygen content
blue
Same name as diaphysis ?
body or shaft
Lordosis
cervical and lumbar curvature
produces movement of materials ?
ciliated epithelium
System that moves blood and lymph around the body ?
circulatory system
strong, flexible bundles of protein collagen, the most abundant protein in your body
collagen fibers
Smooth, rounded articular surface at the end of a bone
condyle
cells that form the reticular lamina are present in this layer ?
connective tissue layer
gap junctions
connexins form tiny fluid filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells allowing passage of ions and small molecules.
tight junctions
consist of weblike strands of proteins that fuse adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between cells
adherens junctions
contain plaque that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of cytoskeleton
desmosomes
contain plaque that attaches to intermediate filaments
Type of bone tissue with few spaces. Harder/Denser. Has osteons
cortical bone
Which of the bone feature is ONLY found in thoraic vertebrae ?
costal facets
Which of the following is ONLY found in cervical vertebrae ?
dens, transverse foramen, smallest centrum, largest vertebral foramen
The elongated shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
pharynx
digestive AND respiratory
Organ system that breaks down food for cells to use ?
digestive system
esophagus, liver, gallbladder, salivary glands and stomach
digestive system
stretchable but strong fibers made of proteins, elastin, and fibrillin. They are found in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue.
elastic fibers
pancreas
endocrine and digestive
Organ system that regulates growth by producing hormones ?
endocrine system
hypothalamus, adrenal gland and thymus
endocrine system
The connective tissue layer covering the inside of bone (one cell thick)
endosteum
The area of bone where the epiphyseal plate used to be between the diaphysis and epiphysis. Was cartilasge in maturity its bone.
epiphyseal line
The ends of the long bone that have articulations with other bones
epiphysis
these cells secrete the basal lamina
epithelial
Cranial bones part of the orbit ?
ethmoid , sphenoid, frontal
Bones that form the nasal septum
ethmoid bone and vomer
Usually rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone
head
Smooth, flat articulating surface
facet
large flat cells that move through connective tissue and secrete fibers and ground substance
fibroblasts
these cells secrete collagen to form the reticular lamina ?
fibroblasts
Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass
fissure
What type of bone is the ox coxa ?
flat and irregular
What type of bone are ribs ?
flat bones
squamous cells are ?
flat cells
Rounded opening though which bloods vessels, nerves or ligaments pass
foramen
Shallow depression
fossa
cell juction that holds the epithelial cells to the basement membrane ?
hemidesmosomes
Organ system that keeps you healthy from disease ?
immune system
skin, nails, hair, sweat and oil glands
integumentary system
What type of bone is a vertebrae ?
irregular bone
Cells that you would find in stratum corneum ?
just keratinocytes
How many layers does simple epithelial have ?
one cell layer
What color indicates the presence of carotene, which can result from eating alot of carrots ?
orange
A group of organs working together is a organ: ______ ?
organ system
Cell that deposits/builds bone
osteoblast
Which cells transform into osteocytes ?
osteoblasts
Cell functions in bone resportion ?
osteoclasts
Cell that degrades bone ?
osteoclasts
Cell that maintains living bone tissue ?
osteocyte
Mature bone cell is known as ?
osteocyte
Functional unit of compact bone ?
osteon
Bone stem cells are called ?
osteoprogenitor cells
Which cell becomes osteoblasts ?
osteoprogenitor cells
The connective tissue covering/protecting the outside of the bone
periosteum
What type of bone is the ethmoid bone ?
pneumatized bone
Columnar cells are ?
rectangular in shape
Which color is a result of blood vessels in the dermis and a function of the thickness of the epidermis ?
red
gonads
reproductive AND endocrine
uterus, prostate, ductus deferenses, vagina
reproductive system
Organ system that captures oxygen from the atmosphere ?
respiratory system
larynx, lung, trachea
respiratory system
are made of collagen and glycoproteins. They providce support in blood vessel walls and form branching networks around various cells (fat, smooth muscle, nerve).
reticular fibers
layer of the basement membrane closer to the connective tissue
reticular lamina
Bones that protect the heart and lungs ?
ribcage
transitional cells are ?
rounded balloon shaped cells that can change shape when full/empty.
Kyphosis
thoracic and sacral curvature