CA 1-8 Anatomy Midterm

Which color indicates either a local or general increase in melanin production by melanocytes ?

brown

blood vessels, heart, blood

cardiovascular system

Basic building blocks of all living organisms ?

cells

The space in the center of the osteon to allow blood flow into bone tissue ?

central canal

Prominent ridge

crest

Cells that you would find in the stratum granulosum ?

keratinocyte only

Cells that you would find in stratum spinosum ?

keratinocytes and langerhan cells

Cells that you would find in stratum lucidum ?

keratinocytes only

Cells that you would find in stratum basale ?

keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, stem cells

Organs that get rid of waste from blood ?

kidneys

Concentric sheets of bone in osteons ?

lamella

proteins present in basal lamina

laminin, collagen, glycoproteins and proteoglycans

Which of the following is ONLY found in lumbar vertebrae

largests centrum and smallest vertebral foramen

Organ that gets rid of toxins in blood ?

liver

What type of bone is a clavicle ?

long bone

Organs that help you breathe ?

lungs

thymus

lymphatic and endocrine

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils

lymphatic system

develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris via phagocytosis

macrophages

abundant along blood bessels. They produce histamine, which dilates small blood bessels during inflammation and kills bacteria.

mast cells

Facial bones part of the orbit

maxilla, lacrimal, zygomatic, palatine

The space inside bone that houses bone marrow ?

medullary cavity

The widening portion of diaphysis where bone is added during growth

metaphysis

How many layers does stratified epithelial have ?

more than one cell layer

Organ system that lets you move ?

muscular system

skeletal muscles

muscular system

Organ system that controls muscle movement and your senses ?

nervous system

brain, nerves, spinal cord, eyes and ears

nervous system

white blood cells that migrate to sites of infection that destroy microbes by phagocytosis

neutrophils

What type of bone is the patella ?

sesamoid bone

What type of bones are the tarsals

short and ireggular

What type of bone are the carpals ?

short bones

functions in secretion and absorption ?

simple columnar epithelium

functions in diffusion and filtration ?

simple squamous epithelium

Organ system that gives your body structure ?

skeletal system

bones, joints and cartilages

skeletal system

Bone that protects your brain ?

skull

Organ that absorbs nutrients from food ?

small intestine

Sharp slender projection

spinous process

cuboidal cells are ?

square in shape

Organ that contains acid and breaks down food ?

stomach

functions in protection ?

stratified and transitional epithelia

Also refered to as stratum germinativum ?

stratum basale

Composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

stratum basale

Contains scattered intermediate filaments also known as tonofilaments ?

stratum basale

Cells are continously shed and replaced by cells from the deeper strata ? (which epidermal layer)

stratum corneum

Cells are extremely thin, flat and are called corneocytes

stratum corneum

Consist on average of 25 - 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes?

stratum corneum

Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates increased cell production and keratin production in this lauyer that results in the formation of a callus ?

stratum corneum

Composed of 3-5 cell layers ?

stratum granulosum

Keratinocytes start to undergo apoptosis

stratum granulosum

Presence of darkly staining protein granules called keratohyalin

stratum granulosum

Presence of membrane-enclosed lamellar granules that release a lipid-rich secretion ?

stratum granulosum

Present in the thick skin of areas such as the fingertips, palms, and soles ?

stratum lucidum

consist of four to six layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin.

stratum lucidum

Arranged in 8-10 cell layers of keratinocytes

stratum spinosum

Live rounded cells with an abundance of tonofilaments that shrink when prepared for microscopic examination

stratum spinosum

Presence of melanocytes projections in every induvidual independent of skin color ?

stratum spinosum

appear to be covered with thornlike spikes

stratum spinosum

Groove along a bone surface that accomodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon

sulcus

Head of rib articulates with ?

superior and inferior costal facets of thoracic cavity

Groups of cells with similar function that work together ?

tissue

changes shape as the tissue stretches ?

transitional epithelium

Rib tubercle articulates with ?

transverse costal facets of thoracic vertebrae

Which of the following is found in ALL vertebrae ?

transverse process, articular facets, vertebral foramen

Rough projection

tuberosity

urinary bladder, kidney, ureter, urethra

urinary system

formation of skin patches

vitiligo

loss of melanocytes may be related to an immune system malfunction in which antibodies attack melanocytes?

vitiligo

Partial or complete loss of melanocytes

vitilligo

Organ that pumps blood ?

heart

two extracellular layers that from the basement membrane

- basal lamina - reticular lamina

High calcium levels physiological events

- calcitonin secreted by thyroid gland - stimulates deposition by osteoblasts - decreases uptake of calcium in kidneys - decreases calcium levels in the blood

Low calcium level physiological events

- parathyroid hormone is released by the parathyroid gland - stimulate resportion by osteoclasts - increases uptake of calcium by kidneys - increases calcium levels in the blood

Layers of THIN epidermis from superficial to deep ?

- stratum corneum - stratum granulosum - stratum spinosum - stratum basale

Layers of THICK epidermis from superficial to deep ?

- stratum corneum - stratum lucidum - stratum granulosum - stratum spinosum - stratum basale

Endochondral ossification events listed in order

1) Development of cartilage model: mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts, which form the cartilage model 2) Growth of cartilage model: growth occurs by cell divison of chrondrocytes 3) Development of primary ossification center: in diaphysis, bone tissue has replaced most of cartilage. 4) Development of the medullary cavity: bone breakdown by osteoclasts forms the medullary cavity 5) Development of secondary ossification centers: these occur in the epiphysis of the bone 6) Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate: both structures consist of hyaline cartilage

Intramembraneous ossification events listed in order

1) Organic extracellular matrix is secreted by osteoblasts 2) deposition of calcium and other mineral salts 3) calcification of extracellular matrix 4) extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae 5) formation of spongy bone 6) formation of periosteum from peripheral mesenchyme.

white blood cells that migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses

Eosinophils

develop from B lymphocytes. They secerte antibodies that attack and neutralize forgeing substances

Plasma cells

Type of bone with many spaces. Ligher, organized into trabeculae

Trabecular bone

store fats. They are found below the skin and around organs (heart, kindey).

adipocytes

Which of the bone features are found in the sacrum ?

ala, hiatus, articular facet, foramen, canal

Inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin ?

albanism

melanin is missing from their hair, eyes, and skin

albanism

normal amounts of melanocytes

albanism

vision problems

albanism

A blood vessel that pumps blood away from the heart ?

artery

ligaments

attach bone to bone

hemidesmosomes

attach the epithelial cells to the basement membrane

tendon

attaches muscle to bone

layer of the basement membrane closer to the epithelium

basal lamina

What color indicates an increased number of blood cells carrying insufficient oxygen content

blue

Same name as diaphysis ?

body or shaft

Lordosis

cervical and lumbar curvature

produces movement of materials ?

ciliated epithelium

System that moves blood and lymph around the body ?

circulatory system

strong, flexible bundles of protein collagen, the most abundant protein in your body

collagen fibers

Smooth, rounded articular surface at the end of a bone

condyle

cells that form the reticular lamina are present in this layer ?

connective tissue layer

gap junctions

connexins form tiny fluid filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells allowing passage of ions and small molecules.

tight junctions

consist of weblike strands of proteins that fuse adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between cells

adherens junctions

contain plaque that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of cytoskeleton

desmosomes

contain plaque that attaches to intermediate filaments

Type of bone tissue with few spaces. Harder/Denser. Has osteons

cortical bone

Which of the bone feature is ONLY found in thoraic vertebrae ?

costal facets

Which of the following is ONLY found in cervical vertebrae ?

dens, transverse foramen, smallest centrum, largest vertebral foramen

The elongated shaft of a long bone

diaphysis

pharynx

digestive AND respiratory

Organ system that breaks down food for cells to use ?

digestive system

esophagus, liver, gallbladder, salivary glands and stomach

digestive system

stretchable but strong fibers made of proteins, elastin, and fibrillin. They are found in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue.

elastic fibers

pancreas

endocrine and digestive

Organ system that regulates growth by producing hormones ?

endocrine system

hypothalamus, adrenal gland and thymus

endocrine system

The connective tissue layer covering the inside of bone (one cell thick)

endosteum

The area of bone where the epiphyseal plate used to be between the diaphysis and epiphysis. Was cartilasge in maturity its bone.

epiphyseal line

The ends of the long bone that have articulations with other bones

epiphysis

these cells secrete the basal lamina

epithelial

Cranial bones part of the orbit ?

ethmoid , sphenoid, frontal

Bones that form the nasal septum

ethmoid bone and vomer

Usually rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone

head

Smooth, flat articulating surface

facet

large flat cells that move through connective tissue and secrete fibers and ground substance

fibroblasts

these cells secrete collagen to form the reticular lamina ?

fibroblasts

Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass

fissure

What type of bone is the ox coxa ?

flat and irregular

What type of bone are ribs ?

flat bones

squamous cells are ?

flat cells

Rounded opening though which bloods vessels, nerves or ligaments pass

foramen

Shallow depression

fossa

cell juction that holds the epithelial cells to the basement membrane ?

hemidesmosomes

Organ system that keeps you healthy from disease ?

immune system

skin, nails, hair, sweat and oil glands

integumentary system

What type of bone is a vertebrae ?

irregular bone

Cells that you would find in stratum corneum ?

just keratinocytes

How many layers does simple epithelial have ?

one cell layer

What color indicates the presence of carotene, which can result from eating alot of carrots ?

orange

A group of organs working together is a organ: ______ ?

organ system

Cell that deposits/builds bone

osteoblast

Which cells transform into osteocytes ?

osteoblasts

Cell functions in bone resportion ?

osteoclasts

Cell that degrades bone ?

osteoclasts

Cell that maintains living bone tissue ?

osteocyte

Mature bone cell is known as ?

osteocyte

Functional unit of compact bone ?

osteon

Bone stem cells are called ?

osteoprogenitor cells

Which cell becomes osteoblasts ?

osteoprogenitor cells

The connective tissue covering/protecting the outside of the bone

periosteum

What type of bone is the ethmoid bone ?

pneumatized bone

Columnar cells are ?

rectangular in shape

Which color is a result of blood vessels in the dermis and a function of the thickness of the epidermis ?

red

gonads

reproductive AND endocrine

uterus, prostate, ductus deferenses, vagina

reproductive system

Organ system that captures oxygen from the atmosphere ?

respiratory system

larynx, lung, trachea

respiratory system

are made of collagen and glycoproteins. They providce support in blood vessel walls and form branching networks around various cells (fat, smooth muscle, nerve).

reticular fibers

layer of the basement membrane closer to the connective tissue

reticular lamina

Bones that protect the heart and lungs ?

ribcage

transitional cells are ?

rounded balloon shaped cells that can change shape when full/empty.

Kyphosis

thoracic and sacral curvature