Cancer Exam Biology
List these in order from start to finish.
1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase 5. Cytokinesis
Cancer
A disease that is caused by the inability of the body to control the division of cells.
The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.
Active site
The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA
Adenine
Chemicals naturally produced by some plants; prevent cells from forming spindle fibers, thus preventing cell division
Alkaloids
Chemicals that integrate into the DNA, causing it to break at specific points; general and so can cause long-term side effects including other cancers
Alkylating agents
Occurs as growth factors are released and capillaries grow toward the tumor
Angiogenesis
Chemicals that mimic nucleotides and are integrated into DNA, but interfere with DNA replication, preventing cell division
Antimetabolites
Lining of the internal organs or skin
Carcinoma
Assist in dividing the genetic material and contents of the cell during cellular reproduction.
Centrioles
Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach
Centromere
Is the use of drugs to treat disease. In the case of cancer, chemotherapy works by targeting the cell cycle to prevent cell division in rapidly dividing cells
Chemotherapy
The three nucleotide segments found on mRNA, which code for amino acids, are called ______.
Codons
X-ray of organs with pictures from multiple angles that are used to generate a 3D image, can involve dye for contrast
Computerized tomography (CT) scans
Always pairs with guanine
Cytosine
(Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid that stores genetic information.
DNA
Determining the exact order of the base pairs in a segment of DNA.
DNA sequencing
X-ray of breast and surrounding tissues, used after finding a lump or suspicious blood work
Diagnostic mammogram
Synthesis of proteins (rough ER), lipids (smooth ER), and carbohydrates (smooth ER).
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Protein catalysts for chemical reactions.
Enzymes
The two different classes of cells are ______ and ______.
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Uses X-rays or gamma rays to target a specific area of the body
External radiation therapy
Normal cell division is highly regulated by proteins to prevent mutations from occuring. If the cell division is stalled due to excessive DNA damage, the cell is placed in ______ phase in an attempt to repair the DNA.
G0
checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage
G1 checkpoint
There are multiple steps in interphase that prepare the cells for cell division. Select the correct order of steps that prepare cells for division.
G1, S, G2
checks for cell size and DNA replication
G2 checkpoint
Units of genetic information that provide instructions for making proteins.
Genes
The sum of all genetic information in a cell.
Genome
Targets specific sequences in DNA for editing.
Genome editing
Processing center of the cell.
Golgi apparatus
Always pairs with cytosine
Guanine
In a normal cell, topoisomerase
Helps unwind DNA during DNA replication.
Is the body's ability to maintain a constant internal environment, including pH, temperature, and blood chemistry
Homeostasis
The term used to refer to chromosomes that each has a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent
Homologous
Involves convincing the body's immune system to identify and eliminate cancer cells as "nonself" instead of "self."
Immunotherapy
The majority of the cell's time; normal functions occur
Interphase
Alkylating agents target DNA of all cells. If mutations are introduced into the bone marrow cells, the patient may develop ______, which is cancer of the blood.
Leukemia
White blood cells in the bone marrow
Leukemia
Cells and tissues of the immune system
Lymphoma
Digestion of incoming nutrients.
Lysosome
checks for chromosomes attached to the spindle (just before anaphase)
M checkpoint
The portion where cell division occurs; consists of mitosis and cytokinesis
M phase
There are several scanning techniques physicians use to determine the extent of tumors. What type of scan, shown here, can be used to determine the extent of the tumor in the breast?
MRI
Uses radio waves and magnets to generate detailed images of the body.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Skin
Melanoma
Can screen genetic information, allowing doctors to look for specific mutations or differences in gene expression between normal cells and cancer cells.
Microarrays
Converts the energy found in nutrients to a form usable by the cell.
Mitochondria
In cellular division, the two parts of M phase are mitosis and ______.
Mitosis
part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
Mitosis
Any changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called
Mutations
A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
Nucleotide
Contains the genetic information of the cell.
Nucleus
Thinking about the hierarchy of biological organization, which of the following includes the others?
Organ systems
technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene
PCR
Isolates the cell from its external environment and selectively allows for the passage of materials.
Plasma membrane
Uses radioactive tracers to measure the metabolism of cells, cancer cells are more active and stand out.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan
the linear sequence of amino acids
Primary structure
Speed up the cell cycle.
Proto-oncogenes
Multiple protein chains interact to form larger molecules with more complex functions.
Quaternary structure
Is the movement of energy in waves or particles.
Radiation
Location where the genetic information is used to manufacture proteins.
Ribosomes
Connective tissue, such as bone
Sarcoma
X-ray of breast and surrounding tissues that looks for abnormalities associated with cancer
Screening mammogram
Amino acids interact based on weak chemical interactions.
Secondary structure
Tumor is limited to a very small area and only nearby lymph nodes, if any, are involved
Stage 0-1
Tumor has become invasive and has grown, but is still located entirely within the breast, lymph nodes may be involved.
Stage 2
In Stage ______ cancer, the cancer has spread extensively to nearby tissues and lymph nodes but has not yet spread to organs.
Stage 3
Tumor has moved out of the breast tissue, but has not spread to distant organs, lymph nodes are involved.
Stage 3
Cancer has fully metastasized and spread to organs outside the breast, the cancer is incurable.
Stage 4
In ______ radiation, a radioactive substance is either ingested or injected into the blood. It can then be targeted for therapy.
Systemic
Radioactive substances are injected in blood or ingested in body
Systemic radiation treatment
Naturally produced by yew trees; prevent microtubule breakdown during cell division so cell division doesn't continue
Taxanes
Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.
Telomeres
Telomere length can change with age and the type of cell. Which of the following correctly describes telomere length?
Telomeres are the longest in stem cells.
3-D molecule, functional
Tertiary structure
Always pairs with adenine
Thymine
Chemicals that disable topoisomerase enzyme, preventing DNA replication
Topoisomerase inhibitors
There are two stages of gene expression. The first stage, ______, produces mRNA that is used in the second step.
Transcription
Prevent unregulated cell growth by slowing down the progression of the cell through the cell cycle.
Tumor-suppressor genes
sister chromatids are pulled apart
anaphase
Cells within the inside of a tumor secrete growth factors, which cause capillaries to grow toward the tumor. This process is called ______, and contributes to the growth and spread of the tumor.
angiogenesis
The main difference between Stage 0 and Stage 1 cancer is that in Stage 1, the cancer cells have
begun to spread to a few lymph nodes.
Chromosomes are copied
between the growth phase (G1) and preparation cell division (G2).
Cancer causing agents
carcinogens
Describes the organized series of events required for cell division.
cell cycle
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
chromosomes
The life span of normal cells and cancerous cells is the same.
false
Normally, cancer cells can evade an immune response because the immune system
has a difficult time identifying cancerous cells.
At the end of gene expression, the amino acids are in a ______ structure. This is also the ______ structure of a protein.
linear; primary
Cell division occurs in ______ phase.
m phase
Messenger RNA; a type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
mRNA
Cells have checkpoints to regulate cell division. The G1 checkpoint
may cause the cell to enter a resting phase. allows the cell to move into S phase. is regulated by growth hormones. may delay division.
sister chromatids align on the spindle equator
metaphase
The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
metastasis
In animal cells, DNA is located in the __________.
nucleus
In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the ______.
nucleus
A long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
polypeptide
chromosomes condense
prophase
joined copies of the original chromosome
sister chromatids
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
substrate
nuclear envelopes form and a cleavage furrow forms
telophase