Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids
What is meant by the term hydrophobic?
'Water-fearing' molecules that try to get away from the water.
What is meant by the term hydrophillic?
'Water-loving' molecules that try to stay in the water.
Most sugars end in what letters?
-ose
List 3 ways that living creatures use carbohydrates.
1) boosts energy 2) structure 3) energy storage
Give 3 examples of carbohydrates in living organisms.
1) cellulose 2) starch 3) chitin
List the names of 3 sugars.
1) glucose 2) fructose 3) sucrose
How many different amino acids are there?
20
Amino acids are divided up into 2 basic groups. What are they?
9 essential and 11 non-essential
Why do carnivores have to eat meat?
Because they cannot digest the plants.
If cellulose is so hard to digest, then how are herbivores (like cows) able to get enough nutrition out of just eating leaves and grass?
Because they have special bacteria that lives in their 4 stomachs, which helps them to digest it.
What is the molecular formula of glucose or a fructose?
C6H12O6
If you need a quick shot of energy in the next hour, what should you eat?
Monosaccharides because they will give you sugars simple to digest quickly.
Are lipids smaller chains of smaller molecules like carbohydrates?
No, they are just one big fat molecule.
Can we digest cellulose?
No.
What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?
Non-essential can be made by the human body while essential must come from diet.
Why does unfolding a protein (denaturing) make it unable to function in a living organism?
The function is established by the shape, so unfolding the protein (to denature) destroys the shape and function.
Why does an athlete eat a lot of pasta the night before a game?
To get enough energy from the carbs, and glycogen storage.
Proteins are chains of what monomer?
amino acids
List 3 foods that contain mostly lipids.
butter, mayonnaise, bacon grease
What structure in living organisms is made of a phospholipid?
cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
Which carbohydrate makes up the cell walls of plants?
cellulose
List 2 examples of saturated fats.
coconut oil, animal fats
Give 3 examples of proteins in living organisms.
collagen, pepsin, insulin
What is meant by a disaccharide?
double sugars (ex. sucrose and maltose)
List 3 ways that living creatures use lipids.
energy storage, organ cushions, body insulation
What function does cellulose serve when we eat it?
fiber, extracts toxins and extra fats, feeds good bacteria in stomach
List 3 foods that contain mostly carbohydrates.
fruit, potatoes, pasta
Which carbohydrate do animals store for later energy use?
glycogen
List 3 examples of lipids in living organisms.
hormones, cholesterol, phospholipids
List 3 ways that living creatures use proteins.
hormones, movement, enzymes
If the pH of the water in a pond goes from 5.5 to 3.5, the acidity of the pond has
increased.
List the general characteristics of unsaturated fat.
liquid at room temperature, bent shape
Why is cholesterol bad and good?
makes hormones, insulates organs, too much can lead to vascular restrictions
Another name for 'sugar' is what?
monosaccharide
Carbohydrates are chains of what smaller organic molecule?
monosaccharides (sugars)
What is meant by a polysaccharide?
more than two sugars
List the general characteristics of saturated fats.
solid at room temperature, straight shape
Which carbohydrate do plants store for later energy use?
starch
List 3 foods that contain mostly proteins.
steak, cheese, eggs
List 2 examples of unsaturated fats.
vegetable oil and fish oil