carbs chp 4
grain provides ___grams per serving for carbs
15 (all varieties)
fruits provide ____ grams per serving for carbs
18 (all varieties)
carbohydrate energy stored as glycogen can provide _________ kcal of this amount liver glycogen can readily contribute _______ kcal to blood glucose?
1800, 400
light yogurt has _____grams of carbohydrates and _______%RDA
19, 15%
Americans consume _____ teaspoons of added sugar per day
20
cooked corn has _______grams of carbohydrates and _____% RDA
21, 16%
cooked rice has _______grams of carbohydrates and ______% RDA
22, 17%
plain M&Ms have ____grams of carbohydrates and _____%RDA
30, 23%
Protein provides ____ grams per serving for carbs
4-10 (beans and nuts)
baked potato has ____grams of carbohydrate and _____% RDA
51, 39%
sugar intake recommendation
8 teaspoons
cooked carrots have _____ grams of carbohydrates and _____% of RDA
8, 6%
nonfermentable fiber
a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria, also called insoluble fiber.
Lignin
a non fermentable fiber made up of a multiringed alchol srructure. noncarbohydrate.
mucilage
a viscous fiber consisting of chains of galactose, mannose, and other monosaccharides; characteristically found in seaweed
which foods contain highest percent of calories from carbohydrates? a. table sugar b. jam c. legumes d. fish e. fat free milk f. dried fruit
a. table sugar, b. jam, c. dried fruit
soluble fiber slows the rate of ________ by attracting water to GI tract
absorption
advantage of branched structure? found in ______ and ______
allows multiple enzymes to attach to structure and breaks it apart quickly. amylopectin and glycogen
Aspartame
alternative sweetener made of 2 amino acids and methanol; about 200 times sweeter than sucrose
HFCS is made by______
an enzymatic process that converts glucose in cornstarch to fructose.
food examples that contain essentially no carbohydrates
butter, eggs, beef
dairy provides
calcium, potassium, vitamin D protein, bone health
added sugars
caloric sweetners added to foods during processing preparation or before consumption.
what are some examples of polysaccharides
cellulose, amylose, amylopectin
what are found in structural part of plants?
cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. example: woody fiber in broccoli are partially lignin.
fiber is a group of carbohydrates:
cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, gums, mucilages and noncarbohydrate lignin
Fiber differs from starches because,
chemical bonds that join individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in GI tract.
Luo Han Guo
extract from monk fruit 150-300 times sweeter than sucrose.
dietary fiber
fiber found in food
alternative sweeteners
no calories
two classes of sweetners
nutritive and alternative
foods with moderate amounts of carbohydrate calories
peas, broccoli, oatmeal, dry beans, legumes, cream pies, french fries, fat-free milk. carb content is diluted by protein (as in fat-free milk) or by fat (as in cream pies).
where is HFCS found
soft drinks, candies, jam, jellies and many other fruit products and desserts.
sugar alcohols
sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol and maltitol
stevia is derived from
south american shrub
excessive intake of _______ may have a laxative effect
sugar alcohol
the amount of glucose in body fluids can only provide _______ kcal
120
pineapple chunks have ______ grams of carbohydrates and _____%RDA
10, 8%
Glycogen
Storage form of glucose I'm animals, stored in muscle and liver
contain 75% of calories as carbohydrates:
cornflakes, rice, bread, and noodles.
Lactose
found in milk and milk products. glucose+galactose, milk sugar.
Starches
made in plants. digestible by humans. amylose= straight chain, amylopectin= branched
simple form of carbohydrates?
sugars
a cola drink has ______grams of carbohydrates and ______%RDA
39, 30%
sucrose is obtained from
sugar cane and sugar beets
examples of soluble fibers
beans, oats, oatmeal bran, And some fruits and vegetables, salad dressings, some frozen desserts, jams and jellies (gum Arabic), guar gum, locust bean gum, and various pectin forms.
foods with essentially no carbohydrates
beef, eggs, chicken, fish, vegetable oils, butter, margarine
ADI kf sweetner
estimate of a sweetener that an individual can safely consume on a daily basis over a lifetime
whole grain
grains containing the entire seed of plant. includes bran, Germ, and endosperm. ex: whole wheat and brown rice.
complex carbohydrates
polysaccharides
Primary function of carbohydrates
provide energy for body.
Stevia
Alternative sweetener derived from South American shrub; 100 to 300 times sweeter than sucrose.
Acesulfame-K
Alternative sweetener that yields no energy to the body; 200 times sweeter than sucrose.
Saccharin
Alternative sweetener that yields no energy to the body; 300 times sweeter than sucrose.
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates conatining many glucose units from 10-1000 or more. starches: amylose/amylopectin. fibers: pectins, etc./cellulose,etc. glycogen
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Disease caused by a defect in the liver's ability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine into the amino acid tyrosine; untreated, toxic by-products of phenylalanine build up in the body and lead to mental retardation.
Neotame
General-purpose, nonnutritive sweetener that is approximately 7000 to 13,000 times sweeter than table sugar. It has a chemical structure similar to aspartame's.
treating cornstarch with acid and enzymes results in ________
HFCS
Sucralose
Splenda- alternative sweetner that has chlorines in place of 3 hydroxl (-OH) group. 600x sweeter than sucrose.
Aspartame is endorsed by____
WHO , American Medical Assoc. and American Diabetes Assoc.
viscous fiber
a fiber that is readily fermented by bacteria in the large intestine also called soluble fiber.
Hemicellulose
a nonfermentable fiber containing xylose, galactose, glucose, and other monosaccharides bonded together
hemorrhoids
a pronounced swelling of a large vein, particularly veins found in anal region
which alternative sweeteners are available in US
acesulfame-k, aspartame, neotame
Dietary Guidelines recommend we reduce the intake of calories from_____
added sugars
________ products are not good sources of carbohydrates because _________
animal products such as, meats, fish and poultry. because glycogen stores quickly degrade after animal dies.
dietary guidelines reccomend that _______ of our grain come from whole grains
at least half
which contains the greatest percentage of simple carbohydrates? a. peas b.jelly c.beef d.oatmeal e.fat free milk
b. jelly
Amylopectin
branched starch- digestible. 80% of digestible starches in the diet.
both sugars and sugar alcohols provide ________
calories and sweetness
fruits provide_____
carbohydrates primarily in the form of natural sugar and fiber
Most carbohydrates are are composed of ___________
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
Startch
complex carbohydrate. made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form body can digest.
high fructose corn syrup(HFCS)
corn syrup that has been manufactured to contain between 42% and 90% fructose.
not a part of dairy group
cream cheese, butter, foods made from milk that are primarily fat
vegetables are classified into 5 groups:
dark-green, starchy, red/orange, beans and peas, other.
how are non starch polysaccharides listed on food labels?
dietary fiber
where are sugar alcohols found
dietetic candies, sugarless gum, baked goods, chocolate
starches are _____ and fibers are not.
digestible
sugar alcohols benefits
do not promote tooth decay, little to no calories, metabolized more slowly
True or False: dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials
false as they are only found in plants
Cellulose
fiber. complex carb in plants. cannot be digested by humans.
Fiber
found in plant foods. not digested. add bulk to feces. fiber found naturally in food called dietary fiber.
after lactose is digested and absorbed _______
galactose arrives at liver. transformered into glucose or further metabolized into glycogen.
Sucrose
glucose + fructose, table sugar
example of foods that are complex carbs or polysaccharides?
grains, vegetables, and fruits.
the four groups on MyPlate thay contain the most nutrient-dense sources of carbohydrates
grains, vegetables, fruits and dairy
what color of plants synthesizes most of the carbohydrates in our food?
green
Neotame characteristics.
heat stable, safe for PKU, 7,000-13,000 sweeter than table sugar
after it is consumed, fructose ______
is absorbed by small intestine and transported to liver. quickly metabolized. much is converted to glucose, but rest goes on to form other compounds like fat if consumed in high amounts.
HFCS is preferred by food manufacturers because_____
low cost and broad range of food processing applications, easy to transport, better shelf stability, improves food properties.
vegetables benefits
low in fat and calories, packed with potassium, folate and vitamin A and C. reduces risk of chronic disease, heart disease, obesity, reduce risk of type 2 diabetes.
Fibers
made in plants. indigestible by humans. pectins= soluble, cellusose= insoluble
Glucose
major monosaccharide found in body also known as dextrose.
what is produced when starch is broken down into just two glucose molecules bonded together?
maltose
simple carbohydrates
monosaccharides and disaccharides
alternative sweeteners are more or less sweet than nutrtirive sweenters?
more
Galactose
nearly same structure as glucose. six carbon monosaccharide usually in ring form. large quantities usually don't exist in nature. instead bonded to lactose.
what is found around and inside plant?
pectins, gums and mucilages.
fiber is mostly made up of ______
polysaccharides
when the nutrition facts panel lists "other carbohydrates" this refers to _______
polysaccharides
gums
polysaccharides occuring naturally that causes an increase in viscousity. used as thickeners, gels, emulsifiers, and stabilizers.
Diverticula
pouches that protrude through the exterior wall of the large intestine
Photosynthesis
process by which plants use energy from the sun to synthesize energy-yielding compounds such as glucose.
benefits of fruit
reduced risk of chronic disease, dietary fiber reduces cholesterol, lower risk of heart disease , proper bowel function. weight maintenance provides feelings of fullness w/ fewer calories.
soluble fiber does what for human body?
reduces blood cholesterol and controls blood glucose
Sugars
simple carbohydrates with the chemical composition (CH2O)n. basic unit of all sugars is glucose, a six carbon ring structure. primary sugar in diet is sucrose. made up of glucose and fructose.
Monosaccharides
simple sugars, not broken down further during digestion. glucose, fructose, and galactose.
alternative sweeteners
stevia (truvia), luo han guo, nectresse, aspartame, equal
artificial sweeteners that can be used for baking
sucralose, acesulfame-k, neotame
the taste and sweetness of _____ make it the benchmark against which all other sweetners are measured
sucrose
what are some natural food sources of sucrose?
sugar beets, honey, sugarcane and maple sugar
Disaccharides
sugars composed of two monosaccharides. sucrose= (glucose+fructose) maltose=(glucose+glucose) lactose= (glucose+ galactose)
nutritive sweeteners
sweeteners that provide energy for body
foods that yield the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates:
table sugar, honey, jam, jelly, fruit, and plain baked potatoes
where are alternative sweeteners found?
tabletop sweeteners, diet drinks, diet diet fruit drinks, sugarless gum
fermemtation
the conversion of a carbohydrate to alcohols, acids, and carbon dioxide without the use of oxygen.
true or false: aspartame is safe for woman and children
true
true or false: sucralose is good for cooking.
true
Amylose
unbranched starch- digestible. 20% of digestible starch in vegetables, beans, bread, pasta and rice.
muscle glycogen stores ______ kcal and cannot do what?
1400, cannot raise blood glucose, but instead supplies glucose for muscle use, especially during extensive exercise.
an orange has _____ grams of carbohydrates and _____%RDA
16, 12%
Kidney beans have ______ grams of carbohydrates and ______% RDA
19, 15%
spaghetti noodles have _____ grams of carbohydrates and ______% of RDA
19, 15%
reccomended amount of veggies for woman age 19-50
2 1/2 cups
Sucralose cannot ______
be broken down or absorbed. so yields no calories.
Pectin
A viscous fiber containing chains of galacturonic acid and other monosaccharides; characteristically found between plant cell walls.
weekly amount of veggies for woman ages 19-50
1 1/2 cup dark green, 5 1/2 cup red/orange, 1 1/2 cup of beans and peas, 5cups starchy and 4 cups other
dairy provides _____ grams per serving for carbs
12 (milk and yogurt)
seven grain bread has ______ grams of carbohydrates and ______%RDA
12 , 9%
a banana has _____grams of carbohydrates and _____% RDA
28/22%
according to food and nutrition board carbohydrates should provide -------- of total calories in diet.
45%-65%
vegetables provide _____grams per serving for carbs
5 (all varieties)
ADI of aspartame
50 milligrams per kilogram of body weight.
HFCS contains _____ % fructose compared to sucrose which contains ______% fructose
55%,50%
peanuts have _____ grams of carbohydrates and ______%RDA
6, 5%
on average Americans consume _____lbs of HFCs each year
60lbs
Glycogen
A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose. extensively branched structure. glucose storage in humans. synthesized and stored in the liver and muscles.
Fructose
A six-carbon monosaccharide found in fruits and honey; also known as fruit sugar.