carbs chp 4

grain provides ___grams per serving for carbs

15 (all varieties)

fruits provide ____ grams per serving for carbs

18 (all varieties)

carbohydrate energy stored as glycogen can provide _________ kcal of this amount liver glycogen can readily contribute _______ kcal to blood glucose?

1800, 400

light yogurt has _____grams of carbohydrates and _______%RDA

19, 15%

Americans consume _____ teaspoons of added sugar per day

20

cooked corn has _______grams of carbohydrates and _____% RDA

21, 16%

cooked rice has _______grams of carbohydrates and ______% RDA

22, 17%

plain M&Ms have ____grams of carbohydrates and _____%RDA

30, 23%

Protein provides ____ grams per serving for carbs

4-10 (beans and nuts)

baked potato has ____grams of carbohydrate and _____% RDA

51, 39%

sugar intake recommendation

8 teaspoons

cooked carrots have _____ grams of carbohydrates and _____% of RDA

8, 6%

nonfermentable fiber

a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria, also called insoluble fiber.

Lignin

a non fermentable fiber made up of a multiringed alchol srructure. noncarbohydrate.

mucilage

a viscous fiber consisting of chains of galactose, mannose, and other monosaccharides; characteristically found in seaweed

which foods contain highest percent of calories from carbohydrates? a. table sugar b. jam c. legumes d. fish e. fat free milk f. dried fruit

a. table sugar, b. jam, c. dried fruit

soluble fiber slows the rate of ________ by attracting water to GI tract

absorption

advantage of branched structure? found in ______ and ______

allows multiple enzymes to attach to structure and breaks it apart quickly. amylopectin and glycogen

Aspartame

alternative sweetener made of 2 amino acids and methanol; about 200 times sweeter than sucrose

HFCS is made by______

an enzymatic process that converts glucose in cornstarch to fructose.

food examples that contain essentially no carbohydrates

butter, eggs, beef

dairy provides

calcium, potassium, vitamin D protein, bone health

added sugars

caloric sweetners added to foods during processing preparation or before consumption.

what are some examples of polysaccharides

cellulose, amylose, amylopectin

what are found in structural part of plants?

cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. example: woody fiber in broccoli are partially lignin.

fiber is a group of carbohydrates:

cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, gums, mucilages and noncarbohydrate lignin

Fiber differs from starches because,

chemical bonds that join individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in GI tract.

Luo Han Guo

extract from monk fruit 150-300 times sweeter than sucrose.

dietary fiber

fiber found in food

alternative sweeteners

no calories

two classes of sweetners

nutritive and alternative

foods with moderate amounts of carbohydrate calories

peas, broccoli, oatmeal, dry beans, legumes, cream pies, french fries, fat-free milk. carb content is diluted by protein (as in fat-free milk) or by fat (as in cream pies).

where is HFCS found

soft drinks, candies, jam, jellies and many other fruit products and desserts.

sugar alcohols

sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol and maltitol

stevia is derived from

south american shrub

excessive intake of _______ may have a laxative effect

sugar alcohol

the amount of glucose in body fluids can only provide _______ kcal

120

pineapple chunks have ______ grams of carbohydrates and _____%RDA

10, 8%

Glycogen

Storage form of glucose I'm animals, stored in muscle and liver

contain 75% of calories as carbohydrates:

cornflakes, rice, bread, and noodles.

Lactose

found in milk and milk products. glucose+galactose, milk sugar.

Starches

made in plants. digestible by humans. amylose= straight chain, amylopectin= branched

simple form of carbohydrates?

sugars

a cola drink has ______grams of carbohydrates and ______%RDA

39, 30%

sucrose is obtained from

sugar cane and sugar beets

examples of soluble fibers

beans, oats, oatmeal bran, And some fruits and vegetables, salad dressings, some frozen desserts, jams and jellies (gum Arabic), guar gum, locust bean gum, and various pectin forms.

foods with essentially no carbohydrates

beef, eggs, chicken, fish, vegetable oils, butter, margarine

ADI kf sweetner

estimate of a sweetener that an individual can safely consume on a daily basis over a lifetime

whole grain

grains containing the entire seed of plant. includes bran, Germ, and endosperm. ex: whole wheat and brown rice.

complex carbohydrates

polysaccharides

Primary function of carbohydrates

provide energy for body.

Stevia

Alternative sweetener derived from South American shrub; 100 to 300 times sweeter than sucrose.

Acesulfame-K

Alternative sweetener that yields no energy to the body; 200 times sweeter than sucrose.

Saccharin

Alternative sweetener that yields no energy to the body; 300 times sweeter than sucrose.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates conatining many glucose units from 10-1000 or more. starches: amylose/amylopectin. fibers: pectins, etc./cellulose,etc. glycogen

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Disease caused by a defect in the liver's ability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine into the amino acid tyrosine; untreated, toxic by-products of phenylalanine build up in the body and lead to mental retardation.

Neotame

General-purpose, nonnutritive sweetener that is approximately 7000 to 13,000 times sweeter than table sugar. It has a chemical structure similar to aspartame's.

treating cornstarch with acid and enzymes results in ________

HFCS

Sucralose

Splenda- alternative sweetner that has chlorines in place of 3 hydroxl (-OH) group. 600x sweeter than sucrose.

Aspartame is endorsed by____

WHO , American Medical Assoc. and American Diabetes Assoc.

viscous fiber

a fiber that is readily fermented by bacteria in the large intestine also called soluble fiber.

Hemicellulose

a nonfermentable fiber containing xylose, galactose, glucose, and other monosaccharides bonded together

hemorrhoids

a pronounced swelling of a large vein, particularly veins found in anal region

which alternative sweeteners are available in US

acesulfame-k, aspartame, neotame

Dietary Guidelines recommend we reduce the intake of calories from_____

added sugars

________ products are not good sources of carbohydrates because _________

animal products such as, meats, fish and poultry. because glycogen stores quickly degrade after animal dies.

dietary guidelines reccomend that _______ of our grain come from whole grains

at least half

which contains the greatest percentage of simple carbohydrates? a. peas b.jelly c.beef d.oatmeal e.fat free milk

b. jelly

Amylopectin

branched starch- digestible. 80% of digestible starches in the diet.

both sugars and sugar alcohols provide ________

calories and sweetness

fruits provide_____

carbohydrates primarily in the form of natural sugar and fiber

Most carbohydrates are are composed of ___________

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

Startch

complex carbohydrate. made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form body can digest.

high fructose corn syrup(HFCS)

corn syrup that has been manufactured to contain between 42% and 90% fructose.

not a part of dairy group

cream cheese, butter, foods made from milk that are primarily fat

vegetables are classified into 5 groups:

dark-green, starchy, red/orange, beans and peas, other.

how are non starch polysaccharides listed on food labels?

dietary fiber

where are sugar alcohols found

dietetic candies, sugarless gum, baked goods, chocolate

starches are _____ and fibers are not.

digestible

sugar alcohols benefits

do not promote tooth decay, little to no calories, metabolized more slowly

True or False: dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials

false as they are only found in plants

Cellulose

fiber. complex carb in plants. cannot be digested by humans.

Fiber

found in plant foods. not digested. add bulk to feces. fiber found naturally in food called dietary fiber.

after lactose is digested and absorbed _______

galactose arrives at liver. transformered into glucose or further metabolized into glycogen.

Sucrose

glucose + fructose, table sugar

example of foods that are complex carbs or polysaccharides?

grains, vegetables, and fruits.

the four groups on MyPlate thay contain the most nutrient-dense sources of carbohydrates

grains, vegetables, fruits and dairy

what color of plants synthesizes most of the carbohydrates in our food?

green

Neotame characteristics.

heat stable, safe for PKU, 7,000-13,000 sweeter than table sugar

after it is consumed, fructose ______

is absorbed by small intestine and transported to liver. quickly metabolized. much is converted to glucose, but rest goes on to form other compounds like fat if consumed in high amounts.

HFCS is preferred by food manufacturers because_____

low cost and broad range of food processing applications, easy to transport, better shelf stability, improves food properties.

vegetables benefits

low in fat and calories, packed with potassium, folate and vitamin A and C. reduces risk of chronic disease, heart disease, obesity, reduce risk of type 2 diabetes.

Fibers

made in plants. indigestible by humans. pectins= soluble, cellusose= insoluble

Glucose

major monosaccharide found in body also known as dextrose.

what is produced when starch is broken down into just two glucose molecules bonded together?

maltose

simple carbohydrates

monosaccharides and disaccharides

alternative sweeteners are more or less sweet than nutrtirive sweenters?

more

Galactose

nearly same structure as glucose. six carbon monosaccharide usually in ring form. large quantities usually don't exist in nature. instead bonded to lactose.

what is found around and inside plant?

pectins, gums and mucilages.

fiber is mostly made up of ______

polysaccharides

when the nutrition facts panel lists "other carbohydrates" this refers to _______

polysaccharides

gums

polysaccharides occuring naturally that causes an increase in viscousity. used as thickeners, gels, emulsifiers, and stabilizers.

Diverticula

pouches that protrude through the exterior wall of the large intestine

Photosynthesis

process by which plants use energy from the sun to synthesize energy-yielding compounds such as glucose.

benefits of fruit

reduced risk of chronic disease, dietary fiber reduces cholesterol, lower risk of heart disease , proper bowel function. weight maintenance provides feelings of fullness w/ fewer calories.

soluble fiber does what for human body?

reduces blood cholesterol and controls blood glucose

Sugars

simple carbohydrates with the chemical composition (CH2O)n. basic unit of all sugars is glucose, a six carbon ring structure. primary sugar in diet is sucrose. made up of glucose and fructose.

Monosaccharides

simple sugars, not broken down further during digestion. glucose, fructose, and galactose.

alternative sweeteners

stevia (truvia), luo han guo, nectresse, aspartame, equal

artificial sweeteners that can be used for baking

sucralose, acesulfame-k, neotame

the taste and sweetness of _____ make it the benchmark against which all other sweetners are measured

sucrose

what are some natural food sources of sucrose?

sugar beets, honey, sugarcane and maple sugar

Disaccharides

sugars composed of two monosaccharides. sucrose= (glucose+fructose) maltose=(glucose+glucose) lactose= (glucose+ galactose)

nutritive sweeteners

sweeteners that provide energy for body

foods that yield the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates:

table sugar, honey, jam, jelly, fruit, and plain baked potatoes

where are alternative sweeteners found?

tabletop sweeteners, diet drinks, diet diet fruit drinks, sugarless gum

fermemtation

the conversion of a carbohydrate to alcohols, acids, and carbon dioxide without the use of oxygen.

true or false: aspartame is safe for woman and children

true

true or false: sucralose is good for cooking.

true

Amylose

unbranched starch- digestible. 20% of digestible starch in vegetables, beans, bread, pasta and rice.

muscle glycogen stores ______ kcal and cannot do what?

1400, cannot raise blood glucose, but instead supplies glucose for muscle use, especially during extensive exercise.

an orange has _____ grams of carbohydrates and _____%RDA

16, 12%

Kidney beans have ______ grams of carbohydrates and ______% RDA

19, 15%

spaghetti noodles have _____ grams of carbohydrates and ______% of RDA

19, 15%

reccomended amount of veggies for woman age 19-50

2 1/2 cups

Sucralose cannot ______

be broken down or absorbed. so yields no calories.

Pectin

A viscous fiber containing chains of galacturonic acid and other monosaccharides; characteristically found between plant cell walls.

weekly amount of veggies for woman ages 19-50

1 1/2 cup dark green, 5 1/2 cup red/orange, 1 1/2 cup of beans and peas, 5cups starchy and 4 cups other

dairy provides _____ grams per serving for carbs

12 (milk and yogurt)

seven grain bread has ______ grams of carbohydrates and ______%RDA

12 , 9%

a banana has _____grams of carbohydrates and _____% RDA

28/22%

according to food and nutrition board carbohydrates should provide -------- of total calories in diet.

45%-65%

vegetables provide _____grams per serving for carbs

5 (all varieties)

ADI of aspartame

50 milligrams per kilogram of body weight.

HFCS contains _____ % fructose compared to sucrose which contains ______% fructose

55%,50%

peanuts have _____ grams of carbohydrates and ______%RDA

6, 5%

on average Americans consume _____lbs of HFCs each year

60lbs

Glycogen

A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose. extensively branched structure. glucose storage in humans. synthesized and stored in the liver and muscles.

Fructose

A six-carbon monosaccharide found in fruits and honey; also known as fruit sugar.