Cardiopulmonary A&P Final Exam
Winter's Formula
(HCO3 x 1.5) + 8 +/-2
Nomal Base excess
+/-2
Normal intrapleural P change during deep expiration
+70-100 cmH2O
Ppl at the bases
-2 to -3 cm H2O.
Ppl during inspiration
-5 cmH2O
Normal intrapleural P change during deep inspiration
-50 cmH2O
Ppl at the apices
-7 to -10 cm H2O
How many liters of gas do lungs accept?
.75 L
Normal Respiratory Quotient
.8
Normal V/Q
.8
The trachea has how many generations?
0
Solubility coefficient of Hgb
0.003
Equilibrium of O2 and CO2 diffusion is reached in ~ _____ sec; transit time through ACM is _____ sec.
0.25 0.75
Normal resistance
0.5-3.0 cmH2O/L/sec
The main stem bronchi has how many generations?
1
Most common time period for FEVT is _____ sec.
1.0
Normal Raw
1.0-2.0 cmH2O/L/sec
Each gram of Hb is capable of carrying _____ mL of Hb.
1.34
The bronchioes has how many generations?
10-15
A MMV test is done over a period of how many seconds?
12-15
Life span of RBCs
120 days
The terminal bronchioles has how many generations?
16-19
Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow at a rate of _____ million cells/sec to compensate for RBC destruction (spleen and liver).
2
The lobar bronchi has how many generations?
2
Normal anatomic shunt
2-5%
The respiratory bronchioles has how many generations?
20-23
Acid-Base ratio
20:1 (Bicarb:CO2)
Normal HCO3
22-26
The alveolar ducts has how many generations?
24-27
At rest, tissue cells consume _____ mL and produce _____ mL of CO2 each minute.
250 200
When SaO2 is 50, PaO2 is _____.
27 mmHg
The alveolar sacs has how many generations?
28
How many layers of tissue do veins have about their walls?
3
The segmantal bronchi has how many generations?
3
Normal intrapleural P change
3-6 cmH2O
A shunt is potentially life-threatening if it is greather than _____%.
30
Normal PaCO2
35-45 mmHg
Normal HbA consists of...
4 heme groups (Iron-containing non-protein portion) 4 amino acid chains (polypeptide) that constitute globin (protein) 4 oxygens bound to 1 iron molecule
The subsegmental bronchi has how many generations?
4-9
PACO2
40 mmHg
Capacity of water vapor
47 mg/dL
PH2O
47 mmHg
Normal C(a-v)O2 gradient
5 vol%
Moderate Hypoxia
59-40 mmHg
Normal diaphragmatic excursion during deep inspiration
6-10 cm
When SaO2 id 90, PaO2 is _____.
60 mmHg
FEV0.5
60%
Normal pH
7.35-7.45
Normal SVO2
75%, but >65% is acceptable
Atmospheric gases surrounding earth exert a P at sea level of _____ mmHg.
760
Mild Hypoxia
79-60 mmHg
Normal PaO2
80-100 mmHg
FEV1.0
83%
What composes plasma?
90% water 10% proteins, electrolytes, hormones, etc.
Normal SaO2
90-100
Normal value of DO2
900 - 1150 ml O2/min
FEV2.0
94%
What compses the mucous blanket?
95% Water 5% Glycoproteins CHO Lipids DNA Cellular depris Foreign particles
Severe Hypoxia
<40 mmHg
P wave
A
The steep portion of O2 dissociation curve indicates...
A rapid combination of O2 and Hb Btw 10-60 mmHg
Where does vascular constriction occur?
Abdominal region (No vital organs)
During inspiration, the vocal cords _____.
Abduct
Polycythemia
Abnormal increase in the RBC number due to hypoxia.
Intravascular Pressure
Actual BP in the lumen of any vessel at any point, relative to the PB.
During exhalation, the vocal cords _____.
Adduct (slightly always maintaining an open glottic space)
Primary function of the pectoralis major muscles during inspiration
Adduction of upper extremities Elevate the chest to increase AP diameter
Where is the SOL layer located?
Adjecent to the epithelial lining.
MMV decreases with what two factors?
Age Obstructive disease
Paranasal Sinuses
Air-filled cavities in the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity. Provides mucus for lubrication of the nasal cavity and act as resonating chambers for production of sound.
What is the primary function of the larynx?
Airflow
Factor affecting Raw
Airway length Radius Flow rate
Where is the GEL layer located?
Ajacent to the luminal surface.
A true shunt is caused by...
Alveolar collapse or atelectasis Alveolar fluid accumulation Alvelolar consolidation
According to Laplace's law, a high Plp must be generated to open what?
Alveoli This is offset by pulmonary surfactant.
Alveolar Dead Space
Alveolus is ventilated but not perfused with pulmonary blood. Pulmonary Embolism.
Henry's Law
Amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial P of the gas.
3 types of dead space
Anatomic Alveolar Physiologic
Histotoxic Hypoxia
Any condition that impairs the ability of tissue cells to utilize O2. Cyanide poisoning
Which cartilage is a "three-sided pyramid?"
Arytenoid
What are the three paired cartilages of the larynx?
Arytenoid Corniculate Cuneiform
FEF 25%-75%
Average flow rate during the middle 50% of the FVC. (N= 270L/min - 210 L/min) Reflects status of medium to small airways.
FEF 200-1200
Average rate of airflow between 200 and 1200mL of the FVC. Index of integrity of large airways.
Q wave
B
External respiration
Blood and air
Internal respiration
Blood and tissues
Anterio-Venous Shunt
Blood bypasses tissue cells and moves into the venous system. No O2 delivery to the tissues.
What does the lamina propia contain?
Blood vessel Lymphatic vessels Branches of the vagus nerve Smooth muscle fibers Submucosal glands
Turbinates/Conchae
Bony protrusions on lateral walls of nasal cavity. Increases contact area for inspired gas adding humidity and heat.
Tracheobronchial Tree
Branching airways referred as to generations, or orders.
Which structures of the tracheobronchial tree are noncartilaginous?
Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles
R wave
C
Venules
CAPACITANCE VESSELS
In the healthy lung the CL dyn is about equal to _____ _____.
CL stat
DO2 formula
CO x (CaO2 x 10)
Of CO2 and O2, which diffuses faster?
CO2
Obstructive
Can get in in but has trouble getting it out. (air trapping).
Restrictive
Can get it out, but cannot get it in (small lung (ie lung volumes)).
Where are baroreceptos located?
Carotid arteries Aorta
Elastance formula
Change P/Change V
Lung Compliance
Change in volume per unit pressure change.
_____ limits alveolar distensibility protecting lung from overstretching and capillary occlusion.
Collagen
Lungs have the natural tendency to do what?
Collapse
Vocal Ligament
Composes the medial border of the larynx, and is composed of a strong band of elastic tissue.
What are the primary functions of the Upper Airway?
Conduction of air Filter Speech and Smell
Primary function of the internal intercostal muscles during expiration
Contract during expiration pulling ribs downward and inward
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
Controls homeostasis and the body at rest and is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" function.
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Controls the body's responses to a perceived threat and is responsible for the "fight or flight" response.
The inferior border of which cartilage is attached to the first ring of the trachea?
Cricoid
Which cartilage was a signet ring shape?
Cricoid
Laplace's law does NOT apply until what is reached?
Critical opening P
The presence of heparin in an ABG sample will...
Decrease the pH (6.0-7.0) Decrease the CO2 (2 mmHg) Increase the O2 (159 mmHg)
Right Shift
Decreased O2 affinity Increase O2 unload
Factors that increase C(a-v)O2 and decrease SVO2
Decreased cardiac output Exercise Seizures Shivering Hyperthermia (Periods of increased O2 consumption)
In obstructive diseases, FEVT _____.
Decreases
Once critical opening P is reached, distending P progressively _____ as the bubble increases its radius.
Decreases
Changes about the heart waves are reflection of the _____ and _____ of the cardiac muscle.
Depolarization Repolarization
What alters total VA the MOST?
Depth Rate, however, also affects it.
P gradient is generated by contraction and relaxation of the _____.
Diaphragm
Transmural Pressure
Difference between the intraluminal P and P surrounding the vessel.
Driving Pressure
Difference in P between two points.
Surface tension is _____ proportional to the distending P of a liquid bubble.
Directly
How is oxygen transported?
Dissolved in plasma Bound to Hgb
S wave
E
Static forces of the lung
Elastic properties Surface tension
What covers the glottic opening when swallowing so aspiration is prevented?
Epiglottis
What are the three major "layers" of histology of the tracheobronchial tree?
Epithelial lining Lamina propria Cartilagenous layer
What are the three major cells that make up blood?
Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes
What does the MMV evaluate?
Evaluates performance of respiratory muscles, compliance, and R generated by the airways and tissues.
The chest has a natural tendency to do what?
Expand
(T/F) Pores of Kohn decrease in size with age.
False
T/F Rate of diffusion of gas through alveolar wall does not depends on integrity of the ACM.
False
What are the upper folds of the interior larynx called?
False vocal cords
T/F The CO2 dissociation curve is S shaped.
False, it is linear.
(T/F) There are more lymphatic vessels on the RML than the LLL and RLL.
False, there are more lymphatic vessels on the LLL than in the RML and RLL.
What are the primary functions of the nose?
Filter Humidify Warm inspired gas
We want pts. to be on the _____ portion of the O2 dissociation curve.
Flat
Primary function of the scalene muscles during inspiration
Flex the neck Elevate the first and second ribs
Pulmonary Circulation
From PA to LA
Systemic Circulation
From aorta to RA
Which of the two layers of the mucous blanket is more viscous?
GEL
Ventilation
Gas exchange between external environment and alveoli.
Interstitium
Gel-like substance that supports the alveolo-capillary system.
Which three factors influence blood flow?
Gravity Cardiac output Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
If alveolar pressure is _____ than both the arterial and venous intraluminal pressure, blood is prevented from flowing through this region (deadspace).
Greater
CaO2 formula
Hb + dissolved O2 (Hb x 1.34 x SaO2) + (PaO2 x 0.003)
Autohythmicity
Heartbeat without external stimulus.
As the diameter of the airways decreases, the epithelium decreases in _____?
Height
Large alveolus = _____ surface tension
High
Factors that shift the O2 dissociation curve to the R
High H+ = Low pH High T High CO2 High 2, 3- DPG
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis
High pH due to presence of other bases. Common causes: Hypokalemia: whenever the K is low, kidneys save K by excreting H+= blood base increases. Hypocholoremia Vomiting (acidic gastric fluid) Steroids (Reabsorb Na+, Excrete H+ and K+ Diuretics ( Excrete K+) Sodium Bicarb ingestion
Common causes of a shunt-like effect?
Hypoventilation Bronchospasm or mucus plugging ACM diffusion defects
The afferent fibers of the baroreceptor reflex travel with which which two cranial nerves?
IX (Carotid) X (Aortic)
Hooke's Law
If 1 unit of force (P) is applied to an elastic body it will stretch 1 unit of length (V).
Dalton's Law
In a mixture of gases, the total P is equal to the sum of partial P of each separate gas.
Flow will _____ if P and radius increase, and will _____ if viscosity and length are increased.
Increase Decrease
Left Shift
Increase O2 affinity Decrease O2 unload
The presence of air bubbles in an ABG sample will...
Increase the PO2
The main compensatory mechanism for anemic hypoxia is...
Increase the cardiac output
Net result of sympathetic stimulation
Increased CO (HR and SV) Increased peripheral resistance Return of BP to normal
Factors that decrease C(a-v)O2 and increase SVO2
Increased cardiac output Skeletal relaxation Certain poisons Hypothermia
(Pick one) The SNS increases/decreases the rate and strength of contraction of the heart.
Increases
Bronchial airways lengthen and increase diameter during _____.
Inspiration
Alveolar ventilation
Inspired air that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange.
Deadspace ventilation
Inspired gas that does not reach the alveoli.
The size of the bubble is _____ proportional to its distending P.
Inversely
Humoral response
Involves circulating antibodies
Causes of Metabolic Acidosis
Lactic acidosis. End-product of anaerobic metabolism. Severe acute hypoxemia. Ketoacidosis. Low insulin levels in diabetics cause low intracellular glu levels. Alternative metabolites are ketones.(diabetes, Alcohol, starvation) Renal failure. (H+= increases and HCO3 decreases) Ingestion of Drugs Aspirin, ethylene glycol K+ sparing diuretics Diarrhea
Mandatory Minute Ventilation (MMV)
Largest vol of gas breathed voluntarily in 1 minute.
What is located between the base of the tongue and the entrance to the esophagus?
Laryngopharynx
What makes up the lower two thirds of the nose?
Lateral nasal cartilage Greater alar cartilage Lessar alar cartilage Septal cartilage Fibrous fatty tissue
A _____ shift increased O2 unload to the lungs.
Left
Surface Tension
Liquid molecules surrounded by liquid molecules are mutually attracted to each other moving freely in all directions. In a liquid-gas interface, the liquid molecules at the surface are attracted to the liquid molecules within the liquid mass.
Where are mast cells generally found outside of the lung?
Loose connective tissue of skin and intestinal mucosa.
Small alveolus = _____ surface tension
Low
Describe the baroreceptor reflex in the case of low blood pressure.
Low BP causes decrease number of neural impulses to the centers in the medulla (from the baroreceptors) = medulla responds by increasing sympathetic activity = increasing: HR Arterial and venous constriction Myocardial force of contraction
Factors that shift the O2 dissociation curve to the L
Low H+ = High pH Low T Low CO2 Fetal Hb has a greater affinity for O2 than HbA Carbon Monoxide
Pressure gradient during inpiration
Low Ppl Low Palv
Hypoxic Hypoxia
Low blood O2 = Low tissue O2 It can develope from pulomonary shunting and from: Low PAO2 - Hypoventilation, High altitudes, Breathing gas mixtures w/ <21% O2 Diffusion impairment V/Q mismatch
Alveoli at the apices have _____ compliance than the alveoli at the bases.
Lower
Ventilation is much greater and more effective in which regions o fthe lungs?
Lower
What purpose do type 3 alveolar cells serve?
Macrophages; Phagocytosis of bacteria and foreign particles deposited in the alveolus.
Soft Palate
Mass of collagen ending with the uvula. Moves upward and backward to close the opening between nasal and oropharynx.
Valsalva's maneuver
Massive adduction of vocal folds so the larynx is tightly sealed. Prevents air from escaping during lifting, pushing, coughing, throat-clearing, vomiting, urination, defecation, and parturition.
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Max amount of air lungs can accommodate.
Forced Expiratory Volume Time (FEVT)
Max vol of gas exhaled over a specific period of time.
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
Max volume of gas exhaled forcefully and rapidly after a max inspiration.
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)
Maximum flow rate that can be achieved. Can be obtained from the FVC.
Differentiate between the Miller blade and Macintosh laryngoscope.
Miller - striaght/longer (directly lifts the epiglottis) Macintosh - small/curved (indirectly lift epiglottis through valecula)
Dynamic Compliance
Mix of compliance and resistance. How readily a lung region fills during a period of gas flow. Normal 50-80 ml/H2O
Mononuclear - leukocytes
Monocytes Lymphocytes
Lung regions with high Raw and high CL require _____ time to inflate.
More
V/Q ratio at the bases
More perfusion than ventilation (SHUNT) V/Q<.8
V/Q ratio at the apices
More ventilation then perfusion (DEADSPACE) V/Q>.8
Is cilia present in the respiratory bronchioles?
NO!
What makes up the upper third or bridge of the nose?
Nasal bones Frontal process of the maxilla
The _____ _____ speparates the nasal cavity in two chambers.
Nasal septum
What "pharynx" contains the pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids?
Nasopharynx
The pharynx is divided into what three parts?
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
Elastance
Natural tendency to respond to force and to return to its original resting position or shape. The reciprocal to Compliance.
PMN granulocytes - leukocytes
Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils
Pressure gradient during end inspiration
No P change
Anemic Hypoxia
Normal PaO2, but the O2 carrying capacity of the blood is inadequate. Low Hb Deficiency in the ability of Hb to carry O2
Ppl is always negative in _____ _____.
Normal breathing
Circulatory Hypoxia
Normal everything, but inadequate blood flow.
What does the Upper Airway consist of?
Nose Oral Cavity Pharynx Larynx
Of CO2 and O2, which moves faster?
O2
FEF decreases with what two factors?
Old age Obstructive disease
PEFR decreases with what two factors?
Old age Obstructive disease
Resistance
Opposition to the flow of gases through the airways.
Where does the blood supply to the heart originate from?
Originates from the aorta by means of two coronaries: R and L.
What is located between the soft palate and the base of the tongue.
Oropharynx
Zone 2 - Lung
P arterial > Palveolar = pulmonary capillaries are perfused.
Raw
P difference between the mouth and the alveoli (Pta). Resistance to gas flow created by the airways.
Gay-Lussac's Law
P1/T1=P2/T2
Boyle's Law
P1V1=P2V2
The clinical importance of the steep portion of O2 dissociation curve
PO2 below 60 = Rapid decrease in the amount of O2 bound to Hb (Hypoxia)
Ideal Gas Law
PV=nRT
What makes up the Hard Palate?
Palatine process of the maxilla Palatine bones
What are the three main functions of the larynx?
Passage of air between pharynx and trachea. Protective mechanism against aspiration of solids and liquids. Generates sounds for speech
Hematocrit
Percentage of RBCs to total blood volume.
Shunt
Perfusion without ventilation.
Stagnant Hypoxia
Peripheral capillary blood flow is slow such as in decreased cardiac output, vascular insufficency. It causes a decrease in SvO2.
Pulmonary Surfactant
Phospholipid (DPPC) Type II cell
The diaphram is intervated by which nerve?
Phrenic
Static Compliance
Plateau pressure need. True P in the alveoli without flow. Normal 70-100 ml/H2O
Causes of increased pressure in the alveoli
Positive P ventilation Dehydration Hemorrhage
Pressure gradient during end expiration
Ppl = Pm
Driving Pressure
Pressure difference between 2 points. 30 cmH2O (PIP) - 5 cmH2O (PEEP) = 25 cmH2O (Driving P)
Transpulmonary Pressure
Pressure difference between the alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure in the lungs. +/-5
Transthoracic Pressure
Pressure difference between the alveolar space or lung and the body's surface. +/-3
Transairway Pressure
Pressure differnence between the mouth pressure and the alveoli pressure. +/-3
Baroreceptors
Pressure receptors that help, along with the vasomotor center, the BP. Their function is to sense pressure changes by responding to change in the tension of the arterial wall.
What is the primary role of thrombocytes (platelets)?
Prevent blood loss upon endothelial injury.
Lympatic System
Primary function is to remove excess fluid and protein molecules that leak out of the pulmonary capillaries.
What is the primary function of leukocytes?
Protection against bacteria and foreign agents.
What type of tissue makes up the epithelial lining?
Pseudostradified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucous gland
Primary function of the external intercostal muscles during inspiration
Pull ribs upward and outward Increase AP and lateral diameters
In normal conditions, _____ _____ _____ is high enough to overcome P alveolar.
Pulmonary arterial pressure
Cyanosis
Purplish discoloration seen on the mucous membranes, fingertips, and toes. Present when blood has at least 5g% of reduced Hb.
P decreases in response to increased tube _____.
Radius
Turbulent
Random movement of gas. Gas flow encounters R from both sides of the tube and collide with each other. At high flow rates and high P gradients.
Graham's Law
Rate of diffusion of gas through a liquid is proportional to the solubility coefficient of the gas and inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the gas.
Fick's Law
Rate of gas diffusion is proportional to the surface area of the tissue and inversely proportional to the thickness.
Electrocardiogram
Recording of electrical impulses by means of electrodes placed on the body.
Vasomotor center
Regulates the number of impulses sent to the vascular system.
The SNS _____ the bronchial smooth muscle, and the PNS _____ it.
Relaxes Constricts
Which structures of the tracheobronchial tree ar known as the respiatory zone?
Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs
Which structures of the tracheobronchial tree are sites of gas exchange?
Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs
Increased FEV/FVC ratio indicates _____.
Restriction
A _____ shift increases O2 unload to the tissues.
Right
During a left tension pneumothorax, the mediastinal shifts to the ____, and there is a _____ hemidiaphragm.
Right Depressed
Primary function of the sternocleidomastoid during inspiration
Rotate head Elevates the sternum to increase AP diameter of the chest
Primary function of the trapezius muscles during inspiration
Rotate the scapula Raise shoulders Abduct arms Elevates thoracic cage
Describe the conductive system of the heart.
SA node AV node Bundleof His R and L bundle branches Purkinje fibers
Which of the two layers of the mucous blanket is less viscid?
SOL
Muscles of inspiration
Scalene muscles Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis major muscles Trapezius muscles External intercostal muscles
Cellular Immunity
Sensitized lymphocytes
During exercise, transit time is _____ = _____ time for gas diffusion.
Shorter Less
Cuneiform and Corniculate
Small accessory cartilages to stiffen the glottic folds.
Pores of Kohn
Small holes in the walls of the interalveolar septa. Allows gas to move between adjacent alveoli.
Arterioles
Smaller vessels. Distribution and regulation of blood P. RESISTANCE VESSELS.
Laminar
Streamlined. Gas molecules move parallel to the sides of the tube. At low flow rates and low P gradients.
Arteries
Strong, ELASTIC VESSELS.
Dynamic Lung Mechanics
Study of forces in action. Movement of gas in and out of the lungs and P changes required to move the gas.
Static
Study of matter at rest.
Which gland is responsible for a majority of the secretions within the epithelial lining/mucous layer)?
Submucosal
Physiologic Dead Space
Sum of anatomic dead space and alveolar dead space.
Describe the pathway of blood through the heart.
Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary artery Lung capillaries Pulmonary vein Left atrium Mitral valve Left ventricle Aorta
Arterioles
Supply nutrients to the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
Major sites where an arterial pulse can be detected
Temporal Facial Carotid Brachial Radial Femoral Popliteal Posterior Tibial Dorsal Pedal
Distending P
The P needed to overcome surface tension.
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
The additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
The additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume.
Tidal Volume (VT)
The amount of air inspired during normal, relaxed breathing.
Cardiac output
The amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute. CO = SV x HR
Laplace's Law
The larger the vessel radius, the larger the wall tension required to withstand a given internal fluid pressure.
If the distending P is below critical opening P, what happends the alveoli and lung?
The liquid walls of the alveolus come in contact with one another resisting re-expansion. Atelectacis.
When 2 different size bubbles with same ST are in direct communication, the greater P in the smaller bubble will cause what?
The smaller bubble to empty into the larger bubble.
Glottis
The space between the true vocal cords.
Residual Volume (RV)
The volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled.
Smallest formed element in the plasma.
Thrombocytes (platelets)
What is the largest of the cartilages, also refered to as the "Adam's apple?"
Thyroid
What are the three single cartilages of of the larynx?
Thyroid Cricoid Epiglottis
What does normal ventilary pattern consists of?
Tidal Volume Respiratory Rate Inspiratory to Expiratory Ratio
Time Constant
Time in seconds necessary to inflate a lung region to 60% of its potential filling capacity.
Which structures of the tracheobronchial tree are cartilaginous airways?
Trachea Main stem bronchi Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi Subsegmental bronchi
Which structures of the tracheobronchial tree ar known as the conducting zone?
Trachea Main stem bronchi Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi Subsegmental bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles
What is the primary function of blood?
Transports oxygen
(T/F) Lymph nodes produce lymphocytes and monocytes.
True
(T/F) The middle layer of tissue that composes the wall of veins is poorly developed.
True
T/F BP varies proportional to CO.
True
T/F Rate of diffusion of gas through alveolar wall depends on amount of blood that flows pasts the alveoli.
True
T/F The cross-sectional area of the tracheobronchial tree increases significantly beyond the terminal bronchioles.
True
What are the lower folds of the interior larynx called?
True vocal cords
Which type of cell makes up ~95% of the alveolar surface?
Type 1: Squamous pneumocyte
Which type of cell is the primary source of surfactant within the alveolar epithelium?
Type 2: Granular pneumocyte
Mast cells
Upon activation, release chemical mediators of inflammation that may affect the bronchial tone.
Pressure gradient during expiration
Upward diaphram movement = Low thoracic volume High Ppl High Palv
Charles' Law
V1/T1=V2/T2
Deadspace
Ventilation without perfusion.
What's the first line of defense for the tracheobronchial tree?
Vestibule (i.e. vebrissae)
Another name for larynx is?
Voice box
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Vol inhaled after a normal exhalation. (IRV+VT).
Vital Capacity (VC)
Vol of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration. (IRV+VT+ERV).
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Vol remaining after normal exhalation. (ERV+RV).
Stroke volume
Volume ejected on each ventricular contraction
Anatomical Dead Space
Volume of gas in the conducting airways. VA= (VT-VD) x breaths/min.
Shunt-Like Effect
When capillary perfusion excedes alveolar ventilation.
Capillaries
Where gas exchange occurs.
Capillaries
Where gas exchange occurs. Composed of endothelial layer. Semipermiable
Which cranial nerve helps the submucousal gland and goblet cells produce the mucous blanket?
X (Vagus)
Can you put a pt. on a non-rebreather if they possess a shunt-like ailment?
Yes, but you cannot with a shunt-shunt.
Tidal Volume
the V of air that moves in and out of the lungs in one quiet breath. 7-9 ml/kg
Normal diaphragmatic excursion
~1.5 cm
At rest, the heart receives _____% of CO.
~5