Cardiopulmonary A&P Final Exam

Winter's Formula

(HCO3 x 1.5) + 8 +/-2

Nomal Base excess

+/-2

Normal intrapleural P change during deep expiration

+70-100 cmH2O

Ppl at the bases

-2 to -3 cm H2O.

Ppl during inspiration

-5 cmH2O

Normal intrapleural P change during deep inspiration

-50 cmH2O

Ppl at the apices

-7 to -10 cm H2O

How many liters of gas do lungs accept?

.75 L

Normal Respiratory Quotient

.8

Normal V/Q

.8

The trachea has how many generations?

0

Solubility coefficient of Hgb

0.003

Equilibrium of O2 and CO2 diffusion is reached in ~ _____ sec; transit time through ACM is _____ sec.

0.25 0.75

Normal resistance

0.5-3.0 cmH2O/L/sec

The main stem bronchi has how many generations?

1

Most common time period for FEVT is _____ sec.

1.0

Normal Raw

1.0-2.0 cmH2O/L/sec

Each gram of Hb is capable of carrying _____ mL of Hb.

1.34

The bronchioes has how many generations?

10-15

A MMV test is done over a period of how many seconds?

12-15

Life span of RBCs

120 days

The terminal bronchioles has how many generations?

16-19

Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow at a rate of _____ million cells/sec to compensate for RBC destruction (spleen and liver).

2

The lobar bronchi has how many generations?

2

Normal anatomic shunt

2-5%

The respiratory bronchioles has how many generations?

20-23

Acid-Base ratio

20:1 (Bicarb:CO2)

Normal HCO3

22-26

The alveolar ducts has how many generations?

24-27

At rest, tissue cells consume _____ mL and produce _____ mL of CO2 each minute.

250 200

When SaO2 is 50, PaO2 is _____.

27 mmHg

The alveolar sacs has how many generations?

28

How many layers of tissue do veins have about their walls?

3

The segmantal bronchi has how many generations?

3

Normal intrapleural P change

3-6 cmH2O

A shunt is potentially life-threatening if it is greather than _____%.

30

Normal PaCO2

35-45 mmHg

Normal HbA consists of...

4 heme groups (Iron-containing non-protein portion) 4 amino acid chains (polypeptide) that constitute globin (protein) 4 oxygens bound to 1 iron molecule

The subsegmental bronchi has how many generations?

4-9

PACO2

40 mmHg

Capacity of water vapor

47 mg/dL

PH2O

47 mmHg

Normal C(a-v)O2 gradient

5 vol%

Moderate Hypoxia

59-40 mmHg

Normal diaphragmatic excursion during deep inspiration

6-10 cm

When SaO2 id 90, PaO2 is _____.

60 mmHg

FEV0.5

60%

Normal pH

7.35-7.45

Normal SVO2

75%, but >65% is acceptable

Atmospheric gases surrounding earth exert a P at sea level of _____ mmHg.

760

Mild Hypoxia

79-60 mmHg

Normal PaO2

80-100 mmHg

FEV1.0

83%

What composes plasma?

90% water 10% proteins, electrolytes, hormones, etc.

Normal SaO2

90-100

Normal value of DO2

900 - 1150 ml O2/min

FEV2.0

94%

What compses the mucous blanket?

95% Water 5% Glycoproteins CHO Lipids DNA Cellular depris Foreign particles

Severe Hypoxia

<40 mmHg

P wave

A

The steep portion of O2 dissociation curve indicates...

A rapid combination of O2 and Hb Btw 10-60 mmHg

Where does vascular constriction occur?

Abdominal region (No vital organs)

During inspiration, the vocal cords _____.

Abduct

Polycythemia

Abnormal increase in the RBC number due to hypoxia.

Intravascular Pressure

Actual BP in the lumen of any vessel at any point, relative to the PB.

During exhalation, the vocal cords _____.

Adduct (slightly always maintaining an open glottic space)

Primary function of the pectoralis major muscles during inspiration

Adduction of upper extremities Elevate the chest to increase AP diameter

Where is the SOL layer located?

Adjecent to the epithelial lining.

MMV decreases with what two factors?

Age Obstructive disease

Paranasal Sinuses

Air-filled cavities in the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity. Provides mucus for lubrication of the nasal cavity and act as resonating chambers for production of sound.

What is the primary function of the larynx?

Airflow

Factor affecting Raw

Airway length Radius Flow rate

Where is the GEL layer located?

Ajacent to the luminal surface.

A true shunt is caused by...

Alveolar collapse or atelectasis Alveolar fluid accumulation Alvelolar consolidation

According to Laplace's law, a high Plp must be generated to open what?

Alveoli This is offset by pulmonary surfactant.

Alveolar Dead Space

Alveolus is ventilated but not perfused with pulmonary blood. Pulmonary Embolism.

Henry's Law

Amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial P of the gas.

3 types of dead space

Anatomic Alveolar Physiologic

Histotoxic Hypoxia

Any condition that impairs the ability of tissue cells to utilize O2. Cyanide poisoning

Which cartilage is a "three-sided pyramid?"

Arytenoid

What are the three paired cartilages of the larynx?

Arytenoid Corniculate Cuneiform

FEF 25%-75%

Average flow rate during the middle 50% of the FVC. (N= 270L/min - 210 L/min) Reflects status of medium to small airways.

FEF 200-1200

Average rate of airflow between 200 and 1200mL of the FVC. Index of integrity of large airways.

Q wave

B

External respiration

Blood and air

Internal respiration

Blood and tissues

Anterio-Venous Shunt

Blood bypasses tissue cells and moves into the venous system. No O2 delivery to the tissues.

What does the lamina propia contain?

Blood vessel Lymphatic vessels Branches of the vagus nerve Smooth muscle fibers Submucosal glands

Turbinates/Conchae

Bony protrusions on lateral walls of nasal cavity. Increases contact area for inspired gas adding humidity and heat.

Tracheobronchial Tree

Branching airways referred as to generations, or orders.

Which structures of the tracheobronchial tree are noncartilaginous?

Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles

R wave

C

Venules

CAPACITANCE VESSELS

In the healthy lung the CL dyn is about equal to _____ _____.

CL stat

DO2 formula

CO x (CaO2 x 10)

Of CO2 and O2, which diffuses faster?

CO2

Obstructive

Can get in in but has trouble getting it out. (air trapping).

Restrictive

Can get it out, but cannot get it in (small lung (ie lung volumes)).

Where are baroreceptos located?

Carotid arteries Aorta

Elastance formula

Change P/Change V

Lung Compliance

Change in volume per unit pressure change.

_____ limits alveolar distensibility protecting lung from overstretching and capillary occlusion.

Collagen

Lungs have the natural tendency to do what?

Collapse

Vocal Ligament

Composes the medial border of the larynx, and is composed of a strong band of elastic tissue.

What are the primary functions of the Upper Airway?

Conduction of air Filter Speech and Smell

Primary function of the internal intercostal muscles during expiration

Contract during expiration pulling ribs downward and inward

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)

Controls homeostasis and the body at rest and is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" function.

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

Controls the body's responses to a perceived threat and is responsible for the "fight or flight" response.

The inferior border of which cartilage is attached to the first ring of the trachea?

Cricoid

Which cartilage was a signet ring shape?

Cricoid

Laplace's law does NOT apply until what is reached?

Critical opening P

The presence of heparin in an ABG sample will...

Decrease the pH (6.0-7.0) Decrease the CO2 (2 mmHg) Increase the O2 (159 mmHg)

Right Shift

Decreased O2 affinity Increase O2 unload

Factors that increase C(a-v)O2 and decrease SVO2

Decreased cardiac output Exercise Seizures Shivering Hyperthermia (Periods of increased O2 consumption)

In obstructive diseases, FEVT _____.

Decreases

Once critical opening P is reached, distending P progressively _____ as the bubble increases its radius.

Decreases

Changes about the heart waves are reflection of the _____ and _____ of the cardiac muscle.

Depolarization Repolarization

What alters total VA the MOST?

Depth Rate, however, also affects it.

P gradient is generated by contraction and relaxation of the _____.

Diaphragm

Transmural Pressure

Difference between the intraluminal P and P surrounding the vessel.

Driving Pressure

Difference in P between two points.

Surface tension is _____ proportional to the distending P of a liquid bubble.

Directly

How is oxygen transported?

Dissolved in plasma Bound to Hgb

S wave

E

Static forces of the lung

Elastic properties Surface tension

What covers the glottic opening when swallowing so aspiration is prevented?

Epiglottis

What are the three major "layers" of histology of the tracheobronchial tree?

Epithelial lining Lamina propria Cartilagenous layer

What are the three major cells that make up blood?

Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes

What does the MMV evaluate?

Evaluates performance of respiratory muscles, compliance, and R generated by the airways and tissues.

The chest has a natural tendency to do what?

Expand

(T/F) Pores of Kohn decrease in size with age.

False

T/F Rate of diffusion of gas through alveolar wall does not depends on integrity of the ACM.

False

What are the upper folds of the interior larynx called?

False vocal cords

T/F The CO2 dissociation curve is S shaped.

False, it is linear.

(T/F) There are more lymphatic vessels on the RML than the LLL and RLL.

False, there are more lymphatic vessels on the LLL than in the RML and RLL.

What are the primary functions of the nose?

Filter Humidify Warm inspired gas

We want pts. to be on the _____ portion of the O2 dissociation curve.

Flat

Primary function of the scalene muscles during inspiration

Flex the neck Elevate the first and second ribs

Pulmonary Circulation

From PA to LA

Systemic Circulation

From aorta to RA

Which of the two layers of the mucous blanket is more viscous?

GEL

Ventilation

Gas exchange between external environment and alveoli.

Interstitium

Gel-like substance that supports the alveolo-capillary system.

Which three factors influence blood flow?

Gravity Cardiac output Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

If alveolar pressure is _____ than both the arterial and venous intraluminal pressure, blood is prevented from flowing through this region (deadspace).

Greater

CaO2 formula

Hb + dissolved O2 (Hb x 1.34 x SaO2) + (PaO2 x 0.003)

Autohythmicity

Heartbeat without external stimulus.

As the diameter of the airways decreases, the epithelium decreases in _____?

Height

Large alveolus = _____ surface tension

High

Factors that shift the O2 dissociation curve to the R

High H+ = Low pH High T High CO2 High 2, 3- DPG

Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis

High pH due to presence of other bases. Common causes: Hypokalemia: whenever the K is low, kidneys save K by excreting H+= blood base increases. Hypocholoremia Vomiting (acidic gastric fluid) Steroids (Reabsorb Na+, Excrete H+ and K+ Diuretics ( Excrete K+) Sodium Bicarb ingestion

Common causes of a shunt-like effect?

Hypoventilation Bronchospasm or mucus plugging ACM diffusion defects

The afferent fibers of the baroreceptor reflex travel with which which two cranial nerves?

IX (Carotid) X (Aortic)

Hooke's Law

If 1 unit of force (P) is applied to an elastic body it will stretch 1 unit of length (V).

Dalton's Law

In a mixture of gases, the total P is equal to the sum of partial P of each separate gas.

Flow will _____ if P and radius increase, and will _____ if viscosity and length are increased.

Increase Decrease

Left Shift

Increase O2 affinity Decrease O2 unload

The presence of air bubbles in an ABG sample will...

Increase the PO2

The main compensatory mechanism for anemic hypoxia is...

Increase the cardiac output

Net result of sympathetic stimulation

Increased CO (HR and SV) Increased peripheral resistance Return of BP to normal

Factors that decrease C(a-v)O2 and increase SVO2

Increased cardiac output Skeletal relaxation Certain poisons Hypothermia

(Pick one) The SNS increases/decreases the rate and strength of contraction of the heart.

Increases

Bronchial airways lengthen and increase diameter during _____.

Inspiration

Alveolar ventilation

Inspired air that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange.

Deadspace ventilation

Inspired gas that does not reach the alveoli.

The size of the bubble is _____ proportional to its distending P.

Inversely

Humoral response

Involves circulating antibodies

Causes of Metabolic Acidosis

Lactic acidosis. End-product of anaerobic metabolism. Severe acute hypoxemia. Ketoacidosis. Low insulin levels in diabetics cause low intracellular glu levels. Alternative metabolites are ketones.(diabetes, Alcohol, starvation) Renal failure. (H+= increases and HCO3 decreases) Ingestion of Drugs Aspirin, ethylene glycol K+ sparing diuretics Diarrhea

Mandatory Minute Ventilation (MMV)

Largest vol of gas breathed voluntarily in 1 minute.

What is located between the base of the tongue and the entrance to the esophagus?

Laryngopharynx

What makes up the lower two thirds of the nose?

Lateral nasal cartilage Greater alar cartilage Lessar alar cartilage Septal cartilage Fibrous fatty tissue

A _____ shift increased O2 unload to the lungs.

Left

Surface Tension

Liquid molecules surrounded by liquid molecules are mutually attracted to each other moving freely in all directions. In a liquid-gas interface, the liquid molecules at the surface are attracted to the liquid molecules within the liquid mass.

Where are mast cells generally found outside of the lung?

Loose connective tissue of skin and intestinal mucosa.

Small alveolus = _____ surface tension

Low

Describe the baroreceptor reflex in the case of low blood pressure.

Low BP causes decrease number of neural impulses to the centers in the medulla (from the baroreceptors) = medulla responds by increasing sympathetic activity = increasing: HR Arterial and venous constriction Myocardial force of contraction

Factors that shift the O2 dissociation curve to the L

Low H+ = High pH Low T Low CO2 Fetal Hb has a greater affinity for O2 than HbA Carbon Monoxide

Pressure gradient during inpiration

Low Ppl Low Palv

Hypoxic Hypoxia

Low blood O2 = Low tissue O2 It can develope from pulomonary shunting and from: Low PAO2 - Hypoventilation, High altitudes, Breathing gas mixtures w/ <21% O2 Diffusion impairment V/Q mismatch

Alveoli at the apices have _____ compliance than the alveoli at the bases.

Lower

Ventilation is much greater and more effective in which regions o fthe lungs?

Lower

What purpose do type 3 alveolar cells serve?

Macrophages; Phagocytosis of bacteria and foreign particles deposited in the alveolus.

Soft Palate

Mass of collagen ending with the uvula. Moves upward and backward to close the opening between nasal and oropharynx.

Valsalva's maneuver

Massive adduction of vocal folds so the larynx is tightly sealed. Prevents air from escaping during lifting, pushing, coughing, throat-clearing, vomiting, urination, defecation, and parturition.

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Max amount of air lungs can accommodate.

Forced Expiratory Volume Time (FEVT)

Max vol of gas exhaled over a specific period of time.

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Max volume of gas exhaled forcefully and rapidly after a max inspiration.

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)

Maximum flow rate that can be achieved. Can be obtained from the FVC.

Differentiate between the Miller blade and Macintosh laryngoscope.

Miller - striaght/longer (directly lifts the epiglottis) Macintosh - small/curved (indirectly lift epiglottis through valecula)

Dynamic Compliance

Mix of compliance and resistance. How readily a lung region fills during a period of gas flow. Normal 50-80 ml/H2O

Mononuclear - leukocytes

Monocytes Lymphocytes

Lung regions with high Raw and high CL require _____ time to inflate.

More

V/Q ratio at the bases

More perfusion than ventilation (SHUNT) V/Q<.8

V/Q ratio at the apices

More ventilation then perfusion (DEADSPACE) V/Q>.8

Is cilia present in the respiratory bronchioles?

NO!

What makes up the upper third or bridge of the nose?

Nasal bones Frontal process of the maxilla

The _____ _____ speparates the nasal cavity in two chambers.

Nasal septum

What "pharynx" contains the pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids?

Nasopharynx

The pharynx is divided into what three parts?

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

Elastance

Natural tendency to respond to force and to return to its original resting position or shape. The reciprocal to Compliance.

PMN granulocytes - leukocytes

Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils

Pressure gradient during end inspiration

No P change

Anemic Hypoxia

Normal PaO2, but the O2 carrying capacity of the blood is inadequate. Low Hb Deficiency in the ability of Hb to carry O2

Ppl is always negative in _____ _____.

Normal breathing

Circulatory Hypoxia

Normal everything, but inadequate blood flow.

What does the Upper Airway consist of?

Nose Oral Cavity Pharynx Larynx

Of CO2 and O2, which moves faster?

O2

FEF decreases with what two factors?

Old age Obstructive disease

PEFR decreases with what two factors?

Old age Obstructive disease

Resistance

Opposition to the flow of gases through the airways.

Where does the blood supply to the heart originate from?

Originates from the aorta by means of two coronaries: R and L.

What is located between the soft palate and the base of the tongue.

Oropharynx

Zone 2 - Lung

P arterial > Palveolar = pulmonary capillaries are perfused.

Raw

P difference between the mouth and the alveoli (Pta). Resistance to gas flow created by the airways.

Gay-Lussac's Law

P1/T1=P2/T2

Boyle's Law

P1V1=P2V2

The clinical importance of the steep portion of O2 dissociation curve

PO2 below 60 = Rapid decrease in the amount of O2 bound to Hb (Hypoxia)

Ideal Gas Law

PV=nRT

What makes up the Hard Palate?

Palatine process of the maxilla Palatine bones

What are the three main functions of the larynx?

Passage of air between pharynx and trachea. Protective mechanism against aspiration of solids and liquids. Generates sounds for speech

Hematocrit

Percentage of RBCs to total blood volume.

Shunt

Perfusion without ventilation.

Stagnant Hypoxia

Peripheral capillary blood flow is slow such as in decreased cardiac output, vascular insufficency. It causes a decrease in SvO2.

Pulmonary Surfactant

Phospholipid (DPPC) Type II cell

The diaphram is intervated by which nerve?

Phrenic

Static Compliance

Plateau pressure need. True P in the alveoli without flow. Normal 70-100 ml/H2O

Causes of increased pressure in the alveoli

Positive P ventilation Dehydration Hemorrhage

Pressure gradient during end expiration

Ppl = Pm

Driving Pressure

Pressure difference between 2 points. 30 cmH2O (PIP) - 5 cmH2O (PEEP) = 25 cmH2O (Driving P)

Transpulmonary Pressure

Pressure difference between the alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure in the lungs. +/-5

Transthoracic Pressure

Pressure difference between the alveolar space or lung and the body's surface. +/-3

Transairway Pressure

Pressure differnence between the mouth pressure and the alveoli pressure. +/-3

Baroreceptors

Pressure receptors that help, along with the vasomotor center, the BP. Their function is to sense pressure changes by responding to change in the tension of the arterial wall.

What is the primary role of thrombocytes (platelets)?

Prevent blood loss upon endothelial injury.

Lympatic System

Primary function is to remove excess fluid and protein molecules that leak out of the pulmonary capillaries.

What is the primary function of leukocytes?

Protection against bacteria and foreign agents.

What type of tissue makes up the epithelial lining?

Pseudostradified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucous gland

Primary function of the external intercostal muscles during inspiration

Pull ribs upward and outward Increase AP and lateral diameters

In normal conditions, _____ _____ _____ is high enough to overcome P alveolar.

Pulmonary arterial pressure

Cyanosis

Purplish discoloration seen on the mucous membranes, fingertips, and toes. Present when blood has at least 5g% of reduced Hb.

P decreases in response to increased tube _____.

Radius

Turbulent

Random movement of gas. Gas flow encounters R from both sides of the tube and collide with each other. At high flow rates and high P gradients.

Graham's Law

Rate of diffusion of gas through a liquid is proportional to the solubility coefficient of the gas and inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the gas.

Fick's Law

Rate of gas diffusion is proportional to the surface area of the tissue and inversely proportional to the thickness.

Electrocardiogram

Recording of electrical impulses by means of electrodes placed on the body.

Vasomotor center

Regulates the number of impulses sent to the vascular system.

The SNS _____ the bronchial smooth muscle, and the PNS _____ it.

Relaxes Constricts

Which structures of the tracheobronchial tree ar known as the respiatory zone?

Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs

Which structures of the tracheobronchial tree are sites of gas exchange?

Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs

Increased FEV/FVC ratio indicates _____.

Restriction

A _____ shift increases O2 unload to the tissues.

Right

During a left tension pneumothorax, the mediastinal shifts to the ____, and there is a _____ hemidiaphragm.

Right Depressed

Primary function of the sternocleidomastoid during inspiration

Rotate head Elevates the sternum to increase AP diameter of the chest

Primary function of the trapezius muscles during inspiration

Rotate the scapula Raise shoulders Abduct arms Elevates thoracic cage

Describe the conductive system of the heart.

SA node AV node Bundleof His R and L bundle branches Purkinje fibers

Which of the two layers of the mucous blanket is less viscid?

SOL

Muscles of inspiration

Scalene muscles Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis major muscles Trapezius muscles External intercostal muscles

Cellular Immunity

Sensitized lymphocytes

During exercise, transit time is _____ = _____ time for gas diffusion.

Shorter Less

Cuneiform and Corniculate

Small accessory cartilages to stiffen the glottic folds.

Pores of Kohn

Small holes in the walls of the interalveolar septa. Allows gas to move between adjacent alveoli.

Arterioles

Smaller vessels. Distribution and regulation of blood P. RESISTANCE VESSELS.

Laminar

Streamlined. Gas molecules move parallel to the sides of the tube. At low flow rates and low P gradients.

Arteries

Strong, ELASTIC VESSELS.

Dynamic Lung Mechanics

Study of forces in action. Movement of gas in and out of the lungs and P changes required to move the gas.

Static

Study of matter at rest.

Which gland is responsible for a majority of the secretions within the epithelial lining/mucous layer)?

Submucosal

Physiologic Dead Space

Sum of anatomic dead space and alveolar dead space.

Describe the pathway of blood through the heart.

Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary artery Lung capillaries Pulmonary vein Left atrium Mitral valve Left ventricle Aorta

Arterioles

Supply nutrients to the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

Major sites where an arterial pulse can be detected

Temporal Facial Carotid Brachial Radial Femoral Popliteal Posterior Tibial Dorsal Pedal

Distending P

The P needed to overcome surface tension.

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

The additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

The additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume.

Tidal Volume (VT)

The amount of air inspired during normal, relaxed breathing.

Cardiac output

The amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute. CO = SV x HR

Laplace's Law

The larger the vessel radius, the larger the wall tension required to withstand a given internal fluid pressure.

If the distending P is below critical opening P, what happends the alveoli and lung?

The liquid walls of the alveolus come in contact with one another resisting re-expansion. Atelectacis.

When 2 different size bubbles with same ST are in direct communication, the greater P in the smaller bubble will cause what?

The smaller bubble to empty into the larger bubble.

Glottis

The space between the true vocal cords.

Residual Volume (RV)

The volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled.

Smallest formed element in the plasma.

Thrombocytes (platelets)

What is the largest of the cartilages, also refered to as the "Adam's apple?"

Thyroid

What are the three single cartilages of of the larynx?

Thyroid Cricoid Epiglottis

What does normal ventilary pattern consists of?

Tidal Volume Respiratory Rate Inspiratory to Expiratory Ratio

Time Constant

Time in seconds necessary to inflate a lung region to 60% of its potential filling capacity.

Which structures of the tracheobronchial tree are cartilaginous airways?

Trachea Main stem bronchi Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi Subsegmental bronchi

Which structures of the tracheobronchial tree ar known as the conducting zone?

Trachea Main stem bronchi Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi Subsegmental bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles

What is the primary function of blood?

Transports oxygen

(T/F) Lymph nodes produce lymphocytes and monocytes.

True

(T/F) The middle layer of tissue that composes the wall of veins is poorly developed.

True

T/F BP varies proportional to CO.

True

T/F Rate of diffusion of gas through alveolar wall depends on amount of blood that flows pasts the alveoli.

True

T/F The cross-sectional area of the tracheobronchial tree increases significantly beyond the terminal bronchioles.

True

What are the lower folds of the interior larynx called?

True vocal cords

Which type of cell makes up ~95% of the alveolar surface?

Type 1: Squamous pneumocyte

Which type of cell is the primary source of surfactant within the alveolar epithelium?

Type 2: Granular pneumocyte

Mast cells

Upon activation, release chemical mediators of inflammation that may affect the bronchial tone.

Pressure gradient during expiration

Upward diaphram movement = Low thoracic volume High Ppl High Palv

Charles' Law

V1/T1=V2/T2

Deadspace

Ventilation without perfusion.

What's the first line of defense for the tracheobronchial tree?

Vestibule (i.e. vebrissae)

Another name for larynx is?

Voice box

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Vol inhaled after a normal exhalation. (IRV+VT).

Vital Capacity (VC)

Vol of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration. (IRV+VT+ERV).

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Vol remaining after normal exhalation. (ERV+RV).

Stroke volume

Volume ejected on each ventricular contraction

Anatomical Dead Space

Volume of gas in the conducting airways. VA= (VT-VD) x breaths/min.

Shunt-Like Effect

When capillary perfusion excedes alveolar ventilation.

Capillaries

Where gas exchange occurs.

Capillaries

Where gas exchange occurs. Composed of endothelial layer. Semipermiable

Which cranial nerve helps the submucousal gland and goblet cells produce the mucous blanket?

X (Vagus)

Can you put a pt. on a non-rebreather if they possess a shunt-like ailment?

Yes, but you cannot with a shunt-shunt.

Tidal Volume

the V of air that moves in and out of the lungs in one quiet breath. 7-9 ml/kg

Normal diaphragmatic excursion

~1.5 cm

At rest, the heart receives _____% of CO.

~5