CD2

When gender differences in the brain have been revealed, in many cases they _______ psychological differences.

have not been directly linked to

Eleven-year-old Meagan has some doubts about Ian's claim that he is the smartest student in the school. This is likely due to

her increased skepticism regarding others' claims.

Which of the following are aspects of the development of the self-understanding in middle and late childhood? Multiple select question.

increased recognition of social aspects of self increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description increasing social comparison

In middle and late childhood, secure attachment is associated with which of the following?

lower levels of anxiety lower levels of depression lower level of internalized symptoms

Piaget's cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for Kohlberg's theory, but in this Kohlberg's model suggested that there were three levels of

moral development.

A rule regarding which fork to use when eating salad is an example of the focus of social conventional reasoning, while a rule about murder is an example of the focus of

moral reasoning.

Self-esteem and self-concept are rooted in

parent-child interaction.

Because learning occurs during give and take, as children move through elementary school

peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important.

Which term refers to the ability to assume other people's points of view and understand their thoughts and feelings?

perspective taking

Positive peer relationships in middle and late childhood involve which of the following? Multiple select question.

resolving conflicts in nonaggressive ways maintaining quality friendships

Compared with schools in higher-income areas, schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage ______ learning.

rote

The global evaluation we make of ourselves is called

self esteem

Between the ages of 8 and 11, children's descriptions of themselves become more psychological and less concrete, demonstrating the development of

self understanding

Which of the following describes the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes?

self-efficacy

Research has shown that in general, girls and women have ______ verbal skills than boys and men.

slightly better

According to critics, Kohlberg's theory ignored which of the following?

the importance of gender, whether moral reasoning is conscious or automatic, the role of emotion

Compared to men, women have about ______ the body fat.

twice

By the time students graduate from high school, they will have spent ______ hours in the classroom.

12,000

Which of the statements is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood?

Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.

True or false: In middle and late childhood, children become less skeptical and more accepting of claims made by others, particularly those that involve social desirability.

False

Which of the following are some of the gender differences that research has found in brain structure and activity between the genders?

Female brains have more surface brain tissue than males. Female brains are approximately 10 percent smaller than male brains. The area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills tends to be larger in males.

Regarding the development of mental and physical disorders, which statements are true?

Men are more likely than women to develop physical disorders. Men are more likely than women to develop mental disorders.

Which of the following statements describes the balance of control in middle and late childhood?

Parents exercise general supervision and control, while children engage in moment-to-moment self regulation.

______ cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for ______ theory, but in the latter model there are three levels of moral development.

Piaget's; Kohlberg's

What has recent research into gender differences in math ability in the United States found?

There are no significant differences in math test scores for boys and girls

When viewing gender differences, which of the following must be considered? Multiple select question.

There is considerable overlap between the sexes even when differences are reported. The differences are averages. The source of the differences may be biological, sociocultural, or both.

What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory?

There is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior.

As compared to conventional rules, which of the following are true about moral rules?

They are widely accepted. They focus on ethical issues. They involve concepts of justice.

Which of the following are possible disadvantages of schools in low-income areas?

They may have environments that aren't conducive to learning. They are more likely to encourage rote learning. They are more likely to have low achievement test scores. The buildings are more likely to be older and in disrepair.

True or false: Children's social cognition about their peers becomes increasingly important for understanding peer relationships in middle and late childhood.

True

True or false: Low self-esteem can either be a result of an accurate perception of one's shortcomings or a reflection of insecurity.

True

The longer children experienced poverty, according to one study, the more detrimental the poverty was to their

cognitive development.

Self-______ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.

concept

Perspective taking is thought to be important in determining whether children will

develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behaviors.

Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience?

domain theory

A broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a

gender stereotype.