CDES 180

During early childhood, children grow ___ per year.

2 to 3 inches

In the United States, more than 4 in 10 adolescent girls have been pregnant at least once before the age of

20

During middle childhood, school children need on average about _____ calories a day to maintain growth and activity levels.

2400

The number of single-parent families in the United States has increased since 1970 because of rising rates of divorce or separation, unwed parenthood, or death. Approximately what percent of children today live with only one parent?

26%

_____ is a chronic, allergy-based respiratory disease characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing.

Asthma

Why are babies' heads so large in proportion to their body size?

At one year, the brain is 70 percent of its adult weight.

Which of the following is a defining feature of altruistic behavior?

Having no expectations of a reward

Which of the following statements is false regarding peer influences on gender development?

In middle childhood, peer groups are rarely based on gender.

_____ is an adolescent's struggle for autonomy and differentiation, or personal identity.

Individuation

Which of the following stages indicates that children must learn the productive skills their culture requires or else face feelings of inadequacy compared with their peers?

Industry versus inferiority

Which of the following is a common sleep problem during middle childhood?

Insomnia

Which of the following is true of hypertension?

It is also referred to as high blood pressure.

Punishment is sometimes necessary. Which of the following guidelines would NOT be effective for administering punishment? It must be clearly tied to the offense It must be corporal in nature It must be consistent. It must be immediate

It must be immediate

Which of the following is true of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

It states that each stage requires the balancing of a positive trait and a corresponding negative one.

_____ is the awareness and understanding of the mental processes of others Conservation Egocentrism Theory of mind Mind-body dualism

Theory of mind

A group of people born at about the same time who experience similar influences are referred to as

a cohort

Renee pours out a glass of milk for her doll telling her mother that her doll is very thirsty. This act best illustrates the Piagetian concept of conservation transitivity. centration. animism.

animism.

People with _____ have a distorted body image and, though typically severely underweight, think they are too fat.

anorexia nervosa

Irving is a typical 6-year-old boy. He would most likely

. sleep through the night without any daytime naps

By what age are children typically aware of feeling pride and shame?

7 or 8

In the context of gender differences in identity formation, which of the following statements based on the views of different psychological researchers is correct?

According to Gilligan, girls and women judge themselves on their ability to care for others and themselves.

Which of the following terms represents the social construction for the developmental transition between childhood and adulthood?

Adolescence

_____ function refers to conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems.

Executive

Which of the following is true about the relationship between family structure and children?

Family instability may be more harmful to children than the particular type of family they live in.

Changes in the way adolescents process information reflect the maturation of which of the following parts of the brain?

Frontal lobe

When children have limited verbal and conceptual skills or have suffered emotional trauma, _____ can help them describe what is troubling them without putting their feelings into words.

art therapy

Lana asks her mother if she can have a friend over on a school night to study. Her mother quickly reminds her that the rule is no visitors on school nights and that she is not going to allow Lana to break it. Lana's mother is demonstrating a(n) _____ parenting style in authoritarian neglectful uninvolved permissive

authoritarian

According to Lev Vygotsky's theory

cognitive growth is a collaborative process.

Roberto says, "All dogs bark. Spot is a dog. Therefore, Spot barks." This is an example of

deductive reasoning.

Bethany solves a physics problem by developing and testing several hypotheses. According to Piaget, this is an example of the _____ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

The chief task of adolescence, according to Erikson, is to confront the crisis of _____ in order to become a unique adult with a coherent sense of self and a valued role in society.

identity versus identity confusion

The secular trend involving increased adult height and weight in the United States is attributable to all of the following factors except

increased diversity of the American population.

Adolescents can keep many alternatives in mind, but at the same time may lack effective strategies for choosing among them. This is attributed to _____.

indecisiveness

Julian is explaining to his young daughter why she must not play in their neighbor's garden. He tells her that the neighbors work hard to grow flowers and maintain their garden and if she damages their plants while playing, she will not be allowed to go outdoors alone. As a method of socialization, Julian is employing corporal punishment power assertion. inductive technique. the withdrawal of love technique

inductive technique.

One of the most important predictors of early sexual activity is

peer group norms supporting sexual activity.

The _____ during childhood results in a reduction in density of nerve cells, thus increasing the brain's efficiency.

pruning of unused dendritic connections

Pubic hair is one of the

secondary sex characteristics.

Puberty began for Molly when she was 9 years old. Her mother began puberty at 11 and her grandmother at 13. This is an example of a _____ trend.

secular

Typically, the first sense to develop in the infants is the sense of

touch

Patty knows that Tysen, her friend from school, is taller than she is. She also knows that she is taller than her new friend Joseph, whom she met at summer camp. Without seeing the two of them together, Patty realizes that Tysen is taller than Joseph. Piaget would say that this conclusion drawn by Patty demonstrates

transitive inference.

Which of the following women would be advised NOT to breast-feed?

Alison, who has been on heavy medications following an infection

Molly, a five-year-old, was taken to the circus six months ago by her family. She still remembers meeting the clowns and watching the trapezium show at the circus. Which of the following types of childhood memory would store such a memory? Prospective memory Generic memory Sensory memory Episodic memory

Episodic memory

Piaget's term for awareness that two objects that are equal according to a certain measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration so long as nothing has been added to or taken away from either object is known as _____. ordinality decentration irreversibility conservation

conservation

The sensorimotor stage

consists of the period from birth to about 2 years.

The cerebral cortex plays an important role in

coordinating sensory information.

A society or group's total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language, and so on, is referred to as its _____.

culture

According to Freud, the _____ represents reason and operates under the reality principle.

ego

Adam is very adept with the joystick that guides his favorite computer game. This activity relies on his _____ motor skills.

fine

A child's rate of growth is most rapid during

infancy

A consequence of any behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated is called _____.

reinforcement

Jane's soft toy is kept in her mother's car to help calm her down when she has to go to daycare. The soft toy is her _____ object.

transitional

Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help is known as zone of cognitive assessment (ZCA). zone of innate ability (ZIA). zone of proximal development (ZPD). zone of passive construction (ZPC).

zone of proximal development (ZPD).

Amy knows that when she runs over and stands quietly by her grandfather's chair, he will reach over and tickle her under her chin. _____ enables Amy to behave in this specific way to obtain a specific result.

Operant conditioning

Emma loves to place her cheek on the window because she likes the sensation of the cool breeze against her face when she touches the window. She learns to repeat this action to get a pleasurable sensation. According to Piaget, she has learned a(n)

circular reaction.

Based on experiments done with animals, which of the following statements about environmental influences on brain development is correct?

Positive experiences or an enriched environment can spur brain development.

_____ is defined as the pattern of change in emotions, personality, and relationships.

Psychosocial development

Which of the following is the laboratory-based technique that was used by Mary Ainsworth to study attachment in children?

Strange Situation technique

Which of the following is an environmental influence that affects the physical development in the early years of life?

The nutrition provided by the mother

Which of the following statements is true with regard to emotions?

They develop following a relatively standard timeline in humans.

Diane is trying to find ways to encourage her 4-year-old to develop healthy eating habits. Which of the following would NOT be a good measure for her to take?

. Allowing the child to eat while watching her favorite cartoon show on TV

At what age are individual differences in understanding conflicting emotions first evident? 9 years of age 3 years of age 6 years of age 7 years of age

3 years of age

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants receive breast milk rather than cow's milk until they are over _____ months old.

6

Which of the following children is probably NOT experiencing a problem of "fit" between temperament and environment?

Aaron is a quiet and fairly inactive child who lives in a small apartment with his older siblings and parents.

Which of the following refers to a pattern of emotional turmoil, characteristic of a minority of adolescents that may involve conflict with family, alienation from adult society, reckless behavior, and rejection of adult values?

Adolescent rebellion

_____ tend to have significantly fewer behavioral problems than those in any other family structure.

Adolescents in married families

Which of the following is true of the relationship between cognitive development and moral development?

Advances in cognitive development makes individuals capable of more complex reasoning about moral issues.

Research has substantiated which of the following statements about childhood obesity?

As children get older, activity levels decrease significantly.

Which of the following is true of children's growth?

At about age 3, children begin to take on the slender, athletic appearance of childhood

Which of the following is true about authoritative parenting?

Authoritative parents insist on important rules, norms, and values.

Sergio speaks Spanish but is learning English skills as well. While he is in the process of learning a new language, he is being taught the concepts of his lessons in Spanish so that he can understand them without getting too far behind academically. Which of the following terms would best describe this?

Bilingual education

Which of the following is true with regard to romantic relationships among the adolescents?

By age 16, adolescents interact with and think about romantic partners more than they think about parents, friends, or siblings.

Which of the following is an example of an empathetic response by a toddler?

Carrie helping Jane fix her favorite toy that fell down and broke

Baby Arnold first learned to hold up his head, then to raise his shoulders, and then to push with his feet. Which principle of development does this sequence demonstrate?

Cephalocaudal principle

Which of the following statements about malnutrition in early childhood is true? Children are more likely to do poorly on tests if they are malnourished. Malnutrition typically impacts physical development rather than cognitive functioning. The effect of malnutrition on growth is irreversible. The specific effects of malnutrition are easily determined even among children from deprived backgrounds

Children are more likely to do poorly on tests if they are malnourished.

_____ refers to active consultation between a mother and a nonresident father on parenting decisions that leads to more frequent contact between father and child.

Cooperative parenting

_____ is a systematic process of planning and providing therapeutic and educational services for families that need help in meeting infants', toddlers', and preschool children's developmental needs.

Early intervention

Which of the following emotions is a self-conscious emotion?

Embarrassment

_____ refers to preschoolers' development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing. Dual coding Theory of mind Transformational grammar Emergent literacy

Emergent literacy

_____ is the process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval. Recognition Extinction Encoding Recall

Encoding

Which of the following is true of enuresis?

Enuresis results from a lack of awareness relating to bladder control

Which of the following is true of early childhood brain growth and development? By age 4, the brain has reached its total adult volume From ages 3 to 6, the most rapid growth occurs in the frontal areas of the brain. The density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex peaks at age 14. The brain experiences the slowest growth and development in infancy.

From ages 3 to 6, the most rapid growth occurs in the frontal areas of the brain.

_____ is the lowest cognitive level of play, involving large muscular movements such as rolling or playing with a ball. Constructive play Functional play Pretend play Creative play

Functional play

Which of the following statements is true of motor skills in children?

Gains in fine motor skills allow young children to take more responsibility for their personal care.

Mrs. Howard has set up different stations in her classroom for the children's lessons. Each station emphasizes a different way of learning such as music, body movements, and interpersonal exercises. This approach represents the application of

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.

According to research, which of the following statements about stepfamilies or blended families is false?

Girls, who often have more trouble than boys adjusting to divorce and living with a single mother, benefit from a stepfather.

__________ is a simple form of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response.

Habituation

_____ refers to inborn traits or characteristics inherited from a child's biological parents.

Heredity

_____ explains why children master different types of conservation problems at different ages.

Horizontal décalage

Which of the following occurs in the second stage of puberty?

In boys, the testes increase the manufacture of testosterone.

Amanda's grandfather was a lawyer who studied at Yale University. Amanda's mother, a lawyer too, went to the same university. It is expected that Amanda will follow in their footsteps, but she is struggling to make a decision. She is no longer certain of what she wants to do and is troubled due to the pressure exerted by her family to decide on her career. According to Marcia, which of the following terms best describes Amanda's identity status?

Moratorium

How many children in the United States are involved in divorces each year?

More than 1 million

Eduardo is 17 and loves mountain biking. He pays no attention to warnings about closed trails and often says "Nothing will happen to me." According to Elkind, Eduardo exemplifies which aspect of adolescent thinking?

Personal fable

The _____ approach to cognitive development focuses on the quality of cognitive functioning at different stages of infancy and toddlerhood.

Piagetian

Gannon and Cole ride their bikes around the driveway making sounds of a moving train. They tell their parents that they are train conductors. What kind of play are they engaging in here? Narrative play Pretend play Constructive play Formal play

Pretend play

Which of the following is true of puberty in humans?

Puberty is marked by the activation of the adrenal glands and the maturing of the sex organs. wrong In boys, follicle-stimulating hormone initiates the secretion of testosterone and androstenedione. wrong

_____ is defined as our total picture of our abilities and traits that determines how we feel about ourselves and who we think we are Self-efficacy Self-actualization Self-discrimination Self-concept

Self-concept

_____ is the judgment children make about their overall self-worth. Self-esteem self-actualization. self-realization. self-control.

Self-esteem

Martin is 10 years old. Since the death of his grandmother six months ago, he has been reluctant to be away from his mother. He finds it difficult to sleep at night without his mother next to him. Martin refuses to stay over at any of his friend's houses. While he is at school he worries that his mother might not be there when he goes home. Martin is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

Separation anxiety disorder

_____ is defined as the age at which an organism can reproduce.

Sexual maturity

Aaron, an 8-year old, wanted to join tennis classes. When his father drove past a local sports complex, Aaron asked his father if he could take tennis coaching from there. He also added that since the place is close to their house, it will not take too long for him to get there. Which of the following advances of the concrete operational stage is depicted in Aaron's understanding of the location of this local tennis club in relation to his house?

Spatial reasoning

_____ is an individual intelligence test for ages 2 and above, used to measure knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory. Gardner Intelligence Scale for Children Denver Test of Multiple Intelligences Apgar Scale Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Which of the following statements is true about sexual behavior among adolescents?

The best safeguard for sexually active teens is regular use of condoms, which give some protection against STIs and pregnancy.

Dinnertime conversations at the Watts' house have not been peaceful since Bryden turned 15. Which of the following reflects Bryden's desire to try out, and show off, his newfound formal reasoning abilities?

The imaginary audience wrong Self-consciousness wrong

Which of the following statements regarding early childhood sleep behaviors is true? Most sleep disturbances persist into adulthood and warrant medical help. Walking and talking during sleep is unusual in early childhood. Most sleep disturbances are caused by poor parenting practices Children who experience night terrors are typically unaware of episodes of disturbance the next morning

Walking and talking during sleep is unusual in early childhood. Most sleep disturbances persist into adulthood and warrant medical help. (wrong)

Bonnie has apparently awakened from a deep sleep. She is staring ahead and breathing quickly. When asked if she has had a bad dream, she does not answer but promptly lies down and falls asleep. The next morning, she has no recollection of the experience. Bonnie experienced

a night terror.

Jason has a cold. His pediatrician tells his mother that the cold will probably last for two days. Given the short-term nature of Jason's illness, we would say that he suffers from a(n) _____ medical condition.

acute

The motivation to help others without expectation of reward that often involves self-denial or self-sacrifice is known as _____. pragmatism animism egocentrism altruism

altruism

Delia, 14, often feels uncomfortable around people because she believes they are watching and talking about her. This happens at church, school, and family gatherings. According to Elkind, Delia is experiencing _____.

an imaginary audience

In classical conditioning, the subject exhibits a(n) _____ response to what at one time was a _____ stimuli.

automatic; neutral

Two-year-old Hanna believes that her needs in life will be fulfilled and that she can obtain what she desires. According to Erikson, Hanna has successfully resolved the crisis of

basic trust versus basic mistrust.

Many single mothers marry men who are not the father of their children. The families formed by such marriages are referred to as

blended families.

Although many of an infant's reflexes disappear during the first year, three reflexes that remain are the _____ reflexes.

blinking, gagging, and sneezing

In girls, the rush of hormonal activity associated with puberty seems to depend on reaching a critical amount of _____ necessary for successful reproduction.

body fat

Omar is a remarkable gymnast, hoping for a spot on the Olympic Team. According to Gardner, Omar would score high on _____ intelligence.

body-kinesthetic

In brain development, normal elimination of excess cells to achieve more efficient functioning is known as _____.

cell death

Accommodation is Piaget's term for

changes in a cognitive structure to include new information

Since her parents had a divorce, Jenny a 13-year-old girl, has been feeling that her life is meaningless. She has lost a lot of weight over the past 3 months. For the past few months she has been feeling extremely tired and listless. She does not find anything interesting and has no desire to eat. She is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

childhood depression

Agnes, who is 8 years old, was diagnosed with an eating disorder three years ago. She has been undergoing psychotherapy and medical treatment for the past three years. Her condition is referred to as a(n) _____ medical condition.

chronic

Two-year-old Monica was playing with a balloon when it accidentally burst in her hands and frightened her. Now, whenever she sees a balloon, she starts to cry. This type of learning is called

classical conditioning.

Dr. Dunn studies the way that children of different ages organize information in their memory. His research focus is primarily on _____ development.

cognitive

Leonard, who is in the third grade, was unable to grasp concepts taught in his math classes. With additional help from his parents and increased practice he was able to improve his math skills. According to Erikson, by successfully resolving this crisis Leonard will acquire the virtue of _____.

competence

In his cognitive theory of development, Piaget demonstrated that children at about age 7 enter the _____ stage of development.

concrete operational

For years Tommy and his younger brother, Billy argued every night at dinner over who was to get the bigger tumbler, even though both tumblers held 12 ounces of liquid. One tumbler was tall and thin, and the other was short and wide, and each boy always wanted to have the "bigger" tumbler for himself. One evening, to the delight of his parents, Tommy said to his mother, "Let Billy have the taller tumbler. I know they both hold the same amount." According to Piaget, this event is indicative of the _____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operations

Louie studies in the 6th grade. He often steals money from his parents to buy cigarettes. For the past six months, he has been lying to his parents and missing his classes. He often bullies smaller children in his neighborhood and gets into physical fights with classmates. He has been caught shoplifting recently and has been sent to the school counseling center. Louie is most likely to be diagnosed as having _____.

conduct disorder

Carmella knows that a given amount of spaghetti remains the same whether the spaghetti is in long strands or broken into short pieces. This awareness on Carmella's part shows that she has acquired the ability of

conservation.

Kristin believes that a person should always tell the truth because that is what a good girl or boy does. She seeks to please others. This type of moral reasoning is characteristic of Kohlberg's level of

conventional morality.

According to Marcia, _____ is a period of conscious decision making where a young person is actively grappling with an identity issue.

crisis

Ronald is a high school student trying to decide which college to attend. If he goes to Alfred University, he will major in music and become a teacher. If he goes to Kent State, he will study architecture and become an urban planner. According to James Marcia, Ronald is in a period of

crisis

Henri is asked to name the twentieth-century artist who became famous for painting pictures of soup cans and celebrities. He correctly answers "Andy Warhol." This recall of information can best be described as _____ knowledge.

declarative

Baby Elise does not follow regular patterns of eating and sleeping and has intense reactions to what goes on in her environment. These are characteristics of the _____ type of temperament.

difficult

The preoperational stage of cognitive development marks a major qualitative leap in thinking because it ushers in the ability to use transductive reasoning. engage in symbolic thought. understand another person's perspective. apply logical reasoning.

engage in symbolic thought.

In the second stage of puberty, a girl's ovaries increase their output of _____, which stimulates growth of female genitals and development of breasts and pubic and underarm hair.

estrogen

A group consisting of people united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origin that contributes to a sense of shared identity is known as a(n) _____.

ethnic group

Shari is a 9-year-old girl who lives in California. She lives with her parents, her younger sister, and her grandparents. Her maternal uncle, who has recently emigrated from India to the United States, also lives with them. Shari family is most likely to be categorized as a(n) _____ family.

extended

The day before yesterday, 5-year-old Josh heard his father say, "Water accumulates on the roof when it rains." It was the first time that he had ever heard the word "accumulates." Today, Josh told his mother, "My toys accumulate in my room." Josh is exhibiting dual-coding. telegraphic speech. fast mapping. egocentrism.

fast mapping.

Thomas is quick to remind his sister that he can go hunting with his dad because he is a boy. A child's awareness of being male or female is termed as gender conflict. gender discrepancy. gender identity. gender neutrality.

gender identity.

Five-year-old Shawn is playing with his sister, Cheryl's doll. She tells him to put it down because "boys don't play with dolls!" This is an example of a(n) unconscious conflict natural sexual selection. secular trend. gender stereotype.

gender stereotype.

Sam is 30 months old. He is becoming aware that he is a boy and that boys play with trucks but not with dolls. This process by which Sam first acquires the features of his gender role is defined as gender conservation. gender constancy social neutralization gender-typing.

gender-typing.

Although individual growth in middle childhood varies widely, one typical difference between school-age boys and school-age girls is that

girls retain more fatty tissue than boys do.

Amos is trying to teach his son Timothy to tie his shoes. He demonstrates the procedure and then talks his son through the steps until Timothy can perform the task on his own. Vygotsky referred to these activities that help bridge the gap between the child's understanding and the adult's understanding as

guided participation

Virginia has noticed that her baby no longer looks at the picture of the dinosaur on his bedroom wall due to repeated exposure to it. A baby's gradual loss of interest in a particular picture is evidence of

habituation.

Holden is 10 years old and finds it easy to curb negative feelings and behavior. When his parents forbid him from doing certain things, such as watching the television, he is able to hold back his irritation. This would indicate that

he has high effortful control.

All the individuals, who were elementary school students in New York City during the collapse of the World Trade Center, shared a common experience at a formative time in their lives. This group is referred to as a(n) _____.

historical generation

David's automotive teacher enters him in a troubleshooting competition. He will be given a car that will not start and then has to find the problem and repair the car as quickly as possible. The day of the competition, David goes right to the car and tries to start it. When the engine turns over, but does not start up, his mind lights up with a list of potential problems and the diagnostic procedures to verify them. David is demonstrating

hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

Five-year-old Lakeem has been imitating his father closely. Lakeem's father has a successful construction business and Lakeem proudly wears his father's company hat and tool belt everywhere. Freud would describe Lakeem's dress preferences a sign of his _____. fixation involving his mother identification with his same-sex parent regression to an older developmental stage sublimation of repressed conflicts

identification with his same-sex parent

Research on identity formation in a number of cultures suggests that people in the _____ category of Marcia's identity statuses tend to be more mature and more competent in relationships than are people in the other three categories.

identity achievement

Assimilation is Piaget's term for

incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure.

In _____ cultures, individuals are seen as separate from one another, and independence and self-reliance are highly valued. collectivistic individualistic prescriptive normative

individualistic

Ivan's mother takes some clay from a small box in his toys and makes a long cylindrical clay model of a rocket for him. Ivan loves the model but worries that the clay will not fit into the box anymore. The limitation of preoperational thought illustrated here is ordinality decentration irreversibility seriation

irreversibility

Gilligan claimed women see morality not so much in terms of _____ as in _____.

justice and fairness; responsibility to show caring and avoid harm

Pedro has gotten proficient in kicking the soccer ball into the goal net. This ability relies n his _____ motor skills.

large

Compared to late maturing boys, early maturing boys are

likely to be more self-conscious and insecure. wrong more likely to have poor social and coping skills. wrong

The _____ approach is based on the belief that children can learn to read and write naturally, just as they learn to speak.

metamemory wrong word analysis wrong

By examining an infant's reflex behaviors, we can assess the _____ of the infant.

neurological development

Events that occur at about the same age for people around the world, such as starting school, are called _____.

normative age-graded influences

Donna's family consists of her biological parents and her younger brother, Sam. They also have a pet dog. Their family is most likely to be categorized as a(n) _____.

nuclear family

Penny loves to play peek-a-boo with her baby brother. The realization that an object or person continues to exist even when out of sight is known as

object permanence

Friendships in adolescence are likely to be more intimate and intense than those in middle childhood because

of the advances in cognitive and emotional development that take place during adolescence.

Children typically outgrow temper tantrums and disobedient, disregardful, argumentative, hostile, or deliberately annoying behaviors by middle childhood. When such a pattern of behavior persists after age 8, children may be diagnosed with _____.

oppositional defiant disorder

Justin, a 9-year-old boy, has been given detention several times within the last eight months for unruly and disruptive behavior. His teachers have reported that he often talks back and is rude toward them. He disobeys his parents and frequently fights with his siblings. Justin does not have any friends at school, since other children are put off by his short temper. He is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

oppositional defiant disorder

Which of the following is a primary sex characteristic?

ovaries

At Jason's second birthday party, all the children were playing with toys in the backyard. Although the children were sitting near one another, each child played separately with his or her selected toys. Parten would describe this as an example of _____ play. parallel associative cooperative onlooker

parallel

Authoritative parenting is a parenting style blending warmth and respect for a child's individuality and teaching social values. parenting style in which parents focus on their own needs rather than those of their children throughout the formative years. parenting style that places the greatest importance on parental values and rules. parenting style that solely emphasizes control and obedience.

parenting style blending warmth and respect for a child's individuality and teaching social values.

Annette, who is a toddler, first started crawling, then standing, and is now taking her first steps. This aspect of Annette's development is best categorized as _____.

physical development

From ages 3 to 6, rapid brain growth occurs in areas that primarily regulate

planning actions.

Although the brain's early development is in large part genetically directed, its structure is continually modified by environmental experiences and this modifiability is called _____.

plasticity

Austin, age 6, is angry when his 2-year-old sister touches his toy trains. When asked why he should not hit her for doing so, he says, "Because Mommy will scold me." In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, his response is typical of

preconventional morality.

Barnett often played with Lian, a thirteen-year-old Chinese American. Barnett's peer group did not accept Lian and picked on him as he looked different. Barnett gave in to the pressure to conform and adopted his peer groups' attitude toward Lian. He began to view Lian as an outsider. Barnett and his peer groups' attitude toward Lian is referred to as _____.

prejudice

Seven-month-old Benjamin babbles and coos but has not spoken a single word. The sounds he makes constitute _____ speech.

prelinguistic

Reflex behaviors that gradually disappear during the early months of infancy are called _____ reflexes.

primitive

Babies first move their arms, then move their hands toward objects, and finally use their fingers. This sequence demonstrates the _____ principle of development.

proximodistal

Shelley, age 13, is undergoing rapid physiological growth, and her reproductive functions and sex organs are maturing. This is referred to as _____.

puberty

Randolph says, "I am fast at getting my homework done, but I'm slow at doing chores around the house. I guess I'm good at some tasks, and slow at others." Randolph's ability to think of himself in more than one dimension relies on the maturation of

representational systems.

The expression of emotions like embarrassment, shame, and envy

requires the development of self-awareness.

Karen's mother asked her if she knew where her father had kept the gardening tools after the two of them did some gardening together on Sunday. This question from her mother is likely to initiate a process called _____ in Karen's memory. decay encoding storage retrieval

retrieval

Eight-year-old Lucas is shown a ball of brown clay, which is then rolled out into a large, flat disk. He is asked whether the disk contains the same amount of clay. "It's the same amount," Lucas says, "because I could just make it into a ball again." In Piaget's terminology, Lucas understands the principle of

reversibility

Jonathan and Priscilla study in the second grade. During recess they race around trying to catch each other. They often have physical fights, which involve a lot of shouting and laughing. This sort of behavior is called

rough-and-tumble play

While teaching his son to learn cycling, Mark initially held his bike to help him to maintain his balance. Once his son was able to balance himself, Mark gradually let go of the support. This temporary support that Mark provides to his son is known as _____.

scaffolding

One-year-old Jonathan has a snack of cookies every afternoon. During snack time, whenever his dog, Abby, approaches him, Jonathan quickly puts his cookie into his mouth. We may conclude that Jonathan has developed an organized pattern of behavior that Piaget referred to as a(n)

scheme

According to Piaget, people create increasingly complex cognitive structures called _____, or ways of organizing information about the world.

schemes

Eight-month-old Gina finds that when she pulls on the cord at the side of her playpen, her jumping jack goes up and down and so she pulls the cord repeatedly. Gina's action in scenario is characteristic of the substage of

secondary circular reactions.

The trend toward earlier attainment of adult height and sexual maturity, which began a century ago, is an example of a _____ trend.

secular

Beth readily leaves her mother to explore her surroundings, occasionally looking toward or touching her mother. Beth appears to be

securely attached.

Polly spends her day discovering the world by putting almost everything she touches in her mouth. This implies that she is in Piaget's first cognitive stage known as the

sensorimotor stage.

Leah cries every time her mother leaves the house. Her crying spells are so intense and disturbing that her mother is thinking of giving up her part-time job. Leah's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves is called

separation anxiety.

Mohammad has arranged a selection of blue paints from darkest to lightest shade. Piaget would say that Mohammad is demonstrating

seriation.

Lucy is a quiet infant who is mild in her responses whether positive and negative. She shows a distinct dislike for new situations, but eventually adjusts and enjoys new things. Thomas and Chess would classify Lucy as a(n) _____ child.

slow-to-warm-up

Jacob has begun to understand that the language he uses when he hangs out with his friends and the language he uses when he is in the classroom need to be different. Jacob is gaining an understanding of _____, the ability to tailor one's speech to another person's knowledge level and point of view.

social perspective-taking

Margo and her husband Frank love watching their three-month old daughter, Tina, smile when they come into the room. In this scenario, Tina's parents entering her room elicits a(n) _____ on her part.

social smile

Lenny, who is 4 years old, is playing outside in the snow when he suddenly asks his father for a cup of hot chocolate. According to Piaget, Lenny's ability to think about hot chocolate, even though there is none around, shows that he is capable of transductive reasoning. formal operational thought. symbolic function delayed gratification.

symbolic function

During middle childhood, children

tend to become more empathic.

According to Elkind, adolescents find fault with parents and authority figures because

their cognitive development allows them to envision an ideal world, but they see how adults fall short.

Sarah hit her brother, Adam, on Saturday evening. When Adam woke up with a fever the next morning, Sarah concluded that she made her brother sick by hitting him. This is an example of transduction categorization animism. conservation.

transduction

Piaget's pendulum problem is significant in assessing cognitive development because finding a solution requires

varying one factor at a time while holding the rest constant.

The tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another is called

visual preference.

Shirley has a daughter who sleepwalks. Shirley should do all of the following except

wake the child during sleepwalking and night terrors

In a dynamic test, the difference between the items a child can answer alone and the items the child can answer with help is the child's _____.

zone of proximal development