cell 220 lecture final exam

parotid gland

25-30% of saliva production

sublingual gland

3-5% of saliva production

fixator

A muscle that stabilizes the bone that is the attachment for the prime mover's origin

antagonist

A muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover

phagocytes

(macrophages and dendritic cells) Phagocytes of foreign substances Antigen presentation to lymphocytes to initiate immune response

trophoblast functions

-Burrows into the uterine lining during implantation -Builds the chorionic membrane that surrounds the embryo and fetus -helps to form the placenta

skull bones

-frontal bone -parietal bone -temporal bone -sphenoid bone -ethmoid bone -lacrimal bone -nasal bone -zygomatic bone -maxilla -mandible -occipital bone -vomer -palatine bone

marfan syndrome

-genetic disease -abnormalities in fibrillin, a protein that builds elastic fibers -causes skeletal, cardio, vision, and connective tissue abnormalities -tall and thin with long legs, arms, fingers, and toes -typically die by age 50 because of heart weakness

internal female development

-gonads differentiate into ovaries -paramesonephric ducts form the uterine tubes and uterus -mesonephric ducts degenerate

internal male development

-gonads differentiate into testes -paramesonephric ducts degenerate -mesonephric ducts form the male duct system and seminal vesicles -testes descend into scrotum

skin color

-hemoglobin causes a pink hue -melanocytes produce melanin

epithelial tissue

-highly cellular, minimal extracellular matrix -polarity, tissue has an apical and basal surface -attachment to a basement membrane -avascular (blood vessels are found in underlying connective tissue) -regeneration (high regenerative capacity) -cover or lining -barrier -physical protection -selective permeability -secretion

upper limb bones

-humerus -radius -ulna -carpals (8) -metacarpals (5) -phalanges (14)

osteomalacia (rickets)

-lack of mineralization of bone results in low bone density -caused by vitamin d or calcium deficiency -called rickets in children, soft and weak bones, bowed legs

interstitial growth

-length -occurs at epiphyseal plates

spongy/cancellous bone

-lined by endosteum -composed of trabeculae -often contains red bone marrow

compact/cortical bone

-lined by periosteum -composed of osteons

wrinkles

-loss of collagen and elastic fibers -decreased thickness of dermis -skin less 'springy'

thrombocytopenia

-low platelet count -results from damage to bone marrow, chemotherapy, leukemia, or overactive spleen

hyaline cartilage

-most common -flexible but resilient -respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi), costal cartilage, nose, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, fetal skeleton

basal cell carcinoma

-most common type of skin cancer -least dangerous type -originates in stratum basale

gangrene

-most commonly affects limbs, fingers, and toes -death of connective tissue -caused by lack of blood flow that may be due to mechanical injury, bacterial infection, or diabetes

malignant melanoma

-most deadly type of skin cancer -arises from melanocytes (usually a preexisting mole) -early detection is crucial

retroperitoneal organs

-most the duodenum -ascending and descending colon -rectum -pancreas -kidneys

scurvy

-nutritional disorder -caused by vitamin c deficiency -normal collagen fibers cannot form -weakening of gums, teeth, bones, and internal mucosa -wounds and fractures don't heal well -prevalent among sailors

pelvic girdle

-os coxae (3 fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis) -bones are heavy and thick -connects to the axial skeleton at the sacroiliac joint

nevus (mole or birthmark)

-overgrowth of melanin-forming cells -harmless unless it mutates and becomes malignant

appendicular skeleton

-pectoral girdle -upper limb -pelvic girdle -lower limb

vertebral arch (surrounds and protects spinal cord)

-pedicle -lamina

cell structure

-plasma membrane -cytoplasm -cytosol -organelles -nucleus -chromatin

pericardium functions

-prevents undesired movement -prevents overfilling of the heart -reduces friction

stratified squamous epithelium

-protection -epidermis of skin -lining or oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus, and vagina

functions of hair

-protection (eyebrows, UV rays) -sensation (moving follicle - contacting nerve ending) -reduce heat loss

urinary system functions

-remove waste products from the bloodstream -storage and excretion of urine -regulation of blood pressure and volume -secretion of erythropoietin (regulation of erythrocyte production)

prostate cancer

-risk increases with age -detected by digital rectal exam, transrectal ultrasound and PSA test

nails

-scale-like modification of epidermis -contain hard keratin

male anatomy

-scrotum, testis, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, urethra, penis

exocrine glands

-sebacceous (oil) glands produce sebum -suderiferous (sweat) glands are eccrine and apocrine

cartilage

-semisolid matrix containing chondrocytes -provides support and flexibility, absorbs compression -ends of long bones, trachea, intervertebral discs, external ear

simple cuboidal epithelium

-single layer of cube shaped cells -absorption -secretion -kidney tubules -glands

simple squamous epithelium

-single layer of flattened cells -diffusion -filtration -lung air sacs (alveoli) -lining of blood vessels -serous membranes

the integument

-skin, nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands -largest body organ -consists of two layers - the epidermis and dermis -hypodermis is not part of the integument -protection -prevent dehydration -sensation -temperature regulation -vitamin d synthesis

axial skeleton

-skull -vertebral column -thoracic cage

connective tissue

-sparse cells in an extracellular matrix (protein fibers and ground substance) -physical protection -support and structural framework -binding of structures -storage -transport (blood) -immune protection

cartilage functions

-support soft tissues -articular surfaces for joints -provide a model for endochondral bone formation

functions of bone

-support the body, create body framework -protect vital organs -facilitate movement, attachment sites for muscles -hematopoiesis, red bone marrow -mineral and energy storage, calcium phosphate, yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue)

synchondroses

-synarthrotic -cartilaginous joint -bones connected by hyaline cartilage

gomphosis

-synarthrotic -peg-in-socket joint -fibrous -gums

internal urethral sphincter

-thickening of detrusor muscle -smooth muscle -involuntary -controlled by ANS

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

-tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract -protection -movement (if ciliated) -lining of respiratory tract

polycythemia

-too many erythrocytes in the blood -increases viscosity of blood, placing strain on the heart

processes

-transverse process -spinous process -articular process

collecting duct

-variable (regulated) reabsorption -fluid leaving this duct is called urine

weight-bearing structures

-vertebral body -intervertebral disc

foramina

-vertebral foramen -intervertebral foramen

reticular tissue

-white blood cells and fibroblasts, reticular fibers, ground substance -provides supportive framework -lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

appositional growth

-width -occurs at the periosteum and endosteum

location and orientation of the heart

-within the mediastinum -lies on the diaphragm, posterior to the sternum -base: posterior and superior surface of the heart -apex: anterior and inferior, points to the left hip

contraction

An action potential arrives at neuromuscular junction ACh is released, binds to receptors, leading to an action potential in sarcolemma Action potential travels along the T-tubules Thick and thin filament interaction leads to muscle contraction Muscle shortens and produces tension

hypothalamus

Behavior Endocrine Emotion Temperature control Sleep/wake cycles Hunger/thirst Autonomic control Memory Infundibulum Pituitary gland

lateral flexion

Bending of the neck or body to the right or left side

muscles acting at the elbow

Biceps brachii Origin: supraglenoid tubercle, coracoid process Insertion: radial tuberosity Brachioradialis BrachialisT riceps brachii Origin: infraglenoid tubercle, posterior shaft of the humerus Insertion: olecranon processanconeus

brainstem

Bidirectional passageway between cerebrum and spinal cord Contains many autonomic and reflex centers essential for survival Point of attachment for cranial nerves

testis

Bilateral structures located externally within the scrotum

ovary

Bilateral structures locates in pelvic cavity

voluntary phase

Bolus of food is pushed by tongue against the hard palate and moves toward oropharynx

sinusoidal capillary

Bone marrow, spleen, liver

coronary circulation

Brings nutrients and oxygen to the heart wall

convergent

Broad origin, converge towards insertion

cerebrospinal fluid

Buoyancy Protection (cushion) Environmental stability Produced in the choroid plexus Clear, colorless fluid Circulates through the ventricles and subarachnoid space surrounding the CNS

thyroid gland

Butterfly shaped Inferior to larynx Largest pure endocrine gland

abcde rule of malignant melanoma recognition

A=asymmetry (one half of mole doesn't match the other) B=border (edges notched, irregular, blurred or ragged) C=color (not uniform, different shades) D=diameter (larger than 1/4 inch) E=evolving (changing in morphology or symptoms)

abdominopelvic unpaired arteries

Abdominal aorta Celiac trunk Common hepatic artery Left gastric artery Splenic artery Superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery Median sacral artery

large intestine

Absorb water and electrolytes Forces feces toward rectum Lined with simple columnar epithelium Teniae coli Haustra Epiploic appendages mesocolon

reflux esophagitis

Acidic contents regurgitate into the esophagus

exocrine pancreas functions

Acinar cells produce digestive enzymes and secrete them through pancreatic ducts

follicle stimulating hormone

Act on the gonads

luteinizing hormone

Act on the gonads

testosterone

Activates sperm production, stimulates development to male reproductive organs

growth hormone

Acts on all body tissues, especially bone, muscle, and adipose connective tissue

prolactin

Acts on mammary glands

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Acts on melanocytes in the epidermis

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Acts on the adrenal complex

Thyroid stimulation hormone

Acts on the thyroid gland

endocrine system

Acts using hormones Can affect any cell in the body (target cells have hormone receptors) Has widespread effects Has slower but longer lasting responses Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

epinephrine

Adrenaline

lymph nodes

Afferent and efferent vessels Cortex and medulla Macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes Screen lymph for foreign antigens Initiate immune response Axillary Inguinal Cervical Scattered throughout the body

asthma

Airway hypersensitivity leads to inflammation and bronchoconstriction Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, excess mucous Treatment may include inhaled steroids mixed with bronchodilators May occur in response to pollen, smoke, mold, dust mites, air pollution, pet dander, exercise, or anxiety

relaxation

Calcium is resorbed, beginning relaxation cycle; ATP is required Thick and thin filament interaction relaxes Muscle lengthens and relaxes

ascending spinal cord

Conduct sensory of motor information Travel through white matter of CNS Connect CNS regions to cranial nerves and spinal nerves

descending spinal cord

Conduct sensory or motor information Travel through white matter of CNS Connect CNS regions to cranial nerves and spinal nerves

skeletal muscle

Connected to the skeleton

ligament

Connects bone to bone

tendon

Connects muscle to bone

follicular phase

Days 1-13 FSH and LH stimulate final maturation of follicle and oocyte

fibrous skeleton of the heart

Dense connective tissue located between the atria and the ventricles Separates the atria and ventricles Anchors heart valves Framework for cardiac muscle attachment

semicircular canals

Detect rotational movements Help sense equilibrium

cochlea

Detects sound waves

arterioles

Diameter is regulated by Local tissue factors Sympathetic nervous system

inspiration or inhalation

Diaphragm contracts External intercostals, scalenes, and others contract

muscular arteries

Distributing arteries Distribute blood to the body organs Thick tunica media Diameter of lumen changes to regulate amount of blood flow to organs Most of the named arteries seen in lab Brachial, femoral, coronary, inferior mesenteric arteries

ductus arteriosus

Diverts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch Becomes the ligamentum arteriosum

foramen ovale

Diverts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium Becomes the fossa ovalis

depression

Downward movement

varicose veins

Dysfunctional valves leads to blood pooling in the superficial limb veins Result of genetic predisposition, aging, or strain that inhibits venous return

lymphedema

Edema due to lymph node obstruction Surgical removal of nodes, scar tissue within nodes Malignant tumors of nodes Parasitic infection of nodes Extreme cases: elephantiasis Lymphedema is not operable or curable

limbic system

Emotional brain Involved in emotion, memory, and motivation

Norepinephrine

Enhance fight or flight response

muscles of facial expression

Epicranius Frontalis Occipitalis Galea apaneurotica Orbicularis oculi Nasalis Levator labii superioris Levator anguli oris Zygomaticus Orbicularis oris Depressor anguli oris Depressor labii inferioris mentalis

mucosa

Epithelial lining closest to lumen, performs secretion and absorption

peptic ulcers

Erosion of stomach or duodenal mucosa Majority of cases are associated with the bacterium Heliobacter pylori

hydrocephalus

Excessive CSF Obstruction of CSF flow Overproduction of CSF Impaired drainage of CSF

placenta functions

Exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products, and antibodies Production of estrogen and progesterone

orientation

External abdominal oblique

trochlear nerve

Extrinsic eye muscle (superior oblique) CN IV

abducens nerve

Extrinsic eye muscles (lateral rectus) CN VI

oculomotor nerve

Extrinsic eye muscles (superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique), constrict pupil CN III

homunculus

Face + head have more sensory neurons, more motor control, distribution of neurons

trigeminal nerve

Face, teeth, tongue Muscles of mastication CN V

abdominopelvic veins

Femoral vein External iliac vein Internal iliac vein Common iliac vein Inferior vena cava Lumbar vein Gonadal vein Renal vein Suprarenal vein Hepatic veins

parallel

Fibers run parallel to long axis

vagina anatomy

Fibromuscular tube; Distensible wall (Mucosa, Muscularis, Adventitia); Fornix, rugae, vaginal orifice, vestibular glands, hymen

sympathetic

Fight or flight Activated in emergency situations and when excited or stressed

anterior chamber/posterior chamber

Filled with aqueous humor

vitreous chamber

Filled with vitreous humor

cerebellum

Fine-tunes, smoothens, and coordinates muscle movement Balance/equilibrium

oligodendrocytes

Form myelin sheaths in CNS

organogenesis

Formation of organs and organ systems

cephalocaudal forming

Forming a c-shape with distinct head and tail ends

cardiac muscle

Found in heart myocardium

smooth muscle

Found in walls of visceral organs

rods

Function in dim light, don't provide sharp vision or color vision, more numerous than cones

red pulp

Functions as a blood reservoir Hemolysis (phagocytosis of old erythrocytes and platelets) Remove debris from blood

smooth muscle

Fusiform shape Uninucleate No striations Fatigue resistant Involuntary

external respiration

Gas exchange between blood (at pulmonary capillaries) and air (at the alveoli) O2 diffuses from air into blood CO2 diffuses from blood into air

internal respiration

Gas exchange between blood (at systemic capillaries) and tissue cells O2 diffuses from the blood into body cells CO2 diffuses from body cells into blood

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

Gastrointestinal, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts

shape/size

Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Gluteus minimus

basal cells

Immature cells, replaces other two cell types

myelin

Made by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS White, fatty coating around axons Nodes of Ranvier is the gap in myelin Supports, protects, and insulates axon Increases conduction speed of electrical signals in axons

small intestine

Majority of chemical digestion occurs here Digestive enzymes from pancreas Bile from liver emulsifies fat so it can be chemically digested Nutrient absorption Subdivisions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum Suspended by the mesentery proper covered with simple columnar epithelium

muscles of mastication

Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid

estrogen

Maturation of follicles, stimulates development to female reproductive organs

stratum basale

Melanocytes and tactile (Merkel) cells are found where

polysynaptic

More complex neural pathway Includes interneurons The withdrawal reflex is an example Multiple synapses

continuous capillary

Most common type Muscle, skin, thymus, lungs

teres major

Which of the following is not a rotator cuff muscle

neurotransmitters

Which of the following is not a structure a neuron directly synapses with in the body

temperature

Which of the following is not detected by mechanoreceptors

contains interneurons

Which of the following is not true about monosynaptic reflexes

initiates water retention in kidney during dehydration

Which of the following is the function of antidiuretic hormone

schwann cells

Myelinate PNS axons

malleus, incus, stapes

Name the middle ear structures laterally to medially

deep fascia, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

Name the muscle wrappings superficial to deep

nerve plexus

Networks of interweaving spinal nerves

heart failure

Progressive weakening of the heart Heart can no longer pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body Weakened ventricles fail to empty completely. They become overfilled and blood backs up into veins behind the ventricle May result in edema in the tissues outside the pulmonary or systemic circuits

projection fibers

Project up or down spinal cord

satellite cells

Protect and regulate nutrients for neuron cell bodies in ganglia

right ventricle

Pump of the pulmonary circuit Ejects oxygen-poor blood into the pulmonary trunk Trabeculae carneae Papillary muscles Anchor chordae tendineae Chordae tendineae Prevent valves from everting Pulmonary valve

left ventricle

Pump of the systemic circuit Ejects oxygen-rich blood into the aorta Aortic valve Forms the apex and inferior surface of the heart Most muscular of the chambers Wall is three times thicker than right ventricle

muscles acting at the hip

Pectineus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Iliopsoas Psoas major Iliacus Rectus femoris Gluteus maximus Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Biceps femoris

muscles acting at the shoulder

Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Teres major Latissimus dorsi deltoid

inflammatory bowel disease

Periodic inflammation of intestinal wall Symptoms include cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, intestinal bleeding

tonsils

Pharyngeal (adenoids), palatine, and lingual

external urethral sphincter

Portion of urogenital diaphragm Skeletal muscle Voluntary controlled by somatic nervous system

left atrium

Posterior surface of the heart Receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs through pulmonary veins Bicuspid or mitral valve

agonist

Principal muscle involved

ceruminous glands

Produce cerumen Earwax impedes microorganism growth

plasma cells

Produce immunoglobins (antibodies) Antibodies bind to antigens, tagging them for destruction

alzheimer's disease

Progressive degenerative disease of the brain Symptoms: memory loss, depression, disorientation Associated with abnormal protein aggregates: Intracellular tau tangles Extracellular amyloid plaques

altherosclerosis

Progressive disease of the elastic and muscular arteries Often the aorta and coronary arteries Atheroma (fatty plaque) Thickening of the tunica intima and narrowing of the arterial lumen

lymphatic vessels

Receive lymph from the lymphatic capillaries Valves prevent backflow in the low pressure system Resemble veins with three tunics Two types Afferent: flow towards lymph nodes Efferent: flow away from lymph nodes

right atrium

Receiving chamber for oxygen-poor blood from systemic circuit Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Coronary sinus Interatrial septum Fossa ovalis Foramen ovale during fetal circulation Pectinate muscles Conducting nodes Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node tricuspid valve

body region

Rectus femoris

parasympathetic

Rest and digest Conserves energy and replenishes energy stores

neural tunic

Retina Photoreceptors Nerves and light

veins

Return blood to the heart Act as a blood reservoir Low blood pressure in veins Walls of veins are thinner than those of comparable arteries Most veins contain valves Valves prevent backflow of blood Skeletal muscle contractions help pump blood toward the heart

reposition

Returning the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger

cervical cancer

Risk factors: -Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection -HIV infection -Increased age Papanicolaou (Pap) smear: -Test to detect cervical cancer Treatments: -Cone biopsy -Hysterectomy

lateral rotation

Rotation of the limb so that the anterior surface moves away from the midline

rotation

Rotation of the neck or body One bone rotates in relation to another bone

fibrous tunic

Sclera Cornea Protection

glucagon

Secreted by alpha cells Glycogen breakdown in the liverIncreases blood glucose levels

insulin

Secreted by beta cells Signals body cells to take up and use glucose for energy Decreases blood glucose levels

pennate

Short fibers are obliquely attached to tendon

Allows for absorption and secretion

Simple cuboidal epithelium

tunica intima

Simple squamous epithelium called endothelium

synapse

Sites at which neurons communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands

external anal sphincter

Skeletal muscle Voluntary Controlled by somatic nervous system

myoblast, large, multiple

Skeletal muscle forms through the fusion of ______ creating ______ cylindrical shaped cells with ________ nuclei

fenestrated capillary

Small intestine, kidneys, most endocrine glands

capillaries

Smallest blood vessels Location of gas and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues

capillaries

Smallest vessels tunica intima only Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange

internal anal sphincter

Smooth muscle Involuntary Controlled by ANS

aldosterone

Sodium and water retention in kidney

thymus

Some lymphoid stem cells migrate to the thymus to mature. These cells become T cells Each lobe of the thymus contains a cortex (containing immature T cells) and medulla (containing mature T cells)

touch

Special senses consist of all of the following except

heart's conduction system

Specialized cardiac muscle cells that carry electrical impulses throughout the heart musculature

cervical plexus

Spinal nerves C1-C4 Innervates the anterior neck and parts of the head and shoulder The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm C345

brachial plexus

Spinal nerves C5-T1 Innervates the pectoral girdle and upper arm

lumbar plexus

Spinal nerves L1-L4 Innervates the anterior and medial thigh

cervical plexus

Spinal nerves L4-S4 Innervates all of the lower limb except the anterior/medial thigh

attachments

Sternocleidomastoid

accessory nerve

Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius CN XI

thymopoietin/thymosins

Stimulate growth and maturation of T-lymphocytes

progesterone

Stimulates growth of uterine lining

liver

Storage of excess blood nutrients Detoxification of poisons, metabolites, and drugs Clean out debris and old RBCs Production of blood proteins Produce bile

stomach

Storage of food limited absorption

mobility vs. stability

Strength is inversely proportional to mobility

thoracic veins

Subclavian vein External jugular vein Internal jugular vein Brachiocephalic vein Superior vena cava Internal thoracic vein Intercostal vein Azygos vein

sphincter muscles

Superior esophageal sphincter Inferior esophageal sphincter

action

Supinator Pronator teres Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus

regulatory T cells

Suppress the immune response to keep it under control and turn it off after the infection is over

false

T/F Cortical (compact) bone is lined by the endosteum and composed of trabeculae

true

T/F Cytosol is a jelly-like substance within the cell, that provides the fluid medium necessary for biochemical reactions

false

T/F In the structural organization of the body, tissue level is followed by organ system level

false

T/F Interosseous membrane holds the gomphosis joint in place

true

T/F Meissner corpuscles aid with sensation

false

T/F More mobile joints are more stable, like the shoulder joint

true

T/F Paranasal sinuses help make the skull lighter and resonate sound

false

T/F Sutures are the most stable joints, thus making them the most mobile

true

T/F The anterior cruciate ligament connects to the posterior femur and the anterior tibia

false

T/F The lower limb is part of the axial skeleton

true

T/F The mucus that drains into the nasal cavity warms and humidifies air

false

T/F The osteocytes reside directly in the lamellae

true

T/F The syncytiotrophoblast digests endometrial cells, firmly securing the blastocyst to the uterine wall

true

T/F a bursa is filled with synovial fluid

true

T/F a function of connective tissue is physical protection

true

T/F bone is vascularized and innervated

true

T/F the hypodermis is not part of the integument

ductus venosus

Takes blood from umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava (keeps it away from the liver sinusoids) Becomes the ligamentum venosum

atrial natriuretic peptide

Targets kidney Increase in sodium and water loss

renin

Targets liver Stimulates formation of angiotensin

facial nerve

Taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue) Muscles of facial expression, secretion of saliva and tears CN VII

glossopharyngeal nerve

Taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue) Swallowing and secretion of saliva CN IX

accessory digestive organs

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

general senses

Temperature Pain Touch Stretch Pressure

rotator cuff muscles

Teres MINOR Infraspinatus Supraspinatus subscapularis

visceral

The ____ layer of a serous membrane is in direct contact with the organ

rectus femoris

The _____ is the antagonist for the biceps femoris

middle ear

The auditory tube connects the air-filled middle ear to the nasopharynx Usually closed, opens to equilibrate pressure in middle ear

epiblast and hypoblast

The bilaminar disc sits in between the _____ and ______ cells

4

The coccyx has how many fused vertebrae

commissural fibers

The corpus callosum is associated with which of the following

hinge joint

The elbow is what type of synovial joint?

brachial plexus

The simplest of all reflexes The stretch reflex is an example One synapse Patellar or knee-jerk reflex

left upper quadrant

The stomach is found in the...

cartilaginous

The structural classification of a synchondroses joint is

increases

The sympathetic nervous system does what to heart rate

inversion

The turning of the foot to angle the bottom of the foot toward the midline

ependymal cells

These type of glial cells produce cerebral spinal fluid

arteries

Thick walls, small lumens Thickest layer is tunica media

veins

Thin walls, large lumens Thickest layer is tunica externa valves

opposition

Thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger

hypoglossal nerve

Tongue muscles CN XII

arteries

Transport blood away from the heart Carry oxygen-rich blood in the systemic circuit Carry oxygen-poor blood in the pulmonary circuit and umbilical arteries

veins

Transport blood towards the heart Carry oxygen-poor blood in the systemic circuit Carry oxygen-rich blood in the pulmonary circuit and umbilical vein

systemic circuit

Transports blood to and from the body tissues Left ventricle is the pump

number of heads

Triceps brachii 3 heads Biceps brachii 2 heads Biceps femoris 2 heads

frontal lobe

Trouble making decisions and verbally communicating with peers, what part of the brain is damaged

false

True or false: CSF is located in the subdural space

true

True or false: Schwann cells are found in the PNS

true

True or false: a function of muscle is storage and movement of materials

true

True or false: aldosterone helps retain sodium and water in the kidneys

false

True or false: both schwann cells and oligodendrocytes myelinate one axon at a time

true

True or false: calcitonin and parathyroid hormone have opposing functions

true

True or false: gyri and sulci increases the surface area of the cortex

true

True or false: rods are more numerous than cones

false

True or false: rods operate best in bright light and provide high acuity color vision

true

True or false: semitendinosus helps flex the knee

false

True or false: the anterior pituitary is also known as the neurohypophysis

true

True or false: the deltoid is the only example of multipennate arrangement of fascicles

true

True or false: the somatic nervous system involved voluntary skeletal muscle movement

true

True or false: tropic hormones are hormones that affect the release of other hormones

eversion

Turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline

umbilical cord

Two umbilical arteries Become medial umbilical ligaments One umbilical vein Becomes the round ligament of the liver

muscular tube of esophagus

Upper one third: skeletal muscle Middle one third: skeletal and smooth muscle Lower one third: smooth muscle

elevation

Upward movement

oxytocin

Uterine contractions and milk ejection

vestibule

Utricle and saccule Detects linear acceleration and head position Helps sense equilibrium

submucosa

Vascularized and innervated connective tissue

muscles acting at the knee

Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Semitendinosis Semimembranosus Biceps femoris

capillaries

Very small lumen (only one RBC at a time) Only tunica intima Allow rapid gas exchange

serosa

Visceral peritoneum

vagus nerve

Visceral sensation (thoracic and abdominal cavities) Swallowing, control of respiratory system, heart and digestive system CN X

mesenchymal cells

What is the name of the stem cell that all bone and cartilage cells come from

corpus callosum

Which structure is not apart of the diencephalon

cervical nerves

Which structure is not included in the central nervous system

pronation

When the palm of the hand faces backward

ganglia

Where are cell bodies and dendrites housed in the peripheral nervous system

left upper quadrant

Where is the spleen found

unipennate

Which type of fascicle arrangement have tendon fibers attached at a pennation angle

cutaneous membrane

Which type of membrane covers the body surface, also known as the skin

depression

Which bone marking is a bone region that is lower than the surrounding bone structure

ethmoid bone

Which bone structure is found in the anterior cranial fossa

thoracic cage

Which bone structure is not part of the appendicular skeleton

foramen magnum

Which foramen does the spinal cord travel through in the skull

adrenal medulla

Which gland produces a hormone that enhances sympathetic response

renin

Which hormone stimulates the formation of angiotensin that leads to the production of aldosterone

collagen

Which is not a type of tissue in the human body

it has faster effects than the nervous system

Which is not true about the endocrine system

stratum lucidum

Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin

iliacus

Which muscle acting at the hip is a flexor

vastus medialis

Which muscle acting on the knee helps with extension

origin

Which muscle attachment structure is less movable

cardiac

Which muscle cell is auto-rhythmic

latissimus dorsi

Which muscle helps to adduct and extend the shoulder

orbicularis oris

Which muscle would be the main muscle to form the kissy facial expression

Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Ependymal cells

Which nerve cells are not excitable

preganglionic neuron

Which neuron is myelinated

foliate papillae

Which type of taste bud is only present during infancy

contraception

abstinence rhythm method barrier methods surgical methods hormonal methods intrauterine device

nasopharynx

air only line with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

nasal cavity

airway for respiration pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium warm, humidify, and clean inhaled air resonating chamber for speech and sound houses olfactory receptors

syndesmosis

amphiarthrotic fibrous joint

fungiform

anterior 2/3 tongue, few taste buds

filiform

anterior 2/3 tongue, no taste buds

right lower quadrant

appendix, urinary bladder, intestines

papillary layer

areolar connective tissue

chemical level

atoms bond to form molecules with three-dimensional structures

hemidesmosomes

attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane

temporal lobe

auditory and olfactory experience

rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disease, chronic inflammatory disorder

lateral

away from midline

voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

list the steps of deglutition in the correct order

trachea

c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings posterior wall is not rigid, but muscular pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium mucus producing goblet cells

right upper quadrant

liver and gall bladder

connective tissue proper

loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

leukopenia

low WBC count results from certain types of viral or bacterial infections

anemia

low levels of erythrocytes of hemoglobin leads to low blood oxygen levels

expiration or exhalation

lung elastic recoil diaphragm passively relaxes abdominal wall, internal intercostals, and others contract

right arm

lymph from which of the following structures does not enter into the thoracic duct

leukemia

cancer in the leukocyte-forming cells in the bone marrow proliferation of abnormal leukocytes cancer cells take over bone marrow and slow production of erythrocytes and platelets, causing anemia and bleeding

secondary lymphatic organs

lymphatic tissue that are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule contain macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes

veins; presence of a valve system for backflow

lymphatic vessels most closely resemble ________ for what reason

agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

agranulocyte

lymphocytes belong to which class of leukocyte

osteocyte

maintains bone tissue (overseeing)

mammary gland

mammary glands lobes and lactiferous ducts nipple areola suspensory ligaments

organism level

many organ systems work harmoniously together to perform the functions of an independent organism

oogenesis

maturation of primary oocyte to secondary oocyte

chondrocytes

mature cartilage cells that reside in lacunae (overseeing)

28 Day Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle

menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase

multipolar

most CNS neurons, motor neurons, most common, MULTIPLE ATTACHMENTS

ampulla

most common site of fertilization

sperm capacitation

period of sperm conditioning in female reproductive tract prepares the acrosome for fertilization increases sperm motility

inflammation of the peritoneum

peritonitis is...

neutrophils

phagocytizes pathogens

B lymphocytes

plasma cells and memory B cells

circular folds

plicae circulares

the uterus

posterior and superior to the bladder site of implantation support, protect, and nourish the embryo and fetus fundus body cervix external os

desmosomes

prevent cardiac muscle from pulling apart

tight junctions

prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells

bronchial tree

primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Folliculogenesis

primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, mature follicle, ovulation

digestive system

processes food for use by the body, removes waste from undigested food, stomach, liver, gall bladder, large intestine, small intestine

salivary glands

produce 1.5 L of saliva per day

anal sinuses

produce mucus to lubricate anal canal

female reproductive system

produce sex cells - oocyte produce sex hormones - estrogen, progesterone, testosterone hormones affect the maturation, development, and activity of the reproductive system

testes function

produce sperm and androgens (testosterone)

apocrine glands

produce viscous sweat & are found in the axillary, nipple, anal, and genital areas

eccrine glands

produce watery sweat and are found all over the body. they are the most numerous

heart

produces atrial natriuretic peptide

kidney

produces renin

male reproductive system

produces sex hormones and gametes, delivers gametes to females, epididymis, testes

female reproductive system

produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo/fetus until birth, produces milk for infant, mammary glands, ovaries, uterus

basophil

promotes inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin

peristalsis

propels swallowed food to the stomach

urethra

prostatic urethra membranous urethra spongy urethra

extracellular matrix

protein fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance (not a cell)

gap junctions

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells

scrotum functions

provides cooler temperature needed for sperm production

scrotum anatomy

raphe median septum dartos muscle cremaster muscle

nephron loop

reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water

uterine tubes

regions infundibulum and fibriae ampulla isthmus layers of the wall (ciliated simple columnar epithelium) muscularis serosa

apocrine secretion

release of a substance along with the apical portion of the cell (A Piece)

holocrine secretion

release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion (wHOLe)

memory

remember everything like vaccines

respiratory system

removes carbon dioxide from the body, delivers oxygen to blood, nasal sinus, trachea, lungs

nephron anatomy

renal corpuscle (glomerulus and glomerular capsule) renal tubule (proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule)

lymphocyte

reside in lymphatic tissuecoordinates immune response T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

osteoclast

resorbs bone, break down/consume/cut bones

endoderm

respiratory system, digestive system

gastrulation

results in the formation of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - the three primary germ layers

connective tissue proper

reticular fibers, adipocytes, mesenchymal cell, elastic fibers, collagen fibers, fibroblast, macrophage, ground substance

ureters

retroperitoneal urine in the renal pelvis causes peristaltic waves walls consist of three layers mucosa - transitional epithelium muscularis - longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers adventitia - connective tissue

lymphatic ducts

return lymph to cardiovascular system at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins

lymphatic system

returns fluid to blood, defends against pathogens, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels

right lymphatic duct

right arm and right side of chest

epiglottis

routes air and food

produce sebum

sebaceous (oil) glands

endocrine system

secretes hormones, regulates bodily processes, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries

distal convoluted tubule

secretion variable (regulated) reabsorption simple cuboidal epithelium with few microvilli

merocrine secretion

secretions released by vesicle exocytosis; eg sweat (mini)

semen

seminal fluid from the accessory glands combines with sperm from the epididymis to make up semen when released during intercourse, semen is called ejaculate average ejaculation contains around 1 teaspoon of fluid and 200-500 million sperm

accessory glands

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

motor neurons

send information away from the CNS

sensory neurons

send information to the CNS

parietal lobe

sensory interpretation of textures and shapes, understanding speech

unipolar

sensory neurons, ONE

sensation

sensory receptors detect stimuli, afferent information sent to CNS

optic nerve

sight CN II

upper respiratory tract

sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx

cutaneous membrane

skin, covers body surface

flat bones

skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs

amphiarthosis

slightly movable

canaliculi

small canals that connect osteocytes

erythrocytes

small, biconcave discs filled with hemoglobin no nucleus or organelles RBCs line up in single file and bend as they pass through small vessels

ejaculation

smooth muscle contraction in the epididymis, ductus deferens, prostate, and seminal glands expulsion of semen under sympathetic control

frontanelles

soft spots

connective tissue

sparse cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix

lacteals

special lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine pick up interstitial fluid, dietary lipids, and lipid-soluble vitamins gastrointestinal lymph is called chyle

bipolar

special senses, TWO

Epididymis

sperm are stored in the tail

sperm

spermatogenesis become motile in the epididymis

frontal

splits into front and back

transverse

splits into top and bottom

osteogenic cell

stem cell, creation, become other cells

intraperitoneal organs

stomach, jejunum and ileum, transverse and sigmoid colon, appendix, liver, spleen

left upper quadrant

stomach, spleen, pancreas

gallbladder

stores and concentrates bile

epidermal layers

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale can loud girls sing bass

micturition reflex

stretch receptors in the bladder are stimulated internal and external urethral sphincters relax detrusor and abdominal muscles contract

skeletal system

supports the body, enables movement, cartilage, bones, joints

blood type

surface antigens determine blood types blood contains antibodies against the antigens it does not have

seminiferous tubules

sustentacular (sertoli) cells interstitial cells location of spermatogenesis

suture

synarthrotic fibrous joint

insula

taste

torn cartilage

tearing of a meniscus or articular cartilage is repaired using arthroscopic surgery

testicular vessels

testicular artery and pampiniform plexus

32, 20

the average human has ______ permanent teeth as an adult (including wisdom teeth), and ______ deciduous teeth as a child

physiology

the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts

anatomy

the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts

nutrient absorption

the brush border found in the small intestine increases surface area, subsequently allowing for more efficient

a layer of cells lining the spongy bone

the endosteum is

lungs

the foramen ovale will divert blood to avoid which structure during prenatal circulation

mesoderm

the kidney comes from which germ layer

origin

the less movable attachment site

emphysema

the loss of elastic tissue making it hard to exhale due to

simple columnar epithelium

the lumen of the large intestine is in contact with the mucosal layer made of which type of cells

insertion

the more movable attachment site

Neurulation

the notochord helps stimulate

hematopoiesis

the production of blood's formed elements occurs in red bone marrow erythropoietin made by the kidney controls erythrocyte production hematopoietic stem cells form all blood cells

peritoneum

the serous membrane that surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

pericardium

the serous membrane that surrounds the heart

pleura

the serous membrane that surrounds the lungs

simple columnar epithelium

the small intestine is lined with

lumen

the space in the GI tract

plicae circulares

the stomach is to rugae as the small intestine is to

gross anatomy

the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by the naked eye, such as the external and internal bodily organs

microscopic anatomy

the study of tiny anatomical structures such as tissues and cells

myocardium

thickest cardiac muscle bulk of the heart wall

male urethra

three regions prostatic urethra membranous urethra spongy urethra

uterine wall

three walls perimetrium serosa myometrium muscularis three smooth muscle layers endometrium mucosa with two layers stratum functionalis (function layer) -shed as menses stratum basalis (basal layer)

pharynx

throat connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus

posterior/dorsal

toward back

anterior/ventral

toward front

medial

toward midline

inferior/caudal

toward tail/below

superior/rostral/cranial/cephalic

toward top

functions of blood

transportation, regulation, defense

rectal valves

transverse folds, separate feces from gas

false

true or false: accessory digestive organs are the pancreas, stomach, and gallbladder

false

true or false: an inguinal hernia is when the intestines push through the rectus abdominis

true

true or false: anal sinuses help produce mucus to lubricate the anal canal

false

true or false: during inhalation, the diaphragm relaxes

false

true or false: erythropoietin is made by the liver and controls erythrocyte production

true

true or false: heart failure may result in congestion in the tissues outside pulmonary systemic circuits

false

true or false: heart valves allow blood to flow in two directions

true

true or false: hematocrit levels can be influenced by hormones and altitude

true

true or false: lymphatic capillaries are not found in red bone marrow and the CNS

true

true or false: lymphatic nodules do not have connective tissue capsule

false

true or false: plasma B cells are the killers while cytotoxic T cells are the antibody producers

true

true or false: the epicardium is made by simple squamous epithelium

true

true or false: the internal anal sphincter is involuntary

false

true or false: the mechanical digestion that happens in the stomach is called segmentation

false

true or false: the medulla of the thymus contains immature T cells

true

true or false: the phrenic nerve stemming from the cervical plexus causes the diaphragm to contract

false

true or false: the second stage of deglutition is voluntary

false

true or false: the trachea has circular enclosed cartilage rings

false

true or false: veins have thick walls and small lumens

vocal folds

true vocal cords, produce sound

ovaries

tunica albuginea ovarian cortex ovarian medulla

articulations

two bone surfaces come together

organ level

two or more different tissues combine to form an organ

organ system level

two or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of a body system

secrete a substance composed of phospholipids and proteins

type two alveolar cells...

trabeculae

undergo remodeling in response to lines of stress to provide strength to the bone

urinary tract infection (UTI)

urethritis cystitis pyelonephritis symptoms: dysuria, urgency, fever, nausea, back pain

left lower quadrant

urinary bladder, intestines

micturition

urination controlled by centers in the pons and sacral spinal cord parasympathetic division stimulates it sympathetic division inhibits it micturition reflex

nocturia

urination at night

implantation

usually begins ~7 days after fertilization trophoblast subdivides cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast burrows into the stratum functionalis of the endometrium produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

tubal ligation

uterine tubes are cut and tied

vasectomy

vas deferens are cut and tied

irregular bones

vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, os coxae, ethmoid, sphenoid

proximal convoluted tubule

very active at reabsorption simple cuboidal epithelium with a lot of microvilli (brush border)

epicardium

visceral layer of serous pericardiumsimple squamous epithelium

occipital lobe

vision

special senses

vision, hearing, taste, smell, balance/equilibrium

larynx

voice box provides open airway epiglottis vestibular folds vocal folds thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage arytenoid cartilage

somatic nervous system

voluntary, innervates skeletal muscle

ductus (vas) deferens

wall contains mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia layers

gas conditioning

warm, humidify, and cleanse air

embryonic period

week 3-8 primitive streak forms gastrulation body folding neurulation limb buds form organogenesis

pre-embryonic period

weeks 1-2

embryonic period

weeks 3-8

fetal period

weeks 9-38

fetal period

weeks 9-38 growth and maturation of existing organs

47%

what is the average male hematocrit?

Osteogenic cell to osteoblast to osteocyte

what is the correct order of a bone cell's life cycle

exocrine has glands and endocrine doesn't

what is the difference between exocrine and endocrine

anchor chordae tendineae

what is the function of the papillary muscles

hiatus

what is the opening of the diaphragm called?

Primitive streak, gastrulation, body folding, neurulation, organogenesis

what is the order of the embryonic period

ductus arteriosus

what is the prenatal origin of the ligamentum arteriosum

common iliac vein

where does the blood flow after passing through the external iliac vein

medulla, decreases

where does the parasympathetic nervous system stem from and what does it do to heart rate

osteoblast

which bone cell builds bone tissue

respiratory bronchiole

which bronchiole classification is between terminal bronchioles and alveolar sacs

simple squamous

which epithelial tissue is found in serous membrane

elastic

which is not considered loose connective tissue

macrophage

which of the following cells is an antigen presenting cell

parotid gland

which of the following glands secrete 25-30% of our saliva

right ventricle

which of the following heart chambers is considered the pump of the pulmonary circuit

gallbladder

which of the following is considered an accessory organ of the digestive system

transport hormones in the blood stream

which of the following is false in relation to the functions of the lymphatic system

capillaries

which of the following is in charge of nutrient exchange between blood and tissues

complete cartilagenous rings

which of the following is not a characteristic of the trachea

has stratified squamous epithelium

which of the following is not a function/property of the nasal cavity?

kidney

which of the following is not a location for phagocytosis of erythrocytes?

distributing arteries

which of the following is not a property of elastic arteries

leukocytes

which of the following is not found in blood plasma?

emerges from the thoracci spinal cord

which of the following is not true regarding the cardiac plexus and the parasympathetic nervous system

muscle tissue

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle

short bones

carpals, tarsals

biliary tract

carries bile to duodenum

supporting connective tissue

cartilage and bone

platelets

cell fragments of megakaryocytes assist in blood clotting

chondroblasts

cells that produce cartilage matrix (builders)

tunica media

which of the following layers of an artery contains smooth muscle

absorption

which of the following processes is least associated with the stomach

leukocytosis

which of the following results from infection, inflammation, and extreme stress

tunica externa

which of the following vessel tunics has collagen and elastic fibers

eosonophil

which of the following white blood cells are in charge of destroying parasites and large invaders

fundus

which part of the stomach stretches the most after eating a large meal?

pleura

which serous membrane is associated with the lungs

freckles

which skin mark is caused by increased melanocyte activity

arteries have thick walls, arteries do not contain valves

which statement is true when comparing vessels

left ventricle

which structure of the heart forms the apex?

dendritic cells, macrophages

which two cells are phagocytes

chemotaxis

white blood cells are drawn to the site of infection in the body through a process known as what

stages of labor

cervical dilation, expulsion, placental

mouth

chemical digestion starts at

osteoarthritis

chronic degenerative condition, wear and tear of articular cartilage

mechanical digestion in stomach

churn food with gastric juice

prostate gland

citric acid (nutrient for sperm) seminalplasmin (antibiotic that combats UTI in males) prostate specific antigen (liquefies semen after ejaculation)

lymphatic capillaries

closed-ended tubes overlapping endothelial cells form one-way flaps occur most everywhere blood capillaries occur absent from red bone marrow, CNS, and avascular tissues lacteals

proximal

closer to point of attachment

superficial

closer to surface

urinary bladder

collapsible, muscular sac immediately posterior to symphysis pubis stores and expels urine trigone wall consists of four layers mucosa - transitional epithelium submucosa - dense irregular connective tissue muscularis - detrusor muscle adventitia -areolar connective tissue

flow of urine

collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

cartilagenous

connected by cartilage

fibrous

connected by fibrous tissue

spermatic cord

connective tissue tube that runs through the inguinal canal cremaster muscle ductus deferens testicular nerve testicular vessels

synovial

contains a fluid-filled joint cavity

white matter

contains neuron axons and myelin sheaths neurons

gray matter

contains neuron cell bodies and dendrites Cortex and nuclei

pericardial cavity

contains serous fluid

medullary cavity

contains yellow marrow in adults and red marrow in children

neuronal networks

work to process sensory information and perform motor responses

urinary system

controls water balance in the body, removes wastes from blood and excretes them, kidneys, urinary bladder

perineurium

wraps axon fascicles

epimysium

wraps entire muscles

epineurium

wraps entire nerves

perimysium

wraps fascicles

endoneurium

wraps individual axons

endomysium

wraps muscle fibers

deep fascia

wraps muscle groups

freckles

yellowish or brown spots from excessive melanocyte activity, not increased melanocyte cells

nasopharynx

you do not find stratified squamous in which region of the pharynx

sutures

coronal suture, lambdoid suture, sagittal suture, squamous suture

gallstones

crystallization of cholesterol or calcium and bile salts

scars

damaged skin is replaced by fibrous tissue (collagen produced by fibroblasts)

ovulation

day 14 LH surge causes expulsion of oocyte from ovary

menstrual phase

days 1-5 menses functional layer sloughed

luteal phase

days 15-28 remaining follicular cells turn into corpus luteum corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone, preparing uterus for possible implantation corpus luteum breaks down into a white scar called corpus albicans decrease in hormone release leads to menstruation

secretory phase

days 15-28, further vascularization of the functional layer, further development of uterine glands

proliferative phase

days 6-14 development of functional layer

frontal lobe

decision making, personality, verbal communication, voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles

endocardium

deepest lines chambers and covers valves simple squamous epithelium called endothelium

cytotoxic

deliver poison

cardiovascular system

delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, equalizes temperature in the body, heart, blood vessels

reticular layer

dense irregular connective tissue

perichondrium

dense irregular connective tissue (surrounding cartilage)

cranial fossae

depression in the base of the skull that house the brain

eosinophils

destroys parasites important in allergies

photoreceptors

detect light and color

muscle spindles

detect muscle stretch

proprioceptors

detect stretch

thermoreceptors

detect temperature

golgi tendon organs

detect tendon stretch

nociceptors

detect tissue damage

mechanoreceptors

detect touch, pressure, and vibration

nervous system

detects and processes sensory information, activates bodily responses, brain, spinal cord, nerves

perineum

diamond shaped area bordered by pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities, and coccyx urogenital triangle and anal triangle

midsagittal

directly in middle, splits in half

mesenteries

double layer folds of peritoneum that suspend and support intraperitoneal organs

thoracic duct

drains everything else

exocrine glands

ducts secrete products onto an epithelial surface

bronchopulmonary segments

each lung segment is supplied by an individual tertiary bronchus

response

efferent information leaves the CNS, effectors (muscles or glands) respond

properties of muscular tissue

electrical excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

placental

eliminated the placenta accomplished within 15-30 minutes after birth of infant

parasympathetic nervous system

emerges from the medulla vagus nerve decreases heart rate

sympathetic nervous system

emerges from the thoracic spinal cord synapses in sympathetic chain ganglia increases heart rate. and force of contraction

muscular system

enables movement, helps maintain body temperature, skeletal muscles, tendons

integumentary system

encloses internal body structures, site of many sensory receptors, hair, skin

endometriosis

endometrium is displaced onto external surface of organs within the abdominal cavity displaced endometrium still grows in response to hormones, but menses cannot be shed and explelled out of vagina the displaced endometrium causes pain and scarring treated with hormones or surgery

bilaminar disc

epiblast and hypoblast

male ducts

epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

perforating ulcer

eroded through entire wall

neurons

excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses

monocyte

exits bloodstream, becomes a macrophage phagocytizes pathogens and debris

gas exchange

external respiration

vestibular folds

false vocal cords, don't produce sound

deep

far from surface

connective tissue

fat and other soft padding tissue, bone, tendon

lanugo hair

fetal, shed before born

blood clots

fibrin, platelets, trapped erythrocytes

urethra

fibromuscular tube lined with a mucous membrane internal urethral sphincter external urethral sphincter external urethral orifice

external os

filled with a mucus plug that thins during ovulation

urine formation

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion

vellus hair

fine hair on most of the body

apaneuroses

flat tendons are called

ovarian cortex

follicles (oocytes surrounded by supportive cells)

28 day ovarian cycle

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

food and air lined with stratified squamous epithelium

prepuce

foreskin skin covering glans removed during circumcision

life cycle of erythrocytes

form in the red bone marrow circulate in the bloodstream for up to 120 days phagocytized in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow broken down and reused to make new RBCs heme is converted to bilirubin and secreted in bile by the liver

osteoblast

forms bone matrix (builder)

diarthrosis

freely movable

polyuria

frequent urination

fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, epicardium

from superficial to deep, list the layers of the pericardium

seminal vesicles

fructose (nourishes sperm) prostaglandins (widens cervix) bicarbonate (neutralizes vaginal acid)

nephrons

functional unit of kidney about 1 million in each kidney two types of nephrons cortical nephrons 85% juxtamedullary nephrons 15%

trigone

funnels urine into the urethra as the bladder contracts

distal

further from point of attachment

hair structure

hair is composed of hard keratin

group O

has anti-A and anti-B antibodies has no antigens

group B

has anti-A antibodies has B antigen

group A

has anti-B antibodies has A antigen

group AB

has no antibodies has A and B antigens

terminal hair

head, pubic region, armpit, male facial hair

T lymphocytes

helper, cytotoxic, memory, and regulatory T cells

leukocytosis

high WBC count results from infection, inflammation, or extreme stress

thrombocytosis

high platelet count results from disease of blood or bone marrow, cancer, removal of spleen, or an infection

long bones

humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals

inorganic components of bone

hydroxyapatite and contains calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

none

if i have type o blood which, if any, antigens do i have present

synarthrosis

immovable

ectopic pregnancy

implantation outside of the uterus tubal pregnancy fertilized oocyte implants in the uterine tube uterine tube is unable to expland as embryo grows embryo cannot survive past week eight

oblique

in between planes at any angle

parasagittal

in the middle but not directly in half

urinary incontinence

inability to control the expulsion of urination

myocardial infarction

inadequate circulation

accessory digestive organs

include the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder not part of the GI tract, but they are part of the digestive system because they secrete substances into the GI tract to facilitate digestion

gap junctions

increase flow of electrical current

otitis media

infection of the middle ear

bursitis

inflammation of a bursa because of a blow or friction

tendonitis

inflammation of a tendon or tendon sheath because of overuse

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

pyelonephritis

inflammation of the kidney

urethritis

inflammation of the urethra

arthritis

inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints

visceral senses

information from internal organs and blood vessels (heart and lungs)

somatic senses

information from skin, joints, and skeletal muscles

chemical digestion in stomach

initiate protein digestion

puberty

inititated when hypothalamus increases secretion of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) GnRH stimulated release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) from anterior pituitary FSH and LH stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones Increased sex hormones start the process of gamete maturation and secual maturation

intrauterine device

inplanted T-shaped device that may prevent fertilization and/or implantation

inguinal hernia

intestines push through inguinal canal, more common in males

umbilical hernia

intestines push through the rectus abdominis

esophagus

you got a lower respiratory tract infection, which of the following structures is least likely to be the affected organ

sexual differentiation

• No difference in males and females before week 5 of development • Embryos initially contain indifferent gonads and two duct systems - Paramesonephric ducts (female) - Mesonephric ducts (male)

autonomic nervous system

involuntary, innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands

sprain

joint reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn

epidermis

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Urolithiasis

kidney stones causes include inadequate fluid intake and diet small stones can be asymptomatic and easily passed larger stones can become stuck in the urinary tract

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

skeletal muscle

large cylindrical shape Multinucleate Formed from the fusion of myoblasts Striated Voluntary vascular

leukocytes

larger contains nucleus and organelles initiate the immune response and defend against pathogens

lower respiratory tract

larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lung alveoli

expulsion

lasts from full dilation to delivery of the baby

epiblast

later becomes the embryo

foliate

lateral tongue, taste buds during infancy

endosteum

layer of cells lining the spongy bone and medullary cavity

serous membrane

line body cavities close to the exterior of the body: the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities

synovial membrane

line joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint

mucous membrane

line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

lips and oral cavity

lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

epithelial tissue

lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs, skin surface (epidermis)

late pregnancy

-Gestation lasts 38 weeks from conception (40 weeks from last menstrual period) -Uterus expands ~20 times larger than normal -Breasts enlarge and develop ability to produce milk -Uterus myometrium becomes more active during last trimester. Mild contractions may occur -Hormones soften the cervix and loosen pubic symphysis -Baby "drops" and is normally oriented head down with face posterior

simple columnar epithelium

-Made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together -absorption -secretion -movement (if ciliated) -lining of stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (non-ciliated) -lining of uterine tubes (ciliated)

organogenesis

-Organ development follows gastrulation and body folding -upper and lower limbs form -Rudimentary organ systems have developed by week 8 -Embryo is approximately 1 inch long by week 8

cartilage characteristics

-Semirigid, weaker than bone -Flexible yet resilient due to elastic fibers, collagen fibers and gel-like ground substance -Avascular, receives nutrient supply through diffusion

adipose tissue

-adipocytes in a loose extracellular matrix -stores energy, protects, cushions, and insulates -surrounds organs, subcutaneous tissue

the cell

-all organisms are formed from cells -cells create tissues and organs -completes cell division to replicate

sympheses

-amphiarthrotic -cartilaginous joint -bones connected by fibrocartilage

hypodermis (subcutaneous)

-areolar and adipose connective tissue -not considered part of the integument -anchors skin to underlying structures -thermal insulation -energy reservoir

cervical dilation

-begins with first regular contractions and ends when the cervix is fully dilated -longest stage

intramembranous ossification

-bone growth within a membrane -forms flat cones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, and clavicle

endochondral ossification

-bone growth within cartilage -turns fetal framework of hyaline cartilage into bone -formation of most bones -bone replaces cartilage except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates

bone and nerve supply

-bone is richly vascularized and innervated -nutrient blood vessels and nerves enter through nutrient foramina

bone

-calcified, solid matrix containing osteocytes -protection, support, movement (with muscular system), stores calcium -bones

pectoral girdle

-clavicle and scapula -bones are thin and light -connects to the axial skeleton at the sternoclavicular joint

dense irregular connective tissue

-collagen fibers randomly arranged, fibroblasts, sparse ground substance -resists stresses in all directions -dermis of skin, organ capsules

elastic cartilage

-contains elastic fibers -provides flexibility -epiglottis and external ear

blood

-contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; water-based ground substance is called plasma -transports gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, and waste, participates in immune response and blood clotting -blood vessels and heart

fibrocartilage

-contains thick collagen fibers -shock absorber -intervertebral discs. pubic symphysis, menisci of knee, articular discs of jaw

third degree burn

-damages entire epidermis and dermis -3rd layer -beyond dermis

first degree burn

-damages epidermis -1st layer of skin

second degree burn

-damages epidermis and part of the dermis -2nd layer -blister

dense elastic tissue

-dense elastic fibers, fibroblasts -allows stretching -walls of large arteries and airways

periosteum

-dense irregular connective tissue -connected to bone by perforating fibers

dense regular connective tissue

-dense, parallel collagen fibers, fibroblasts, sparse ground substance -resists stress in one direction -tendons, ligaments

synovial joints

-diarthrotic -articular capsule

transitional epithelium

-distention and relaxation of urinary structures -lining of ureters, bladder, and urethra

endocrine glands

-ductless -cells secrete products into interstitial fluid and bloodstream -form the endocrine system

paranasal sinuses

-ethmoidal, frontal, maxillary and sphenoid sinuses -make skull lighter -lined with mucous membranes -mucus that drains into the nasal cavity warms and humidifies air

osteoporosis

-excessive bone resorption -aged and post-menopause

lower limb bones

-femur -patella -tibia -fibula -tarsals (7) -metatarsals (5) -phalanges (14)

areolar tissue

-fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers, abundant ground substance -surrounds and protects organs, loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues -subcutaneous tissue, dermis of skin

cell functions

-form layers to cover surfaces -storage of nutrients and energy -produce movement -create connections -protect the body from pathogens -communicate information -reproduction

placenta anatomy

-formed from maternal tissues (stratum functionalis) and fetal tissues (chorion) -chorionic villi immersed in a pool of maternal blood -mother and baby's blood do not mix

juxtaglomerular apparatus

-found where an afferent arteriole and a distal convoluted tubule touch -macula densa cells and juxtaglomerular cells cooperate to regulate blood volume and pressure

sustentacular (sertoli) cells

-found within the wall of seminiferous tubules -assist with sperm development

commissural fibers

1 hemisphere to another

association fibers

1 part of a hemisphere to another part of a hemisphere

other solutes

1% of plasma

buffy coat

1% of whole blood

erythrocytes

44% of whole blood

plasma

55% of whole blood

submandibular gland

60-70% of saliva production

proteins

7% of plasma

water

92% of plasma

aponeurosis

A flat tendon

dermatomes

A specific segment of skin supplied by a single pair of cranial nerves

desmosomes

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

hormones

Are carried throughout the body by the bloodstream Initiate specific actions in target cells (cells that have receptors for the hormone)

thoracic arteries

Ascending aorta Aortic arch Thoracic aorta Brachiocephalic trunk Right common carotid artery Right vertebral artery Right subclavian artery Right internal thoracic artery Left common carotid artery Left vertebral artery Left subclavian artery Left internal thoracic artery Intercostal arteries

synergist

Assists the prime mover

natural killer cells

Can respond to multiple antigens Each B and T lymphocyte can only respond to a single antigen Can kill a wide variety of infected cells and some cancerous cells

lymphoma

Cancer of lymphatic cells Often presents as an enlarged lymph node

pulmonary circuit

Carries blood to and from the lungs Right ventricle is the pump

skeletal

Cartilage is a part of which organ system?

cardiac muscle cells

Cells are short, branched, striated, and contain 1-2 nuclei Cells are joined by intercalated discs More mitochondria and ATP than skeletal muscle

autonomic nervous system

Chain of two motor neurons to target Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons Innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

gustatory cells

Chemoreceptors Respond to five basic tastes (salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami) Replaced every 7-10 days

elevation and depression

Chewing food would cause _____ and ___ movement of the mandible

vascular tunic

Choroid Ciliary body Suspensory ligaments Iris Blood supply

emphysema

Chronic destruction or alveoli and loss of lung elastic tissue Decrease in gas exchange surface area Loss of elastic tissue makes it difficult to exhale, old air is trapped in alveoli Usually caused by smoking

tunica media

Circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers Location of vasodilation and vasoconstriction

microglial cells

Clean up debris and fight infection

tunica externa

Collagen and elastic fibers Contains the vasa vasorum

heart valves

Composed of dense connective tissue Two or three cusps Permits passage of blood in one direction Prevent backflow of blood

circular

Concentric rings

white pulp

Contains lymphocytes and macrophages Monitors blood for foreign antigens, initiates an immune response when antigens are found

optic disc

Contains no rods or cones, axons exit eye, blind spot

fovea centralis

Contains only cones, maximum visual acuity

astrocytes

Control ionic environmentFood, remove wasteInduce formation of the blood-brain barrier

villi

Covered with simple columnar epithelium Blood vessels and lacteals found internally

special senses

Gustation Olfaction Vision Equilibrium audition

vestibulocochlear nerve

Hearing, balance CN VIII

cortisol

Helps body deal with stressful situations

bone marrow

Hemocytoblasts create lymphoid stem cells Lymphoid stem cells that differentiate and mature in the bone marrow become B cells and natural killer cells

supination

Holding a bowl of soup Rotation of the radius returns the bones to their parallel position

tropic hormones

Hormones that affect the release of other hormones

lumbar plexus

If you had a laceration to your anterior medial thigh, what nerve plexus could be affected

parathyroid hormone

Increases blood concentration of Ca2+ Increases osteoclast activity and decreases osteoblast activity

thyroid gland

Increases metabolic rate

abdominopelvic paired arteries

Inferior phrenic artery Renal artery Suprarenal artery Gonadal artery Lumbar artery Common iliac artery Internal iliac artery External iliac artery Femoral artery

tendonitis

Inflammation of a tendon or tendon sheath due to overuse

antidiuretic hormone

Initiates water retention in kidney during dehydration Increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction

muscularis

Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle

esophageal phase

Involuntary Peristaltic contractions of the esophageal muscle push the bolus toward the stomach

pharyngeal phase

Involuntary Soft palate and uvula close off the nasopharynx Larynx and hyoid elevate and the epiglottis closes over the laryngeal opening

yes

Is strength inversely proportional to mobility when it comes to articulations?

adherens

Joins actin bundles between cells

lymphatic system

Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic nodules Lymphatic organs Lymphatic cells Return leaked plasma (interstitial fluid) to the bloodstream Screen lymph for foreign substances (antigens) House lymphocytes that generate the immune response Transport dietary lipids

enteric nervous system

Large network of neurons in the wall of the digestive tract Functions to automatically control digestive system functions Can be influenced by the ANS, but can also operate independently of the brain and spinal cord

elastic arteries

Largest arteries Conducting arteries Between heart and muscular arteries High elastic content Stretch and recoil to dampen blood pressure changes resulting from contractions of heart Aorta and its major branches Brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, common iliac arteries

spleen

Largest lymphatic organ Upper left quadrant of the abdomen

thalamus

Lies on either side of the third ventricle Relay station for sensory and motor information entering the cerebrum

dorsiflexion

Lifting the front of the foot, so that the top of the foot moves towards the anterior leg

plantar flexion

Lifting the heel of the foot from the ground or pointing the toes downward

ependymal cells

Line brain internal cavities (ventricles)

synovial membranes

Line the joint the cavities and produce the fluid within the joint

esophagus

Lined with stratified squamous epithelium

thymus

Located in lower neck and mediastinum Yellows and atrophies after puberty

pancreas

Located in posterior wall of abdominal cavity Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

ovarian medulla

Loose connective tissue Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

calcitonin

Lowers level of blood Ca2+ Decreases osteoclast activity and increases osteoblast activity

path of lymph

Lymphatic capillaries Series of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes Lymphatic trunks Lymphatic ducts Venous circulation

dual innervation

Most organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The two divisions often oppose each other

functions of skeletal muscle

Movement Maintenance of posture Temperature regulation Storage and movement of materials Support abdominal organs Joint stabilization

circumduction

Movement of a body region in a circular manner One end is stationary while the other describes a circle

medial rotation

Movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body

bulbourethral glands

Mucus (coats urethra, lubricant for sexual intercourse)

false

Multipolar neurons are most PNS neurons

olfactory nerve

Olfactory bulb, termination of olfactory nerve Smell CN I

parathyroid gland

On posterior surface of the thyroid gland

microvilli

On the apical surface of villar cells Collectively called the brush border Contain brush border enzymes

somatic nervous system

One motor neuron to target Innervates skeletal muscle

cones

Operate best in bright light, provide high acuity color vision

gastrointestinal tract

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

helper T cells

Orchestrate an effective immune response by secreting cytokines, chemical signals that bind to and activate other immune system cells

lymphatic nodules

Oval clusters of lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a connective tissue capsule Contain macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes Screen for and attack foreign antigens

endocrine pancreas functions

Pancreatic islets produce the hormones insulin and glucagon

pineal gland

Part of the epithalamus Produces melatonin Helps regulate circadian rhythm

multiple sclerosis

Patches of myelin in brain and spinal cord destroyed Autoimmune disease Symptoms: blindness, weakness, numbness

memory B cells

Patrol body after an attack Easily activated if infected again

transverse folding

The embryo folds laterally, essentially creating a tube, called the primitive gut, that is lined by the endoderm. The embryo envelops a portion of the yolk sac, which protrudes with the umbilical cord from what will become the abdomen. The amniotic sac, which was sitting on top of the flat embryo, envelops the embryo as it folds.

transverse folding

The embryo, which begins as a flat sheet of cells, begins to acquire a cylindrical shape through the process of

amphiarthrotic

The functional classification of the syndesmosis joint is

posterior 1/3 of tongue

The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates

renin

The kidney produces which hormone

multipolar

The majority of motor neurons are classified as

tight junctions

The most apical junction found are the

effectors, autonomic

The motor system transmits information from the CNS to the ____, which are classified as somatic and ______

posterior, inferior

The posterior cranial fossa is ____ and _____ to the middle cranial fossa

implantation

The pre-embryonic period starts at fertilization and ends at

lateral

The radius is ____ to the ulna

endoneurium

What is the name of the connective tissue that wraps around a single axon

retraction

When something is moved posteriorly and medially

chemotaxis

WBCs are attracted to site of infection by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens

diapedesis

WBCs leave the bloodstream and enter tissues

saliva

Wets and binds food into a bolus Cleans, lubricates oral cavity Kills harmful microorganisms Enzymes begin digestion of starch

Flexion of hip Dorsiflexion of foot Flexion of knee

What are the first body movements are involved when playing hacky sack

epidermis and dermis

What are the two layers of skin

detects sound waves

What does a cochlear implant do

myelin

What increases the conduction speed of electrical signals in axons

autorhythmic

What is a special characteristic that only cardiac muscle has

stretched or torn ligaments

What is a sprain?

flexibility

What is not a property of muscle tissue

ATP

What is required for muscle relaxation

m-line

What is the anchor for myosin

thyroid

What is the largest purely endocrine gland

sarcomere

What is the smallest muscle unit

Y shaped fibers

What is unique about cardiac muscle

middle ear to nasopharynx

What two structures foes the auditory tube connect

dense irregular connective tissue and on top of cartilage

What type of tissue is the perichondrium made from and where is it found

irregular dense connective tissue

What type of tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis made from

protraction

When something is moved anteriorly like mandible

temperature regulation

Which of the following is not a function of CSF

immunity

Which of the following is not a function of skeletal muscle

lipid hormone

Which of the following is not a hormone type

triceps brachii

Which of the following would be considered an antagonist to the biceps brachii

femoral epiphyseal plate

Which one of these joints is a synchondroses joint

filiform

Which papillae has no taste buds present

yolk sac

Which part of the blastocyst provides nutrients until the placenta forms?

parietal

Which part of your cerebrum is associated with understanding speech

cones

Which photoreceptor operate best in bright lights

cardiac muscle

Y shaped or branched fibers Uninucleate or binucleate Intercalated discs Striated Auto-rhythmic Involuntary

carpus

You can find your wrist in what region of your body

tissue level

a community of similar cells form a body tissue

bone marros; thymus

a helper T-cell is born in the _________ and matures in the ___________

cellular level

a variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell

circumvallate

back of tongue, largest, many taste buds

kidney anatomy

bean-shaped and reddish-brown surrounded and suspended by fat left kidney is 2 cm superior to right kidney retroperitoneal, against the posterior body wall high in the abdominal cavity partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs

heart characteristics

beats 75 times per minute 108,000 times a day average cardiac output is 5.25 L/minute functions as a dual pump

spermatogenesis

begins at puberty occurs in seminiferous tubules controlled by FSH and testosterone 100-200 million sperm produced each day

interstitial cells

between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone

liver

bilirubin is secreted as bile in the

vagina functions

birth canal, receives the penis during intercourse, passageway for menstruation

fluid connective tissue

blood and lymph

erection

blood fills the erectile tissues deep arteries dilate blood is trapped in erectile tissues by compression of veins under parasympathetic control

projections

bone region that extends above the bone surface

depressions

bone region that is lower than the surrounding bone surface

dislocation

bones forced out of alignment

apophysis

bony outgrowth that serves as an attachment site for ligaments or tendons

CNS

brain and spinal cord

nervous tissue

brain, spinal cord, nerves

pulmonary ventilation

breathing

mesoderm

muscular and skeletal systems, heart, kidneys

right lymphatic duct

my right arm will be drained by which lymphatic structure?

PNS

nerves and ganglia

ectoderm

nervous system and skin

granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

glial cells

non-excitable cells that support and protect the neurons

benign prostatic hyperplasia

noncancerous enlargement of the prostate very common: >90% of men over 80 suffer from it symptoms: nocturia, polyuria, dysuria

fertilization

occurs in the uterine tube corona radiata penetration acrosome reaction and zona pellucida penetration fusion of sperm and oocyte plasma membranes and pronuclei

esophageal hiatus

opening in the diaphragm

trabecular remodeling

osteoblasts and osteoclasts are responsible for

organic components of bone

osteoid and contains collagen and other proteins

female anatomy

ovary, fimbriae, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, clitoris

acne

overactive and plugged sebaceous ducts

dysuria

painful urination

openings

passageway or hole in bone

sesamoid bones

patella, small bones found in the tendons associated with feet and hands

both atria

pectinate muscle is found in the