cell 220 lecture final exam
parotid gland
25-30% of saliva production
sublingual gland
3-5% of saliva production
fixator
A muscle that stabilizes the bone that is the attachment for the prime mover's origin
antagonist
A muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover
phagocytes
(macrophages and dendritic cells) Phagocytes of foreign substances Antigen presentation to lymphocytes to initiate immune response
trophoblast functions
-Burrows into the uterine lining during implantation -Builds the chorionic membrane that surrounds the embryo and fetus -helps to form the placenta
skull bones
-frontal bone -parietal bone -temporal bone -sphenoid bone -ethmoid bone -lacrimal bone -nasal bone -zygomatic bone -maxilla -mandible -occipital bone -vomer -palatine bone
marfan syndrome
-genetic disease -abnormalities in fibrillin, a protein that builds elastic fibers -causes skeletal, cardio, vision, and connective tissue abnormalities -tall and thin with long legs, arms, fingers, and toes -typically die by age 50 because of heart weakness
internal female development
-gonads differentiate into ovaries -paramesonephric ducts form the uterine tubes and uterus -mesonephric ducts degenerate
internal male development
-gonads differentiate into testes -paramesonephric ducts degenerate -mesonephric ducts form the male duct system and seminal vesicles -testes descend into scrotum
skin color
-hemoglobin causes a pink hue -melanocytes produce melanin
epithelial tissue
-highly cellular, minimal extracellular matrix -polarity, tissue has an apical and basal surface -attachment to a basement membrane -avascular (blood vessels are found in underlying connective tissue) -regeneration (high regenerative capacity) -cover or lining -barrier -physical protection -selective permeability -secretion
upper limb bones
-humerus -radius -ulna -carpals (8) -metacarpals (5) -phalanges (14)
osteomalacia (rickets)
-lack of mineralization of bone results in low bone density -caused by vitamin d or calcium deficiency -called rickets in children, soft and weak bones, bowed legs
interstitial growth
-length -occurs at epiphyseal plates
spongy/cancellous bone
-lined by endosteum -composed of trabeculae -often contains red bone marrow
compact/cortical bone
-lined by periosteum -composed of osteons
wrinkles
-loss of collagen and elastic fibers -decreased thickness of dermis -skin less 'springy'
thrombocytopenia
-low platelet count -results from damage to bone marrow, chemotherapy, leukemia, or overactive spleen
hyaline cartilage
-most common -flexible but resilient -respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi), costal cartilage, nose, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, fetal skeleton
basal cell carcinoma
-most common type of skin cancer -least dangerous type -originates in stratum basale
gangrene
-most commonly affects limbs, fingers, and toes -death of connective tissue -caused by lack of blood flow that may be due to mechanical injury, bacterial infection, or diabetes
malignant melanoma
-most deadly type of skin cancer -arises from melanocytes (usually a preexisting mole) -early detection is crucial
retroperitoneal organs
-most the duodenum -ascending and descending colon -rectum -pancreas -kidneys
scurvy
-nutritional disorder -caused by vitamin c deficiency -normal collagen fibers cannot form -weakening of gums, teeth, bones, and internal mucosa -wounds and fractures don't heal well -prevalent among sailors
pelvic girdle
-os coxae (3 fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis) -bones are heavy and thick -connects to the axial skeleton at the sacroiliac joint
nevus (mole or birthmark)
-overgrowth of melanin-forming cells -harmless unless it mutates and becomes malignant
appendicular skeleton
-pectoral girdle -upper limb -pelvic girdle -lower limb
vertebral arch (surrounds and protects spinal cord)
-pedicle -lamina
cell structure
-plasma membrane -cytoplasm -cytosol -organelles -nucleus -chromatin
pericardium functions
-prevents undesired movement -prevents overfilling of the heart -reduces friction
stratified squamous epithelium
-protection -epidermis of skin -lining or oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus, and vagina
functions of hair
-protection (eyebrows, UV rays) -sensation (moving follicle - contacting nerve ending) -reduce heat loss
urinary system functions
-remove waste products from the bloodstream -storage and excretion of urine -regulation of blood pressure and volume -secretion of erythropoietin (regulation of erythrocyte production)
prostate cancer
-risk increases with age -detected by digital rectal exam, transrectal ultrasound and PSA test
nails
-scale-like modification of epidermis -contain hard keratin
male anatomy
-scrotum, testis, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, urethra, penis
exocrine glands
-sebacceous (oil) glands produce sebum -suderiferous (sweat) glands are eccrine and apocrine
cartilage
-semisolid matrix containing chondrocytes -provides support and flexibility, absorbs compression -ends of long bones, trachea, intervertebral discs, external ear
simple cuboidal epithelium
-single layer of cube shaped cells -absorption -secretion -kidney tubules -glands
simple squamous epithelium
-single layer of flattened cells -diffusion -filtration -lung air sacs (alveoli) -lining of blood vessels -serous membranes
the integument
-skin, nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands -largest body organ -consists of two layers - the epidermis and dermis -hypodermis is not part of the integument -protection -prevent dehydration -sensation -temperature regulation -vitamin d synthesis
axial skeleton
-skull -vertebral column -thoracic cage
connective tissue
-sparse cells in an extracellular matrix (protein fibers and ground substance) -physical protection -support and structural framework -binding of structures -storage -transport (blood) -immune protection
cartilage functions
-support soft tissues -articular surfaces for joints -provide a model for endochondral bone formation
functions of bone
-support the body, create body framework -protect vital organs -facilitate movement, attachment sites for muscles -hematopoiesis, red bone marrow -mineral and energy storage, calcium phosphate, yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue)
synchondroses
-synarthrotic -cartilaginous joint -bones connected by hyaline cartilage
gomphosis
-synarthrotic -peg-in-socket joint -fibrous -gums
internal urethral sphincter
-thickening of detrusor muscle -smooth muscle -involuntary -controlled by ANS
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract -protection -movement (if ciliated) -lining of respiratory tract
polycythemia
-too many erythrocytes in the blood -increases viscosity of blood, placing strain on the heart
processes
-transverse process -spinous process -articular process
collecting duct
-variable (regulated) reabsorption -fluid leaving this duct is called urine
weight-bearing structures
-vertebral body -intervertebral disc
foramina
-vertebral foramen -intervertebral foramen
reticular tissue
-white blood cells and fibroblasts, reticular fibers, ground substance -provides supportive framework -lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
appositional growth
-width -occurs at the periosteum and endosteum
location and orientation of the heart
-within the mediastinum -lies on the diaphragm, posterior to the sternum -base: posterior and superior surface of the heart -apex: anterior and inferior, points to the left hip
contraction
An action potential arrives at neuromuscular junction ACh is released, binds to receptors, leading to an action potential in sarcolemma Action potential travels along the T-tubules Thick and thin filament interaction leads to muscle contraction Muscle shortens and produces tension
hypothalamus
Behavior Endocrine Emotion Temperature control Sleep/wake cycles Hunger/thirst Autonomic control Memory Infundibulum Pituitary gland
lateral flexion
Bending of the neck or body to the right or left side
muscles acting at the elbow
Biceps brachii Origin: supraglenoid tubercle, coracoid process Insertion: radial tuberosity Brachioradialis BrachialisT riceps brachii Origin: infraglenoid tubercle, posterior shaft of the humerus Insertion: olecranon processanconeus
brainstem
Bidirectional passageway between cerebrum and spinal cord Contains many autonomic and reflex centers essential for survival Point of attachment for cranial nerves
testis
Bilateral structures located externally within the scrotum
ovary
Bilateral structures locates in pelvic cavity
voluntary phase
Bolus of food is pushed by tongue against the hard palate and moves toward oropharynx
sinusoidal capillary
Bone marrow, spleen, liver
coronary circulation
Brings nutrients and oxygen to the heart wall
convergent
Broad origin, converge towards insertion
cerebrospinal fluid
Buoyancy Protection (cushion) Environmental stability Produced in the choroid plexus Clear, colorless fluid Circulates through the ventricles and subarachnoid space surrounding the CNS
thyroid gland
Butterfly shaped Inferior to larynx Largest pure endocrine gland
abcde rule of malignant melanoma recognition
A=asymmetry (one half of mole doesn't match the other) B=border (edges notched, irregular, blurred or ragged) C=color (not uniform, different shades) D=diameter (larger than 1/4 inch) E=evolving (changing in morphology or symptoms)
abdominopelvic unpaired arteries
Abdominal aorta Celiac trunk Common hepatic artery Left gastric artery Splenic artery Superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery Median sacral artery
large intestine
Absorb water and electrolytes Forces feces toward rectum Lined with simple columnar epithelium Teniae coli Haustra Epiploic appendages mesocolon
reflux esophagitis
Acidic contents regurgitate into the esophagus
exocrine pancreas functions
Acinar cells produce digestive enzymes and secrete them through pancreatic ducts
follicle stimulating hormone
Act on the gonads
luteinizing hormone
Act on the gonads
testosterone
Activates sperm production, stimulates development to male reproductive organs
growth hormone
Acts on all body tissues, especially bone, muscle, and adipose connective tissue
prolactin
Acts on mammary glands
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Acts on melanocytes in the epidermis
adrenocorticotropic hormone
Acts on the adrenal complex
Thyroid stimulation hormone
Acts on the thyroid gland
endocrine system
Acts using hormones Can affect any cell in the body (target cells have hormone receptors) Has widespread effects Has slower but longer lasting responses Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
epinephrine
Adrenaline
lymph nodes
Afferent and efferent vessels Cortex and medulla Macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes Screen lymph for foreign antigens Initiate immune response Axillary Inguinal Cervical Scattered throughout the body
asthma
Airway hypersensitivity leads to inflammation and bronchoconstriction Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, excess mucous Treatment may include inhaled steroids mixed with bronchodilators May occur in response to pollen, smoke, mold, dust mites, air pollution, pet dander, exercise, or anxiety
relaxation
Calcium is resorbed, beginning relaxation cycle; ATP is required Thick and thin filament interaction relaxes Muscle lengthens and relaxes
ascending spinal cord
Conduct sensory of motor information Travel through white matter of CNS Connect CNS regions to cranial nerves and spinal nerves
descending spinal cord
Conduct sensory or motor information Travel through white matter of CNS Connect CNS regions to cranial nerves and spinal nerves
skeletal muscle
Connected to the skeleton
ligament
Connects bone to bone
tendon
Connects muscle to bone
follicular phase
Days 1-13 FSH and LH stimulate final maturation of follicle and oocyte
fibrous skeleton of the heart
Dense connective tissue located between the atria and the ventricles Separates the atria and ventricles Anchors heart valves Framework for cardiac muscle attachment
semicircular canals
Detect rotational movements Help sense equilibrium
cochlea
Detects sound waves
arterioles
Diameter is regulated by Local tissue factors Sympathetic nervous system
inspiration or inhalation
Diaphragm contracts External intercostals, scalenes, and others contract
muscular arteries
Distributing arteries Distribute blood to the body organs Thick tunica media Diameter of lumen changes to regulate amount of blood flow to organs Most of the named arteries seen in lab Brachial, femoral, coronary, inferior mesenteric arteries
ductus arteriosus
Diverts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch Becomes the ligamentum arteriosum
foramen ovale
Diverts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium Becomes the fossa ovalis
depression
Downward movement
varicose veins
Dysfunctional valves leads to blood pooling in the superficial limb veins Result of genetic predisposition, aging, or strain that inhibits venous return
lymphedema
Edema due to lymph node obstruction Surgical removal of nodes, scar tissue within nodes Malignant tumors of nodes Parasitic infection of nodes Extreme cases: elephantiasis Lymphedema is not operable or curable
limbic system
Emotional brain Involved in emotion, memory, and motivation
Norepinephrine
Enhance fight or flight response
muscles of facial expression
Epicranius Frontalis Occipitalis Galea apaneurotica Orbicularis oculi Nasalis Levator labii superioris Levator anguli oris Zygomaticus Orbicularis oris Depressor anguli oris Depressor labii inferioris mentalis
mucosa
Epithelial lining closest to lumen, performs secretion and absorption
peptic ulcers
Erosion of stomach or duodenal mucosa Majority of cases are associated with the bacterium Heliobacter pylori
hydrocephalus
Excessive CSF Obstruction of CSF flow Overproduction of CSF Impaired drainage of CSF
placenta functions
Exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products, and antibodies Production of estrogen and progesterone
orientation
External abdominal oblique
trochlear nerve
Extrinsic eye muscle (superior oblique) CN IV
abducens nerve
Extrinsic eye muscles (lateral rectus) CN VI
oculomotor nerve
Extrinsic eye muscles (superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique), constrict pupil CN III
homunculus
Face + head have more sensory neurons, more motor control, distribution of neurons
trigeminal nerve
Face, teeth, tongue Muscles of mastication CN V
abdominopelvic veins
Femoral vein External iliac vein Internal iliac vein Common iliac vein Inferior vena cava Lumbar vein Gonadal vein Renal vein Suprarenal vein Hepatic veins
parallel
Fibers run parallel to long axis
vagina anatomy
Fibromuscular tube; Distensible wall (Mucosa, Muscularis, Adventitia); Fornix, rugae, vaginal orifice, vestibular glands, hymen
sympathetic
Fight or flight Activated in emergency situations and when excited or stressed
anterior chamber/posterior chamber
Filled with aqueous humor
vitreous chamber
Filled with vitreous humor
cerebellum
Fine-tunes, smoothens, and coordinates muscle movement Balance/equilibrium
oligodendrocytes
Form myelin sheaths in CNS
organogenesis
Formation of organs and organ systems
cephalocaudal forming
Forming a c-shape with distinct head and tail ends
cardiac muscle
Found in heart myocardium
smooth muscle
Found in walls of visceral organs
rods
Function in dim light, don't provide sharp vision or color vision, more numerous than cones
red pulp
Functions as a blood reservoir Hemolysis (phagocytosis of old erythrocytes and platelets) Remove debris from blood
smooth muscle
Fusiform shape Uninucleate No striations Fatigue resistant Involuntary
external respiration
Gas exchange between blood (at pulmonary capillaries) and air (at the alveoli) O2 diffuses from air into blood CO2 diffuses from blood into air
internal respiration
Gas exchange between blood (at systemic capillaries) and tissue cells O2 diffuses from the blood into body cells CO2 diffuses from body cells into blood
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
Gastrointestinal, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts
shape/size
Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Gluteus minimus
basal cells
Immature cells, replaces other two cell types
myelin
Made by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS White, fatty coating around axons Nodes of Ranvier is the gap in myelin Supports, protects, and insulates axon Increases conduction speed of electrical signals in axons
small intestine
Majority of chemical digestion occurs here Digestive enzymes from pancreas Bile from liver emulsifies fat so it can be chemically digested Nutrient absorption Subdivisions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum Suspended by the mesentery proper covered with simple columnar epithelium
muscles of mastication
Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid
estrogen
Maturation of follicles, stimulates development to female reproductive organs
stratum basale
Melanocytes and tactile (Merkel) cells are found where
polysynaptic
More complex neural pathway Includes interneurons The withdrawal reflex is an example Multiple synapses
continuous capillary
Most common type Muscle, skin, thymus, lungs
teres major
Which of the following is not a rotator cuff muscle
neurotransmitters
Which of the following is not a structure a neuron directly synapses with in the body
temperature
Which of the following is not detected by mechanoreceptors
contains interneurons
Which of the following is not true about monosynaptic reflexes
initiates water retention in kidney during dehydration
Which of the following is the function of antidiuretic hormone
schwann cells
Myelinate PNS axons
malleus, incus, stapes
Name the middle ear structures laterally to medially
deep fascia, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
Name the muscle wrappings superficial to deep
nerve plexus
Networks of interweaving spinal nerves
heart failure
Progressive weakening of the heart Heart can no longer pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body Weakened ventricles fail to empty completely. They become overfilled and blood backs up into veins behind the ventricle May result in edema in the tissues outside the pulmonary or systemic circuits
projection fibers
Project up or down spinal cord
satellite cells
Protect and regulate nutrients for neuron cell bodies in ganglia
right ventricle
Pump of the pulmonary circuit Ejects oxygen-poor blood into the pulmonary trunk Trabeculae carneae Papillary muscles Anchor chordae tendineae Chordae tendineae Prevent valves from everting Pulmonary valve
left ventricle
Pump of the systemic circuit Ejects oxygen-rich blood into the aorta Aortic valve Forms the apex and inferior surface of the heart Most muscular of the chambers Wall is three times thicker than right ventricle
muscles acting at the hip
Pectineus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Iliopsoas Psoas major Iliacus Rectus femoris Gluteus maximus Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Biceps femoris
muscles acting at the shoulder
Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Teres major Latissimus dorsi deltoid
inflammatory bowel disease
Periodic inflammation of intestinal wall Symptoms include cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, intestinal bleeding
tonsils
Pharyngeal (adenoids), palatine, and lingual
external urethral sphincter
Portion of urogenital diaphragm Skeletal muscle Voluntary controlled by somatic nervous system
left atrium
Posterior surface of the heart Receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs through pulmonary veins Bicuspid or mitral valve
agonist
Principal muscle involved
ceruminous glands
Produce cerumen Earwax impedes microorganism growth
plasma cells
Produce immunoglobins (antibodies) Antibodies bind to antigens, tagging them for destruction
alzheimer's disease
Progressive degenerative disease of the brain Symptoms: memory loss, depression, disorientation Associated with abnormal protein aggregates: Intracellular tau tangles Extracellular amyloid plaques
altherosclerosis
Progressive disease of the elastic and muscular arteries Often the aorta and coronary arteries Atheroma (fatty plaque) Thickening of the tunica intima and narrowing of the arterial lumen
lymphatic vessels
Receive lymph from the lymphatic capillaries Valves prevent backflow in the low pressure system Resemble veins with three tunics Two types Afferent: flow towards lymph nodes Efferent: flow away from lymph nodes
right atrium
Receiving chamber for oxygen-poor blood from systemic circuit Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Coronary sinus Interatrial septum Fossa ovalis Foramen ovale during fetal circulation Pectinate muscles Conducting nodes Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node tricuspid valve
body region
Rectus femoris
parasympathetic
Rest and digest Conserves energy and replenishes energy stores
neural tunic
Retina Photoreceptors Nerves and light
veins
Return blood to the heart Act as a blood reservoir Low blood pressure in veins Walls of veins are thinner than those of comparable arteries Most veins contain valves Valves prevent backflow of blood Skeletal muscle contractions help pump blood toward the heart
reposition
Returning the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger
cervical cancer
Risk factors: -Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection -HIV infection -Increased age Papanicolaou (Pap) smear: -Test to detect cervical cancer Treatments: -Cone biopsy -Hysterectomy
lateral rotation
Rotation of the limb so that the anterior surface moves away from the midline
rotation
Rotation of the neck or body One bone rotates in relation to another bone
fibrous tunic
Sclera Cornea Protection
glucagon
Secreted by alpha cells Glycogen breakdown in the liverIncreases blood glucose levels
insulin
Secreted by beta cells Signals body cells to take up and use glucose for energy Decreases blood glucose levels
pennate
Short fibers are obliquely attached to tendon
Allows for absorption and secretion
Simple cuboidal epithelium
tunica intima
Simple squamous epithelium called endothelium
synapse
Sites at which neurons communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands
external anal sphincter
Skeletal muscle Voluntary Controlled by somatic nervous system
myoblast, large, multiple
Skeletal muscle forms through the fusion of ______ creating ______ cylindrical shaped cells with ________ nuclei
fenestrated capillary
Small intestine, kidneys, most endocrine glands
capillaries
Smallest blood vessels Location of gas and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues
capillaries
Smallest vessels tunica intima only Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange
internal anal sphincter
Smooth muscle Involuntary Controlled by ANS
aldosterone
Sodium and water retention in kidney
thymus
Some lymphoid stem cells migrate to the thymus to mature. These cells become T cells Each lobe of the thymus contains a cortex (containing immature T cells) and medulla (containing mature T cells)
touch
Special senses consist of all of the following except
heart's conduction system
Specialized cardiac muscle cells that carry electrical impulses throughout the heart musculature
cervical plexus
Spinal nerves C1-C4 Innervates the anterior neck and parts of the head and shoulder The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm C345
brachial plexus
Spinal nerves C5-T1 Innervates the pectoral girdle and upper arm
lumbar plexus
Spinal nerves L1-L4 Innervates the anterior and medial thigh
cervical plexus
Spinal nerves L4-S4 Innervates all of the lower limb except the anterior/medial thigh
attachments
Sternocleidomastoid
accessory nerve
Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius CN XI
thymopoietin/thymosins
Stimulate growth and maturation of T-lymphocytes
progesterone
Stimulates growth of uterine lining
liver
Storage of excess blood nutrients Detoxification of poisons, metabolites, and drugs Clean out debris and old RBCs Production of blood proteins Produce bile
stomach
Storage of food limited absorption
mobility vs. stability
Strength is inversely proportional to mobility
thoracic veins
Subclavian vein External jugular vein Internal jugular vein Brachiocephalic vein Superior vena cava Internal thoracic vein Intercostal vein Azygos vein
sphincter muscles
Superior esophageal sphincter Inferior esophageal sphincter
action
Supinator Pronator teres Flexor pollicis longus Flexor digitorum profundus
regulatory T cells
Suppress the immune response to keep it under control and turn it off after the infection is over
false
T/F Cortical (compact) bone is lined by the endosteum and composed of trabeculae
true
T/F Cytosol is a jelly-like substance within the cell, that provides the fluid medium necessary for biochemical reactions
false
T/F In the structural organization of the body, tissue level is followed by organ system level
false
T/F Interosseous membrane holds the gomphosis joint in place
true
T/F Meissner corpuscles aid with sensation
false
T/F More mobile joints are more stable, like the shoulder joint
true
T/F Paranasal sinuses help make the skull lighter and resonate sound
false
T/F Sutures are the most stable joints, thus making them the most mobile
true
T/F The anterior cruciate ligament connects to the posterior femur and the anterior tibia
false
T/F The lower limb is part of the axial skeleton
true
T/F The mucus that drains into the nasal cavity warms and humidifies air
false
T/F The osteocytes reside directly in the lamellae
true
T/F The syncytiotrophoblast digests endometrial cells, firmly securing the blastocyst to the uterine wall
true
T/F a bursa is filled with synovial fluid
true
T/F a function of connective tissue is physical protection
true
T/F bone is vascularized and innervated
true
T/F the hypodermis is not part of the integument
ductus venosus
Takes blood from umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava (keeps it away from the liver sinusoids) Becomes the ligamentum venosum
atrial natriuretic peptide
Targets kidney Increase in sodium and water loss
renin
Targets liver Stimulates formation of angiotensin
facial nerve
Taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue) Muscles of facial expression, secretion of saliva and tears CN VII
glossopharyngeal nerve
Taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue) Swallowing and secretion of saliva CN IX
accessory digestive organs
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
general senses
Temperature Pain Touch Stretch Pressure
rotator cuff muscles
Teres MINOR Infraspinatus Supraspinatus subscapularis
visceral
The ____ layer of a serous membrane is in direct contact with the organ
rectus femoris
The _____ is the antagonist for the biceps femoris
middle ear
The auditory tube connects the air-filled middle ear to the nasopharynx Usually closed, opens to equilibrate pressure in middle ear
epiblast and hypoblast
The bilaminar disc sits in between the _____ and ______ cells
4
The coccyx has how many fused vertebrae
commissural fibers
The corpus callosum is associated with which of the following
hinge joint
The elbow is what type of synovial joint?
brachial plexus
The simplest of all reflexes The stretch reflex is an example One synapse Patellar or knee-jerk reflex
left upper quadrant
The stomach is found in the...
cartilaginous
The structural classification of a synchondroses joint is
increases
The sympathetic nervous system does what to heart rate
inversion
The turning of the foot to angle the bottom of the foot toward the midline
ependymal cells
These type of glial cells produce cerebral spinal fluid
arteries
Thick walls, small lumens Thickest layer is tunica media
veins
Thin walls, large lumens Thickest layer is tunica externa valves
opposition
Thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger
hypoglossal nerve
Tongue muscles CN XII
arteries
Transport blood away from the heart Carry oxygen-rich blood in the systemic circuit Carry oxygen-poor blood in the pulmonary circuit and umbilical arteries
veins
Transport blood towards the heart Carry oxygen-poor blood in the systemic circuit Carry oxygen-rich blood in the pulmonary circuit and umbilical vein
systemic circuit
Transports blood to and from the body tissues Left ventricle is the pump
number of heads
Triceps brachii 3 heads Biceps brachii 2 heads Biceps femoris 2 heads
frontal lobe
Trouble making decisions and verbally communicating with peers, what part of the brain is damaged
false
True or false: CSF is located in the subdural space
true
True or false: Schwann cells are found in the PNS
true
True or false: a function of muscle is storage and movement of materials
true
True or false: aldosterone helps retain sodium and water in the kidneys
false
True or false: both schwann cells and oligodendrocytes myelinate one axon at a time
true
True or false: calcitonin and parathyroid hormone have opposing functions
true
True or false: gyri and sulci increases the surface area of the cortex
true
True or false: rods are more numerous than cones
false
True or false: rods operate best in bright light and provide high acuity color vision
true
True or false: semitendinosus helps flex the knee
false
True or false: the anterior pituitary is also known as the neurohypophysis
true
True or false: the deltoid is the only example of multipennate arrangement of fascicles
true
True or false: the somatic nervous system involved voluntary skeletal muscle movement
true
True or false: tropic hormones are hormones that affect the release of other hormones
eversion
Turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline
umbilical cord
Two umbilical arteries Become medial umbilical ligaments One umbilical vein Becomes the round ligament of the liver
muscular tube of esophagus
Upper one third: skeletal muscle Middle one third: skeletal and smooth muscle Lower one third: smooth muscle
elevation
Upward movement
oxytocin
Uterine contractions and milk ejection
vestibule
Utricle and saccule Detects linear acceleration and head position Helps sense equilibrium
submucosa
Vascularized and innervated connective tissue
muscles acting at the knee
Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Semitendinosis Semimembranosus Biceps femoris
capillaries
Very small lumen (only one RBC at a time) Only tunica intima Allow rapid gas exchange
serosa
Visceral peritoneum
vagus nerve
Visceral sensation (thoracic and abdominal cavities) Swallowing, control of respiratory system, heart and digestive system CN X
mesenchymal cells
What is the name of the stem cell that all bone and cartilage cells come from
corpus callosum
Which structure is not apart of the diencephalon
cervical nerves
Which structure is not included in the central nervous system
pronation
When the palm of the hand faces backward
ganglia
Where are cell bodies and dendrites housed in the peripheral nervous system
left upper quadrant
Where is the spleen found
unipennate
Which type of fascicle arrangement have tendon fibers attached at a pennation angle
cutaneous membrane
Which type of membrane covers the body surface, also known as the skin
depression
Which bone marking is a bone region that is lower than the surrounding bone structure
ethmoid bone
Which bone structure is found in the anterior cranial fossa
thoracic cage
Which bone structure is not part of the appendicular skeleton
foramen magnum
Which foramen does the spinal cord travel through in the skull
adrenal medulla
Which gland produces a hormone that enhances sympathetic response
renin
Which hormone stimulates the formation of angiotensin that leads to the production of aldosterone
collagen
Which is not a type of tissue in the human body
it has faster effects than the nervous system
Which is not true about the endocrine system
stratum lucidum
Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin
iliacus
Which muscle acting at the hip is a flexor
vastus medialis
Which muscle acting on the knee helps with extension
origin
Which muscle attachment structure is less movable
cardiac
Which muscle cell is auto-rhythmic
latissimus dorsi
Which muscle helps to adduct and extend the shoulder
orbicularis oris
Which muscle would be the main muscle to form the kissy facial expression
Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Ependymal cells
Which nerve cells are not excitable
preganglionic neuron
Which neuron is myelinated
foliate papillae
Which type of taste bud is only present during infancy
contraception
abstinence rhythm method barrier methods surgical methods hormonal methods intrauterine device
nasopharynx
air only line with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
nasal cavity
airway for respiration pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium warm, humidify, and clean inhaled air resonating chamber for speech and sound houses olfactory receptors
syndesmosis
amphiarthrotic fibrous joint
fungiform
anterior 2/3 tongue, few taste buds
filiform
anterior 2/3 tongue, no taste buds
right lower quadrant
appendix, urinary bladder, intestines
papillary layer
areolar connective tissue
chemical level
atoms bond to form molecules with three-dimensional structures
hemidesmosomes
attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane
temporal lobe
auditory and olfactory experience
rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease, chronic inflammatory disorder
lateral
away from midline
voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
list the steps of deglutition in the correct order
trachea
c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings posterior wall is not rigid, but muscular pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium mucus producing goblet cells
right upper quadrant
liver and gall bladder
connective tissue proper
loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue
leukopenia
low WBC count results from certain types of viral or bacterial infections
anemia
low levels of erythrocytes of hemoglobin leads to low blood oxygen levels
expiration or exhalation
lung elastic recoil diaphragm passively relaxes abdominal wall, internal intercostals, and others contract
right arm
lymph from which of the following structures does not enter into the thoracic duct
leukemia
cancer in the leukocyte-forming cells in the bone marrow proliferation of abnormal leukocytes cancer cells take over bone marrow and slow production of erythrocytes and platelets, causing anemia and bleeding
secondary lymphatic organs
lymphatic tissue that are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule contain macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes
veins; presence of a valve system for backflow
lymphatic vessels most closely resemble ________ for what reason
agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
agranulocyte
lymphocytes belong to which class of leukocyte
osteocyte
maintains bone tissue (overseeing)
mammary gland
mammary glands lobes and lactiferous ducts nipple areola suspensory ligaments
organism level
many organ systems work harmoniously together to perform the functions of an independent organism
oogenesis
maturation of primary oocyte to secondary oocyte
chondrocytes
mature cartilage cells that reside in lacunae (overseeing)
28 Day Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase
multipolar
most CNS neurons, motor neurons, most common, MULTIPLE ATTACHMENTS
ampulla
most common site of fertilization
sperm capacitation
period of sperm conditioning in female reproductive tract prepares the acrosome for fertilization increases sperm motility
inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis is...
neutrophils
phagocytizes pathogens
B lymphocytes
plasma cells and memory B cells
circular folds
plicae circulares
the uterus
posterior and superior to the bladder site of implantation support, protect, and nourish the embryo and fetus fundus body cervix external os
desmosomes
prevent cardiac muscle from pulling apart
tight junctions
prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
bronchial tree
primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Folliculogenesis
primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, mature follicle, ovulation
digestive system
processes food for use by the body, removes waste from undigested food, stomach, liver, gall bladder, large intestine, small intestine
salivary glands
produce 1.5 L of saliva per day
anal sinuses
produce mucus to lubricate anal canal
female reproductive system
produce sex cells - oocyte produce sex hormones - estrogen, progesterone, testosterone hormones affect the maturation, development, and activity of the reproductive system
testes function
produce sperm and androgens (testosterone)
apocrine glands
produce viscous sweat & are found in the axillary, nipple, anal, and genital areas
eccrine glands
produce watery sweat and are found all over the body. they are the most numerous
heart
produces atrial natriuretic peptide
kidney
produces renin
male reproductive system
produces sex hormones and gametes, delivers gametes to females, epididymis, testes
female reproductive system
produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo/fetus until birth, produces milk for infant, mammary glands, ovaries, uterus
basophil
promotes inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin
peristalsis
propels swallowed food to the stomach
urethra
prostatic urethra membranous urethra spongy urethra
extracellular matrix
protein fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance (not a cell)
gap junctions
provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells
scrotum functions
provides cooler temperature needed for sperm production
scrotum anatomy
raphe median septum dartos muscle cremaster muscle
nephron loop
reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water
uterine tubes
regions infundibulum and fibriae ampulla isthmus layers of the wall (ciliated simple columnar epithelium) muscularis serosa
apocrine secretion
release of a substance along with the apical portion of the cell (A Piece)
holocrine secretion
release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion (wHOLe)
memory
remember everything like vaccines
respiratory system
removes carbon dioxide from the body, delivers oxygen to blood, nasal sinus, trachea, lungs
nephron anatomy
renal corpuscle (glomerulus and glomerular capsule) renal tubule (proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule)
lymphocyte
reside in lymphatic tissuecoordinates immune response T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells
osteoclast
resorbs bone, break down/consume/cut bones
endoderm
respiratory system, digestive system
gastrulation
results in the formation of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - the three primary germ layers
connective tissue proper
reticular fibers, adipocytes, mesenchymal cell, elastic fibers, collagen fibers, fibroblast, macrophage, ground substance
ureters
retroperitoneal urine in the renal pelvis causes peristaltic waves walls consist of three layers mucosa - transitional epithelium muscularis - longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers adventitia - connective tissue
lymphatic ducts
return lymph to cardiovascular system at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins
lymphatic system
returns fluid to blood, defends against pathogens, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels
right lymphatic duct
right arm and right side of chest
epiglottis
routes air and food
produce sebum
sebaceous (oil) glands
endocrine system
secretes hormones, regulates bodily processes, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries
distal convoluted tubule
secretion variable (regulated) reabsorption simple cuboidal epithelium with few microvilli
merocrine secretion
secretions released by vesicle exocytosis; eg sweat (mini)
semen
seminal fluid from the accessory glands combines with sperm from the epididymis to make up semen when released during intercourse, semen is called ejaculate average ejaculation contains around 1 teaspoon of fluid and 200-500 million sperm
accessory glands
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
motor neurons
send information away from the CNS
sensory neurons
send information to the CNS
parietal lobe
sensory interpretation of textures and shapes, understanding speech
unipolar
sensory neurons, ONE
sensation
sensory receptors detect stimuli, afferent information sent to CNS
optic nerve
sight CN II
upper respiratory tract
sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx
cutaneous membrane
skin, covers body surface
flat bones
skull, scapulae, sternum, ribs
amphiarthosis
slightly movable
canaliculi
small canals that connect osteocytes
erythrocytes
small, biconcave discs filled with hemoglobin no nucleus or organelles RBCs line up in single file and bend as they pass through small vessels
ejaculation
smooth muscle contraction in the epididymis, ductus deferens, prostate, and seminal glands expulsion of semen under sympathetic control
frontanelles
soft spots
connective tissue
sparse cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix
lacteals
special lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine pick up interstitial fluid, dietary lipids, and lipid-soluble vitamins gastrointestinal lymph is called chyle
bipolar
special senses, TWO
Epididymis
sperm are stored in the tail
sperm
spermatogenesis become motile in the epididymis
frontal
splits into front and back
transverse
splits into top and bottom
osteogenic cell
stem cell, creation, become other cells
intraperitoneal organs
stomach, jejunum and ileum, transverse and sigmoid colon, appendix, liver, spleen
left upper quadrant
stomach, spleen, pancreas
gallbladder
stores and concentrates bile
epidermal layers
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale can loud girls sing bass
micturition reflex
stretch receptors in the bladder are stimulated internal and external urethral sphincters relax detrusor and abdominal muscles contract
skeletal system
supports the body, enables movement, cartilage, bones, joints
blood type
surface antigens determine blood types blood contains antibodies against the antigens it does not have
seminiferous tubules
sustentacular (sertoli) cells interstitial cells location of spermatogenesis
suture
synarthrotic fibrous joint
insula
taste
torn cartilage
tearing of a meniscus or articular cartilage is repaired using arthroscopic surgery
testicular vessels
testicular artery and pampiniform plexus
32, 20
the average human has ______ permanent teeth as an adult (including wisdom teeth), and ______ deciduous teeth as a child
physiology
the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts
anatomy
the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts
nutrient absorption
the brush border found in the small intestine increases surface area, subsequently allowing for more efficient
a layer of cells lining the spongy bone
the endosteum is
lungs
the foramen ovale will divert blood to avoid which structure during prenatal circulation
mesoderm
the kidney comes from which germ layer
origin
the less movable attachment site
emphysema
the loss of elastic tissue making it hard to exhale due to
simple columnar epithelium
the lumen of the large intestine is in contact with the mucosal layer made of which type of cells
insertion
the more movable attachment site
Neurulation
the notochord helps stimulate
hematopoiesis
the production of blood's formed elements occurs in red bone marrow erythropoietin made by the kidney controls erythrocyte production hematopoietic stem cells form all blood cells
peritoneum
the serous membrane that surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
pericardium
the serous membrane that surrounds the heart
pleura
the serous membrane that surrounds the lungs
simple columnar epithelium
the small intestine is lined with
lumen
the space in the GI tract
plicae circulares
the stomach is to rugae as the small intestine is to
gross anatomy
the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by the naked eye, such as the external and internal bodily organs
microscopic anatomy
the study of tiny anatomical structures such as tissues and cells
myocardium
thickest cardiac muscle bulk of the heart wall
male urethra
three regions prostatic urethra membranous urethra spongy urethra
uterine wall
three walls perimetrium serosa myometrium muscularis three smooth muscle layers endometrium mucosa with two layers stratum functionalis (function layer) -shed as menses stratum basalis (basal layer)
pharynx
throat connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
posterior/dorsal
toward back
anterior/ventral
toward front
medial
toward midline
inferior/caudal
toward tail/below
superior/rostral/cranial/cephalic
toward top
functions of blood
transportation, regulation, defense
rectal valves
transverse folds, separate feces from gas
false
true or false: accessory digestive organs are the pancreas, stomach, and gallbladder
false
true or false: an inguinal hernia is when the intestines push through the rectus abdominis
true
true or false: anal sinuses help produce mucus to lubricate the anal canal
false
true or false: during inhalation, the diaphragm relaxes
false
true or false: erythropoietin is made by the liver and controls erythrocyte production
true
true or false: heart failure may result in congestion in the tissues outside pulmonary systemic circuits
false
true or false: heart valves allow blood to flow in two directions
true
true or false: hematocrit levels can be influenced by hormones and altitude
true
true or false: lymphatic capillaries are not found in red bone marrow and the CNS
true
true or false: lymphatic nodules do not have connective tissue capsule
false
true or false: plasma B cells are the killers while cytotoxic T cells are the antibody producers
true
true or false: the epicardium is made by simple squamous epithelium
true
true or false: the internal anal sphincter is involuntary
false
true or false: the mechanical digestion that happens in the stomach is called segmentation
false
true or false: the medulla of the thymus contains immature T cells
true
true or false: the phrenic nerve stemming from the cervical plexus causes the diaphragm to contract
false
true or false: the second stage of deglutition is voluntary
false
true or false: the trachea has circular enclosed cartilage rings
false
true or false: veins have thick walls and small lumens
vocal folds
true vocal cords, produce sound
ovaries
tunica albuginea ovarian cortex ovarian medulla
articulations
two bone surfaces come together
organ level
two or more different tissues combine to form an organ
organ system level
two or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of a body system
secrete a substance composed of phospholipids and proteins
type two alveolar cells...
trabeculae
undergo remodeling in response to lines of stress to provide strength to the bone
urinary tract infection (UTI)
urethritis cystitis pyelonephritis symptoms: dysuria, urgency, fever, nausea, back pain
left lower quadrant
urinary bladder, intestines
micturition
urination controlled by centers in the pons and sacral spinal cord parasympathetic division stimulates it sympathetic division inhibits it micturition reflex
nocturia
urination at night
implantation
usually begins ~7 days after fertilization trophoblast subdivides cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast burrows into the stratum functionalis of the endometrium produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
tubal ligation
uterine tubes are cut and tied
vasectomy
vas deferens are cut and tied
irregular bones
vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, os coxae, ethmoid, sphenoid
proximal convoluted tubule
very active at reabsorption simple cuboidal epithelium with a lot of microvilli (brush border)
epicardium
visceral layer of serous pericardiumsimple squamous epithelium
occipital lobe
vision
special senses
vision, hearing, taste, smell, balance/equilibrium
larynx
voice box provides open airway epiglottis vestibular folds vocal folds thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage arytenoid cartilage
somatic nervous system
voluntary, innervates skeletal muscle
ductus (vas) deferens
wall contains mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia layers
gas conditioning
warm, humidify, and cleanse air
embryonic period
week 3-8 primitive streak forms gastrulation body folding neurulation limb buds form organogenesis
pre-embryonic period
weeks 1-2
embryonic period
weeks 3-8
fetal period
weeks 9-38
fetal period
weeks 9-38 growth and maturation of existing organs
47%
what is the average male hematocrit?
Osteogenic cell to osteoblast to osteocyte
what is the correct order of a bone cell's life cycle
exocrine has glands and endocrine doesn't
what is the difference between exocrine and endocrine
anchor chordae tendineae
what is the function of the papillary muscles
hiatus
what is the opening of the diaphragm called?
Primitive streak, gastrulation, body folding, neurulation, organogenesis
what is the order of the embryonic period
ductus arteriosus
what is the prenatal origin of the ligamentum arteriosum
common iliac vein
where does the blood flow after passing through the external iliac vein
medulla, decreases
where does the parasympathetic nervous system stem from and what does it do to heart rate
osteoblast
which bone cell builds bone tissue
respiratory bronchiole
which bronchiole classification is between terminal bronchioles and alveolar sacs
simple squamous
which epithelial tissue is found in serous membrane
elastic
which is not considered loose connective tissue
macrophage
which of the following cells is an antigen presenting cell
parotid gland
which of the following glands secrete 25-30% of our saliva
right ventricle
which of the following heart chambers is considered the pump of the pulmonary circuit
gallbladder
which of the following is considered an accessory organ of the digestive system
transport hormones in the blood stream
which of the following is false in relation to the functions of the lymphatic system
capillaries
which of the following is in charge of nutrient exchange between blood and tissues
complete cartilagenous rings
which of the following is not a characteristic of the trachea
has stratified squamous epithelium
which of the following is not a function/property of the nasal cavity?
kidney
which of the following is not a location for phagocytosis of erythrocytes?
distributing arteries
which of the following is not a property of elastic arteries
leukocytes
which of the following is not found in blood plasma?
emerges from the thoracci spinal cord
which of the following is not true regarding the cardiac plexus and the parasympathetic nervous system
muscle tissue
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle
short bones
carpals, tarsals
biliary tract
carries bile to duodenum
supporting connective tissue
cartilage and bone
platelets
cell fragments of megakaryocytes assist in blood clotting
chondroblasts
cells that produce cartilage matrix (builders)
tunica media
which of the following layers of an artery contains smooth muscle
absorption
which of the following processes is least associated with the stomach
leukocytosis
which of the following results from infection, inflammation, and extreme stress
tunica externa
which of the following vessel tunics has collagen and elastic fibers
eosonophil
which of the following white blood cells are in charge of destroying parasites and large invaders
fundus
which part of the stomach stretches the most after eating a large meal?
pleura
which serous membrane is associated with the lungs
freckles
which skin mark is caused by increased melanocyte activity
arteries have thick walls, arteries do not contain valves
which statement is true when comparing vessels
left ventricle
which structure of the heart forms the apex?
dendritic cells, macrophages
which two cells are phagocytes
chemotaxis
white blood cells are drawn to the site of infection in the body through a process known as what
stages of labor
cervical dilation, expulsion, placental
mouth
chemical digestion starts at
osteoarthritis
chronic degenerative condition, wear and tear of articular cartilage
mechanical digestion in stomach
churn food with gastric juice
prostate gland
citric acid (nutrient for sperm) seminalplasmin (antibiotic that combats UTI in males) prostate specific antigen (liquefies semen after ejaculation)
lymphatic capillaries
closed-ended tubes overlapping endothelial cells form one-way flaps occur most everywhere blood capillaries occur absent from red bone marrow, CNS, and avascular tissues lacteals
proximal
closer to point of attachment
superficial
closer to surface
urinary bladder
collapsible, muscular sac immediately posterior to symphysis pubis stores and expels urine trigone wall consists of four layers mucosa - transitional epithelium submucosa - dense irregular connective tissue muscularis - detrusor muscle adventitia -areolar connective tissue
flow of urine
collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
cartilagenous
connected by cartilage
fibrous
connected by fibrous tissue
spermatic cord
connective tissue tube that runs through the inguinal canal cremaster muscle ductus deferens testicular nerve testicular vessels
synovial
contains a fluid-filled joint cavity
white matter
contains neuron axons and myelin sheaths neurons
gray matter
contains neuron cell bodies and dendrites Cortex and nuclei
pericardial cavity
contains serous fluid
medullary cavity
contains yellow marrow in adults and red marrow in children
neuronal networks
work to process sensory information and perform motor responses
urinary system
controls water balance in the body, removes wastes from blood and excretes them, kidneys, urinary bladder
perineurium
wraps axon fascicles
epimysium
wraps entire muscles
epineurium
wraps entire nerves
perimysium
wraps fascicles
endoneurium
wraps individual axons
endomysium
wraps muscle fibers
deep fascia
wraps muscle groups
freckles
yellowish or brown spots from excessive melanocyte activity, not increased melanocyte cells
nasopharynx
you do not find stratified squamous in which region of the pharynx
sutures
coronal suture, lambdoid suture, sagittal suture, squamous suture
gallstones
crystallization of cholesterol or calcium and bile salts
scars
damaged skin is replaced by fibrous tissue (collagen produced by fibroblasts)
ovulation
day 14 LH surge causes expulsion of oocyte from ovary
menstrual phase
days 1-5 menses functional layer sloughed
luteal phase
days 15-28 remaining follicular cells turn into corpus luteum corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone, preparing uterus for possible implantation corpus luteum breaks down into a white scar called corpus albicans decrease in hormone release leads to menstruation
secretory phase
days 15-28, further vascularization of the functional layer, further development of uterine glands
proliferative phase
days 6-14 development of functional layer
frontal lobe
decision making, personality, verbal communication, voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles
endocardium
deepest lines chambers and covers valves simple squamous epithelium called endothelium
cytotoxic
deliver poison
cardiovascular system
delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, equalizes temperature in the body, heart, blood vessels
reticular layer
dense irregular connective tissue
perichondrium
dense irregular connective tissue (surrounding cartilage)
cranial fossae
depression in the base of the skull that house the brain
eosinophils
destroys parasites important in allergies
photoreceptors
detect light and color
muscle spindles
detect muscle stretch
proprioceptors
detect stretch
thermoreceptors
detect temperature
golgi tendon organs
detect tendon stretch
nociceptors
detect tissue damage
mechanoreceptors
detect touch, pressure, and vibration
nervous system
detects and processes sensory information, activates bodily responses, brain, spinal cord, nerves
perineum
diamond shaped area bordered by pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities, and coccyx urogenital triangle and anal triangle
midsagittal
directly in middle, splits in half
mesenteries
double layer folds of peritoneum that suspend and support intraperitoneal organs
thoracic duct
drains everything else
exocrine glands
ducts secrete products onto an epithelial surface
bronchopulmonary segments
each lung segment is supplied by an individual tertiary bronchus
response
efferent information leaves the CNS, effectors (muscles or glands) respond
properties of muscular tissue
electrical excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity
placental
eliminated the placenta accomplished within 15-30 minutes after birth of infant
parasympathetic nervous system
emerges from the medulla vagus nerve decreases heart rate
sympathetic nervous system
emerges from the thoracic spinal cord synapses in sympathetic chain ganglia increases heart rate. and force of contraction
muscular system
enables movement, helps maintain body temperature, skeletal muscles, tendons
integumentary system
encloses internal body structures, site of many sensory receptors, hair, skin
endometriosis
endometrium is displaced onto external surface of organs within the abdominal cavity displaced endometrium still grows in response to hormones, but menses cannot be shed and explelled out of vagina the displaced endometrium causes pain and scarring treated with hormones or surgery
bilaminar disc
epiblast and hypoblast
male ducts
epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
perforating ulcer
eroded through entire wall
neurons
excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses
monocyte
exits bloodstream, becomes a macrophage phagocytizes pathogens and debris
gas exchange
external respiration
vestibular folds
false vocal cords, don't produce sound
deep
far from surface
connective tissue
fat and other soft padding tissue, bone, tendon
lanugo hair
fetal, shed before born
blood clots
fibrin, platelets, trapped erythrocytes
urethra
fibromuscular tube lined with a mucous membrane internal urethral sphincter external urethral sphincter external urethral orifice
external os
filled with a mucus plug that thins during ovulation
urine formation
filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion
vellus hair
fine hair on most of the body
apaneuroses
flat tendons are called
ovarian cortex
follicles (oocytes surrounded by supportive cells)
28 day ovarian cycle
follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
food and air lined with stratified squamous epithelium
prepuce
foreskin skin covering glans removed during circumcision
life cycle of erythrocytes
form in the red bone marrow circulate in the bloodstream for up to 120 days phagocytized in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow broken down and reused to make new RBCs heme is converted to bilirubin and secreted in bile by the liver
osteoblast
forms bone matrix (builder)
diarthrosis
freely movable
polyuria
frequent urination
fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, epicardium
from superficial to deep, list the layers of the pericardium
seminal vesicles
fructose (nourishes sperm) prostaglandins (widens cervix) bicarbonate (neutralizes vaginal acid)
nephrons
functional unit of kidney about 1 million in each kidney two types of nephrons cortical nephrons 85% juxtamedullary nephrons 15%
trigone
funnels urine into the urethra as the bladder contracts
distal
further from point of attachment
hair structure
hair is composed of hard keratin
group O
has anti-A and anti-B antibodies has no antigens
group B
has anti-A antibodies has B antigen
group A
has anti-B antibodies has A antigen
group AB
has no antibodies has A and B antigens
terminal hair
head, pubic region, armpit, male facial hair
T lymphocytes
helper, cytotoxic, memory, and regulatory T cells
leukocytosis
high WBC count results from infection, inflammation, or extreme stress
thrombocytosis
high platelet count results from disease of blood or bone marrow, cancer, removal of spleen, or an infection
long bones
humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals
inorganic components of bone
hydroxyapatite and contains calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide
none
if i have type o blood which, if any, antigens do i have present
synarthrosis
immovable
ectopic pregnancy
implantation outside of the uterus tubal pregnancy fertilized oocyte implants in the uterine tube uterine tube is unable to expland as embryo grows embryo cannot survive past week eight
oblique
in between planes at any angle
parasagittal
in the middle but not directly in half
urinary incontinence
inability to control the expulsion of urination
myocardial infarction
inadequate circulation
accessory digestive organs
include the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder not part of the GI tract, but they are part of the digestive system because they secrete substances into the GI tract to facilitate digestion
gap junctions
increase flow of electrical current
otitis media
infection of the middle ear
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa because of a blow or friction
tendonitis
inflammation of a tendon or tendon sheath because of overuse
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the kidney
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
arthritis
inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints
visceral senses
information from internal organs and blood vessels (heart and lungs)
somatic senses
information from skin, joints, and skeletal muscles
chemical digestion in stomach
initiate protein digestion
puberty
inititated when hypothalamus increases secretion of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) GnRH stimulated release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) from anterior pituitary FSH and LH stimulate the gonads to produce sex hormones Increased sex hormones start the process of gamete maturation and secual maturation
intrauterine device
inplanted T-shaped device that may prevent fertilization and/or implantation
inguinal hernia
intestines push through inguinal canal, more common in males
umbilical hernia
intestines push through the rectus abdominis
esophagus
you got a lower respiratory tract infection, which of the following structures is least likely to be the affected organ
sexual differentiation
• No difference in males and females before week 5 of development • Embryos initially contain indifferent gonads and two duct systems - Paramesonephric ducts (female) - Mesonephric ducts (male)
autonomic nervous system
involuntary, innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands
sprain
joint reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn
epidermis
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Urolithiasis
kidney stones causes include inadequate fluid intake and diet small stones can be asymptomatic and easily passed larger stones can become stuck in the urinary tract
urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
skeletal muscle
large cylindrical shape Multinucleate Formed from the fusion of myoblasts Striated Voluntary vascular
leukocytes
larger contains nucleus and organelles initiate the immune response and defend against pathogens
lower respiratory tract
larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lung alveoli
expulsion
lasts from full dilation to delivery of the baby
epiblast
later becomes the embryo
foliate
lateral tongue, taste buds during infancy
endosteum
layer of cells lining the spongy bone and medullary cavity
serous membrane
line body cavities close to the exterior of the body: the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
synovial membrane
line joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint
mucous membrane
line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
lips and oral cavity
lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
epithelial tissue
lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs, skin surface (epidermis)
late pregnancy
-Gestation lasts 38 weeks from conception (40 weeks from last menstrual period) -Uterus expands ~20 times larger than normal -Breasts enlarge and develop ability to produce milk -Uterus myometrium becomes more active during last trimester. Mild contractions may occur -Hormones soften the cervix and loosen pubic symphysis -Baby "drops" and is normally oriented head down with face posterior
simple columnar epithelium
-Made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together -absorption -secretion -movement (if ciliated) -lining of stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (non-ciliated) -lining of uterine tubes (ciliated)
organogenesis
-Organ development follows gastrulation and body folding -upper and lower limbs form -Rudimentary organ systems have developed by week 8 -Embryo is approximately 1 inch long by week 8
cartilage characteristics
-Semirigid, weaker than bone -Flexible yet resilient due to elastic fibers, collagen fibers and gel-like ground substance -Avascular, receives nutrient supply through diffusion
adipose tissue
-adipocytes in a loose extracellular matrix -stores energy, protects, cushions, and insulates -surrounds organs, subcutaneous tissue
the cell
-all organisms are formed from cells -cells create tissues and organs -completes cell division to replicate
sympheses
-amphiarthrotic -cartilaginous joint -bones connected by fibrocartilage
hypodermis (subcutaneous)
-areolar and adipose connective tissue -not considered part of the integument -anchors skin to underlying structures -thermal insulation -energy reservoir
cervical dilation
-begins with first regular contractions and ends when the cervix is fully dilated -longest stage
intramembranous ossification
-bone growth within a membrane -forms flat cones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, and clavicle
endochondral ossification
-bone growth within cartilage -turns fetal framework of hyaline cartilage into bone -formation of most bones -bone replaces cartilage except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
bone and nerve supply
-bone is richly vascularized and innervated -nutrient blood vessels and nerves enter through nutrient foramina
bone
-calcified, solid matrix containing osteocytes -protection, support, movement (with muscular system), stores calcium -bones
pectoral girdle
-clavicle and scapula -bones are thin and light -connects to the axial skeleton at the sternoclavicular joint
dense irregular connective tissue
-collagen fibers randomly arranged, fibroblasts, sparse ground substance -resists stresses in all directions -dermis of skin, organ capsules
elastic cartilage
-contains elastic fibers -provides flexibility -epiglottis and external ear
blood
-contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; water-based ground substance is called plasma -transports gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, and waste, participates in immune response and blood clotting -blood vessels and heart
fibrocartilage
-contains thick collagen fibers -shock absorber -intervertebral discs. pubic symphysis, menisci of knee, articular discs of jaw
third degree burn
-damages entire epidermis and dermis -3rd layer -beyond dermis
first degree burn
-damages epidermis -1st layer of skin
second degree burn
-damages epidermis and part of the dermis -2nd layer -blister
dense elastic tissue
-dense elastic fibers, fibroblasts -allows stretching -walls of large arteries and airways
periosteum
-dense irregular connective tissue -connected to bone by perforating fibers
dense regular connective tissue
-dense, parallel collagen fibers, fibroblasts, sparse ground substance -resists stress in one direction -tendons, ligaments
synovial joints
-diarthrotic -articular capsule
transitional epithelium
-distention and relaxation of urinary structures -lining of ureters, bladder, and urethra
endocrine glands
-ductless -cells secrete products into interstitial fluid and bloodstream -form the endocrine system
paranasal sinuses
-ethmoidal, frontal, maxillary and sphenoid sinuses -make skull lighter -lined with mucous membranes -mucus that drains into the nasal cavity warms and humidifies air
osteoporosis
-excessive bone resorption -aged and post-menopause
lower limb bones
-femur -patella -tibia -fibula -tarsals (7) -metatarsals (5) -phalanges (14)
areolar tissue
-fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers, abundant ground substance -surrounds and protects organs, loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues -subcutaneous tissue, dermis of skin
cell functions
-form layers to cover surfaces -storage of nutrients and energy -produce movement -create connections -protect the body from pathogens -communicate information -reproduction
placenta anatomy
-formed from maternal tissues (stratum functionalis) and fetal tissues (chorion) -chorionic villi immersed in a pool of maternal blood -mother and baby's blood do not mix
juxtaglomerular apparatus
-found where an afferent arteriole and a distal convoluted tubule touch -macula densa cells and juxtaglomerular cells cooperate to regulate blood volume and pressure
sustentacular (sertoli) cells
-found within the wall of seminiferous tubules -assist with sperm development
commissural fibers
1 hemisphere to another
association fibers
1 part of a hemisphere to another part of a hemisphere
other solutes
1% of plasma
buffy coat
1% of whole blood
erythrocytes
44% of whole blood
plasma
55% of whole blood
submandibular gland
60-70% of saliva production
proteins
7% of plasma
water
92% of plasma
aponeurosis
A flat tendon
dermatomes
A specific segment of skin supplied by a single pair of cranial nerves
desmosomes
Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart
hormones
Are carried throughout the body by the bloodstream Initiate specific actions in target cells (cells that have receptors for the hormone)
thoracic arteries
Ascending aorta Aortic arch Thoracic aorta Brachiocephalic trunk Right common carotid artery Right vertebral artery Right subclavian artery Right internal thoracic artery Left common carotid artery Left vertebral artery Left subclavian artery Left internal thoracic artery Intercostal arteries
synergist
Assists the prime mover
natural killer cells
Can respond to multiple antigens Each B and T lymphocyte can only respond to a single antigen Can kill a wide variety of infected cells and some cancerous cells
lymphoma
Cancer of lymphatic cells Often presents as an enlarged lymph node
pulmonary circuit
Carries blood to and from the lungs Right ventricle is the pump
skeletal
Cartilage is a part of which organ system?
cardiac muscle cells
Cells are short, branched, striated, and contain 1-2 nuclei Cells are joined by intercalated discs More mitochondria and ATP than skeletal muscle
autonomic nervous system
Chain of two motor neurons to target Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons Innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
gustatory cells
Chemoreceptors Respond to five basic tastes (salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami) Replaced every 7-10 days
elevation and depression
Chewing food would cause _____ and ___ movement of the mandible
vascular tunic
Choroid Ciliary body Suspensory ligaments Iris Blood supply
emphysema
Chronic destruction or alveoli and loss of lung elastic tissue Decrease in gas exchange surface area Loss of elastic tissue makes it difficult to exhale, old air is trapped in alveoli Usually caused by smoking
tunica media
Circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers Location of vasodilation and vasoconstriction
microglial cells
Clean up debris and fight infection
tunica externa
Collagen and elastic fibers Contains the vasa vasorum
heart valves
Composed of dense connective tissue Two or three cusps Permits passage of blood in one direction Prevent backflow of blood
circular
Concentric rings
white pulp
Contains lymphocytes and macrophages Monitors blood for foreign antigens, initiates an immune response when antigens are found
optic disc
Contains no rods or cones, axons exit eye, blind spot
fovea centralis
Contains only cones, maximum visual acuity
astrocytes
Control ionic environmentFood, remove wasteInduce formation of the blood-brain barrier
villi
Covered with simple columnar epithelium Blood vessels and lacteals found internally
special senses
Gustation Olfaction Vision Equilibrium audition
vestibulocochlear nerve
Hearing, balance CN VIII
cortisol
Helps body deal with stressful situations
bone marrow
Hemocytoblasts create lymphoid stem cells Lymphoid stem cells that differentiate and mature in the bone marrow become B cells and natural killer cells
supination
Holding a bowl of soup Rotation of the radius returns the bones to their parallel position
tropic hormones
Hormones that affect the release of other hormones
lumbar plexus
If you had a laceration to your anterior medial thigh, what nerve plexus could be affected
parathyroid hormone
Increases blood concentration of Ca2+ Increases osteoclast activity and decreases osteoblast activity
thyroid gland
Increases metabolic rate
abdominopelvic paired arteries
Inferior phrenic artery Renal artery Suprarenal artery Gonadal artery Lumbar artery Common iliac artery Internal iliac artery External iliac artery Femoral artery
tendonitis
Inflammation of a tendon or tendon sheath due to overuse
antidiuretic hormone
Initiates water retention in kidney during dehydration Increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction
muscularis
Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle
esophageal phase
Involuntary Peristaltic contractions of the esophageal muscle push the bolus toward the stomach
pharyngeal phase
Involuntary Soft palate and uvula close off the nasopharynx Larynx and hyoid elevate and the epiglottis closes over the laryngeal opening
yes
Is strength inversely proportional to mobility when it comes to articulations?
adherens
Joins actin bundles between cells
lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic nodules Lymphatic organs Lymphatic cells Return leaked plasma (interstitial fluid) to the bloodstream Screen lymph for foreign substances (antigens) House lymphocytes that generate the immune response Transport dietary lipids
enteric nervous system
Large network of neurons in the wall of the digestive tract Functions to automatically control digestive system functions Can be influenced by the ANS, but can also operate independently of the brain and spinal cord
elastic arteries
Largest arteries Conducting arteries Between heart and muscular arteries High elastic content Stretch and recoil to dampen blood pressure changes resulting from contractions of heart Aorta and its major branches Brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, common iliac arteries
spleen
Largest lymphatic organ Upper left quadrant of the abdomen
thalamus
Lies on either side of the third ventricle Relay station for sensory and motor information entering the cerebrum
dorsiflexion
Lifting the front of the foot, so that the top of the foot moves towards the anterior leg
plantar flexion
Lifting the heel of the foot from the ground or pointing the toes downward
ependymal cells
Line brain internal cavities (ventricles)
synovial membranes
Line the joint the cavities and produce the fluid within the joint
esophagus
Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
thymus
Located in lower neck and mediastinum Yellows and atrophies after puberty
pancreas
Located in posterior wall of abdominal cavity Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
ovarian medulla
Loose connective tissue Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
calcitonin
Lowers level of blood Ca2+ Decreases osteoclast activity and increases osteoblast activity
path of lymph
Lymphatic capillaries Series of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes Lymphatic trunks Lymphatic ducts Venous circulation
dual innervation
Most organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The two divisions often oppose each other
functions of skeletal muscle
Movement Maintenance of posture Temperature regulation Storage and movement of materials Support abdominal organs Joint stabilization
circumduction
Movement of a body region in a circular manner One end is stationary while the other describes a circle
medial rotation
Movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body
bulbourethral glands
Mucus (coats urethra, lubricant for sexual intercourse)
false
Multipolar neurons are most PNS neurons
olfactory nerve
Olfactory bulb, termination of olfactory nerve Smell CN I
parathyroid gland
On posterior surface of the thyroid gland
microvilli
On the apical surface of villar cells Collectively called the brush border Contain brush border enzymes
somatic nervous system
One motor neuron to target Innervates skeletal muscle
cones
Operate best in bright light, provide high acuity color vision
gastrointestinal tract
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
helper T cells
Orchestrate an effective immune response by secreting cytokines, chemical signals that bind to and activate other immune system cells
lymphatic nodules
Oval clusters of lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a connective tissue capsule Contain macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes Screen for and attack foreign antigens
endocrine pancreas functions
Pancreatic islets produce the hormones insulin and glucagon
pineal gland
Part of the epithalamus Produces melatonin Helps regulate circadian rhythm
multiple sclerosis
Patches of myelin in brain and spinal cord destroyed Autoimmune disease Symptoms: blindness, weakness, numbness
memory B cells
Patrol body after an attack Easily activated if infected again
transverse folding
The embryo folds laterally, essentially creating a tube, called the primitive gut, that is lined by the endoderm. The embryo envelops a portion of the yolk sac, which protrudes with the umbilical cord from what will become the abdomen. The amniotic sac, which was sitting on top of the flat embryo, envelops the embryo as it folds.
transverse folding
The embryo, which begins as a flat sheet of cells, begins to acquire a cylindrical shape through the process of
amphiarthrotic
The functional classification of the syndesmosis joint is
posterior 1/3 of tongue
The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates
renin
The kidney produces which hormone
multipolar
The majority of motor neurons are classified as
tight junctions
The most apical junction found are the
effectors, autonomic
The motor system transmits information from the CNS to the ____, which are classified as somatic and ______
posterior, inferior
The posterior cranial fossa is ____ and _____ to the middle cranial fossa
implantation
The pre-embryonic period starts at fertilization and ends at
lateral
The radius is ____ to the ulna
endoneurium
What is the name of the connective tissue that wraps around a single axon
retraction
When something is moved posteriorly and medially
chemotaxis
WBCs are attracted to site of infection by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens
diapedesis
WBCs leave the bloodstream and enter tissues
saliva
Wets and binds food into a bolus Cleans, lubricates oral cavity Kills harmful microorganisms Enzymes begin digestion of starch
Flexion of hip Dorsiflexion of foot Flexion of knee
What are the first body movements are involved when playing hacky sack
epidermis and dermis
What are the two layers of skin
detects sound waves
What does a cochlear implant do
myelin
What increases the conduction speed of electrical signals in axons
autorhythmic
What is a special characteristic that only cardiac muscle has
stretched or torn ligaments
What is a sprain?
flexibility
What is not a property of muscle tissue
ATP
What is required for muscle relaxation
m-line
What is the anchor for myosin
thyroid
What is the largest purely endocrine gland
sarcomere
What is the smallest muscle unit
Y shaped fibers
What is unique about cardiac muscle
middle ear to nasopharynx
What two structures foes the auditory tube connect
dense irregular connective tissue and on top of cartilage
What type of tissue is the perichondrium made from and where is it found
irregular dense connective tissue
What type of tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis made from
protraction
When something is moved anteriorly like mandible
temperature regulation
Which of the following is not a function of CSF
immunity
Which of the following is not a function of skeletal muscle
lipid hormone
Which of the following is not a hormone type
triceps brachii
Which of the following would be considered an antagonist to the biceps brachii
femoral epiphyseal plate
Which one of these joints is a synchondroses joint
filiform
Which papillae has no taste buds present
yolk sac
Which part of the blastocyst provides nutrients until the placenta forms?
parietal
Which part of your cerebrum is associated with understanding speech
cones
Which photoreceptor operate best in bright lights
cardiac muscle
Y shaped or branched fibers Uninucleate or binucleate Intercalated discs Striated Auto-rhythmic Involuntary
carpus
You can find your wrist in what region of your body
tissue level
a community of similar cells form a body tissue
bone marros; thymus
a helper T-cell is born in the _________ and matures in the ___________
cellular level
a variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell
circumvallate
back of tongue, largest, many taste buds
kidney anatomy
bean-shaped and reddish-brown surrounded and suspended by fat left kidney is 2 cm superior to right kidney retroperitoneal, against the posterior body wall high in the abdominal cavity partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs
heart characteristics
beats 75 times per minute 108,000 times a day average cardiac output is 5.25 L/minute functions as a dual pump
spermatogenesis
begins at puberty occurs in seminiferous tubules controlled by FSH and testosterone 100-200 million sperm produced each day
interstitial cells
between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone
liver
bilirubin is secreted as bile in the
vagina functions
birth canal, receives the penis during intercourse, passageway for menstruation
fluid connective tissue
blood and lymph
erection
blood fills the erectile tissues deep arteries dilate blood is trapped in erectile tissues by compression of veins under parasympathetic control
projections
bone region that extends above the bone surface
depressions
bone region that is lower than the surrounding bone surface
dislocation
bones forced out of alignment
apophysis
bony outgrowth that serves as an attachment site for ligaments or tendons
CNS
brain and spinal cord
nervous tissue
brain, spinal cord, nerves
pulmonary ventilation
breathing
mesoderm
muscular and skeletal systems, heart, kidneys
right lymphatic duct
my right arm will be drained by which lymphatic structure?
PNS
nerves and ganglia
ectoderm
nervous system and skin
granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
glial cells
non-excitable cells that support and protect the neurons
benign prostatic hyperplasia
noncancerous enlargement of the prostate very common: >90% of men over 80 suffer from it symptoms: nocturia, polyuria, dysuria
fertilization
occurs in the uterine tube corona radiata penetration acrosome reaction and zona pellucida penetration fusion of sperm and oocyte plasma membranes and pronuclei
esophageal hiatus
opening in the diaphragm
trabecular remodeling
osteoblasts and osteoclasts are responsible for
organic components of bone
osteoid and contains collagen and other proteins
female anatomy
ovary, fimbriae, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, clitoris
acne
overactive and plugged sebaceous ducts
dysuria
painful urination
openings
passageway or hole in bone
sesamoid bones
patella, small bones found in the tendons associated with feet and hands
both atria
pectinate muscle is found in the