Cell Biology Chapter 1

prokaryotic cells typically have only a single ______________, which allows them to replicate faster than eukaryotic cells.

Circular chromosome

two domains of prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

Golgi Stain

Labels a single neuron in its entirety

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

Provide structure to the cell. They are not directly involved in cell movements.

Glycolysis takes place in the ___________ of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

The cytoplasm

How does gene expression contribute to cell diversity?

The particular combination of genes that are turned on (expressed) or turned off (repressed) dictates cellular morphology (shape) and function.

Unlike a prokaryote, a eukaryote Is always unicellular a. Can convert the energy in NADPH to ATP using the inner mitochondrial membrane b. Stores its genetic material using the order of nucleotides A, T, G, and C in its nucleic acids c. Can make proteins using ribosomes d. Store its genetic material in a single circular chromosome

a. Can convert the energy in NADPH to ATP using the inner mitochondrial membrane

Which part of the cytoskeleton has the largest diameter and moves chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis? a. Microtubules b. intermediate filaments c. Microfilaments d. actin filaments e. flagella

a. Microtubules

The actin microfilaments of the cytoskeleton a. are small in diameter and divide the cell during cytokinesis. b. are large in diameter and move the chromosomes during mitosis. c. are small in diameter and move the chromosomes during mitosis. d. never change shape. e. are large in diameter and determine the shape of the cell.

a. are small in diameter and divide the cell during cytokinesis.

Chloroplasts: a. contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis. b. are found predominantly in cells from multicellular animals. c. keep plants from wilting by filling with more water by osmosis to keep the cells turgid. d. lack DNA of their own because the DNA is in the plant cell nuclei. e. have thylakoids that surround the inner membrane.

a. contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

Mutations can be

advantageous, disadvantageous, or neutral

Model organisms help scientists achieve more accurate results because they can determine that

any variability is due to the manipulations the scientists have made, and not due to external factors. Animals/organisms in the wild have a lot of variability

Zebrafish

are vertebrates that are relatively small and have many genetic tools to study them

Microfilaments of the cytoskeleton: a. Are the main part of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton that makes flagella and cilia b. Are made of actin and are important for cytokinesis c. Are made of tubulin and move chromosomes during mitosis d. Have a diameter of intermediate filaments and microtubules

b. Are made of actin and are important for cytokinesis

Which of the following are characteristics of eukaryotic cells, but not prokaryotic cells? a. They lack organelles that are surrounded by membranes. b. They have multiple linear chromosomes in the nucleus. c. Their macromolecules include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. d. They have ribosomes. e. They can generate ATP from glucose.

b. They have multiple linear chromosomes in the nucleus.

You look at a cell using a microscope. You see ribosomes and a nucleoid that has one circular chromosome and no surrounding membrane. You do not see any endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi or chloroplasts. From these observations you would conclude you were looking at: a. a prokaryotic animal cell b. a prokaryote c. a prokaryotic plant cell d. a eukaryotic plant cell e. a eukaryotic animal cell

b. a prokaryote

Which of the following levels of biological organization is the one that is one level lower than (just smaller than) a cell? a. a macromolecule b. an organelle c. a molecule d. a tissue e. an atom

b. an organelle

Mitochondria: a. no longer have DNA or ribosomes of their own. b. convert glucose to ATP. c. evolved from chloroplasts. d. have three lipid bilayers. e. generate ATP directly from light.

b. convert glucose to ATP.

Mitochondria: a. are where glycolysis takes place. b. have inner and outer membranes. c. are where photosynthesis takes place d. are where the linear chromosomes are usually found. e. have grana.

b. have inner and outer membranes.

Which of the following pairs correctly pairs the type of microscope you would use to the biological question? a. Transmission electron microscope - How fast does a flagellum spin? b. A light microscope - What is the shape of the protein lactase? c. Scanning electron microscope - What is the shape of the bacteria in a sample? d. A light microscope - Where are ribosomes located in plant cells? The unaided eye - What is the shape of cellular organelles?

c. Scanning electron microscope - What is the shape of the bacteria in a sample?

Which of the following are characteristics of prokaryotic cells, but not eukaryotic cells? a. They have ribosomes. b. Their macromolecules include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. c. They lack membrane-bound organelles. d. They have organelles that are surrounded by membranes. e. They have chromatin in the nucleus.

c. They lack membrane-bound organelles.

You look at a cell using a microscope. You see a membrane-bound nucleus with the DNA, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, mitochondria, chloroplasts and ribosomes. From these observations you would conclude you were looking at: a. a prokaryotic animal cell b. a eukaryotic animal cell c. a eukaryotic plant cell d. a bacterium e. a prokaryote

c. a eukaryotic plant cell

By size, a human is to a frog egg (largish cell) like a frog egg is to a(n): a. amino acid, which can be seen with an electron microscope. b. human, which can be seen with the unaided eye. c. organelle, which can be seen with a light or electron microscope. d. hydrogen atom, which is too small to be seen with an electron microscope. e. protein, which can be seen with an electron microscope.

c. organelle, which can be seen with a light or electron microscope.

Human cells

can be grown in a dish, are best for studying human-specific processes at the cellular level

Which of the following would you find in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. Nucleoids b. Mitochondria c. Circular chromosomes d. Ribosomes e. Lysosomes

d. Ribosomes

Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by: a. osmosis b. mitosis and meiosis c. binary fission d. endosymbiosis e. photosynthesis.

d. endosymbiosis

The cytoskeleton is important for: a. the shape of a cell. b. moving chromosomes around inside of cells. c. making cells divide during cytokinesis. d. exactly three of the other answers e. exactly two of the other answers

d. exactly three of the other answers

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are both organelles that process chemicals involved in energy for eukaryotic cells. Unlike mitochondria, chloroplasts: a. have a matrix.have membranes with many folds that increase surface area b. have two membranes, an inner membrane and an outer membrane. c. evolved by endosymbiosis. d. have three membranes, an outer membrane, an inner membrane and thylakoid membranes.

d. have three membranes, an outer membrane, an inner membrane and thylakoid membranes.

There is unity and diversity to life. All lifeforms are unified by all of the following except: a. the requirement for energy and similarities in energy pathways. b. the four major types of macromolecules. c. evolution. d. being composed of one or more cells as the basic functional unit. d. having the exact same sequences of nucleotides in their DNA.

d. having the exact same sequences of nucleotides in their DNA.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to directly involve the cytoskeleton? a. elongating cells during cell division. b. making cells divide during cytokinesis. c. moving chromosomes around inside of cells. d. repairing mutations when the DNA is replicated incorrectly. e. the shape of a cell.

d. repairing mutations when the DNA is replicated incorrectly.

Which of the following would require an electron microscope to see it in good detail with good resolution? a. eukaryotic cells b. plant cells c. egg cells d. prokaryotic cells d. the membranes in mitochondria

d. the membranes in mitochondria

Evidence in support of endosymbiosis for the evolutionary origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria includes: a. In plants the chloroplasts make the glucose that provides the energy that mitochondria help convert to ATP for cells. b. the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts in all three domains of life, archaea, bacteria and eukarya. c. the lack of DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts. d. the presence of circular, prokaryotic-like DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts. e. the fact that both mitochondria and chloroplasts process energy in cells.

d. the presence of circular, prokaryotic-like DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the type of microscope you would use to answer the biological question? a. The unaided eye - What is the shape of the membranes in a chloroplast? b. A light microscope - Where are ribosomes located in plant cells? c. Scanning electron microscope - How fast does a flagellum spin? d. A light microscope - What is the shape of the protein lactase? e. Transmission electron microscope - What is the shape of cellular organelles? f. Transmission electron microscope - How fast does a flagellum spin?

e. Transmission electron microscope - What is the shape of cellular organelles?

Evidence supports the theory of endosymbiosis, which is that: a. endogonic reactions work symbiotically with exergonic reactions. b. all current cells evolved from a common ancestor cell. c. proteins and phospholipids work symbiotically with proteins in a fluid mosaic. d. the DNA in the nucleus directs eukaryotic cells to make chloroplasts and mitochondria from the plasma membrane as each cell develops. e. chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved when one cell phagocytosed another.

e. chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved when one cell phagocytosed another.

Which of the following would you find in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. endoplasmic reticulum b. membrane-bound organelles c. circular chromosomes d. mitochondria e. nucleic acids

e. nucleic acids

The fine structure of a cell is revealed by

electron microscopy

Advantageous mutations can

increase biological fitness and appear more frequently in the following generations

Arabidopisis is

is a multicellular system that allows for the study of plant specific processes

E.Coli

is a simple system that grows quickly

Mice are

mammals, so they are more close to humans than many other model systems, there are many genetic tools, and their life cycle is short for a mammal

Flies (drosophila) are

multicellular organisms with short life cycles and many genetic tools.

Genomes contain genes and

regulatory regions that control gene expression

Yeast is a ______

simple system eukaryote, which allows for the study of processes involving organelles