Cell Division

what is the difference between stage 1 and 2 cancer and stage 3 or 4?

1 or 2 means cancer has not spread much, 3 or 4 means it has spread more

prophase II

2 cells

top 3 most common new cases and top 3 most common causes of death cancer types?

3 most common cases: breast, prostate, lung and bronchus 3 most common causes of death: lung and bronchus, colon, and pancreas

telophase II and cytokinesis

4 daughter cells that develop into sperm or egg, NOT all identical

how many cases of cancer are estimated to come up every minute? how many deaths due to cancer every minute?

4 new cases and 1 death per minute

how many mutated genes does it normally take for a human cell to become cancerous?

5 or 6

what are HeLa cells and why are they unusual? what is the controversy surrounding them?

Cervical cancer cells that were found in Henrietta Lacks. They are the first immortal human cell line. Scientists put them to work in an ethically problematic way, building careers and fortunes off of her cells without her or her family's consent.

S phase

DNA replicates/doubles

What are the phases of interphase?

G1, S, G2

What is leukemia and how does it affect the body? how is it treated?

cancer that begins in stem cells found in bone marrow. the damaged blood cells will begin to reproduce in the blood and bone marrow until they take up all available space. when the bone marrow can't produce the required amount of cells the blood becomes depleted. the lack of blood cells means that muscles don't get enough oxygen. the reduced number of platelets is not enough to repair wounds and white blood cells impair the immune system. It is treated with chemotherapy or a bone marrow transplant.

malignant

cancerous, invades and spreads to surrounding healthy tissue and can spread via blood and lymph vessels

what are the three ways cancer can spread?

cavity: malignant cells penetrate the covering surfaces of cavities in our body blood: cancerous cells invade blood vessels lymph: when cancer invades the lymph nodes and travels to other parts of the body

G1 phase

cell prepares for DNA replication, grows in size the most during this phase

carcinogen

chemicals that can damage DNA and interfere with a cells normal cycle

Meisosis interphase

chromatids are duplicated forming chromosomes, G1, S, G2

crossing over

chromosomes can switch pieces of the chromosomes and switch genes

prophase

chromosomes coil into chromatids-2 identical strands held together by a centromere, centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell, spindle fibers form, nuclear membrane breaks down, nucleolus disappears

metaphase II

chromosomes line up on equator like mitosis

metaphase

chromosomes line up on the equator, fiber attached to each side

haploid cells

contains 1 set of chromosomes, sex cells, n=23 in humans

diploid cells

contains 2 sets of chromosomes, body cells, 2n=46 in humans

cytokinesis

cytoplasm splits into 2 identical daughter cells with identical DNA

cancer

disorder in which body cells lose the ability to control the cell growth, does not respond to signals that control cell cycle, cancer cells divide uncontrollably

Mitosis

division of body (somatic) cells, 1 parent cell divides into 2 daughter cells with identical DNA

3 types of stem cells

embryonic, adult, and iPS

abiogenesis

formation of blood cells

cancer results from damage to _________ which are segments of DNA, which has _______________

genes, specific instructions

how is cancer caused?

genetic mutations, environmental: sun, smoking, chemical, and radiation

what are new strategies being researched to cure or treat cancer? what are downfalls?

genome sequencing but when tested it had alarming results

xx

girl

chemo effects

hair loss, skin rashes, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weight loss, and pain

frequent divided cells

hair, skin, gut, and blood

who was Hippocrates and why did he name the disease after a crab?

he was an ancient Greek philosopher who was first able to recognize the difference between benign and malignant. he noticed that the swollen blood vessels around malignant tumors reminded him of crab claws

why do cells divide and reproduce?

heal injuries, growth, replace cells that die

metaphase I

homologous pair of chromosomes line up at the equator

anaphase I

homologous pairs split apart, separation of pairs is random

what do you think will happen if cell division is not controlled?

if they develop to fast they will develop a tumor

iPS

induced pluripotent stem cells, adult cells were converted to resemble embryonic stem cells by insertion of a set of genes into the cells, used to replace damaged or diseased tissue

during what three phases are individual chromosomes no longer visible?

interphase, telophase, and cytokinesis

sexual

involved 2 parents and fusion of sex cells, most eukaryotic cells

why isnt there a cure for cancer?

it is a very complex disease and there are a lot of types of cancers. each one grows and spreads differently making it hard to cure all cancers.

what evidence shows that cancer is not a disease of modern civiliation?

its been around since mankind. the oldest cancer was found on an Egyptian papyrus written between 3000-7000 BC

what state is most affected by cancer?

kentucky

what cancer type seems the most and least treatable?

lung cancer and the most treatable is basal and squamous

tumor

mass of cells

whats the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

mitosis: 1 round of division, body cells, asexual, 2 identical daughter cells, chromosome # stays same meiosis: 2 rounds, sex, sexual, 4 daughter cells that aren't identical, chromosome # cut in 1/2

asexual

mostly prokaryotes, bacteria, only 1 parent and they produce an exact copy

adult

multipotent, can produce many different types, but not as many as embryonic and doesn't last as long or grow as fast, may be rejected in transplant therapy, all over your body, if taking stem cells from an organ-only produce that type of cells

how many estimated new cases and deaths in MO?

new cases: 37,000 deaths: 13,000

benign

noncancerous, does not spread to surrounding tissue

telophase I and cytokinesis

one set of chromosomes and 2 daughter cells

cell cycle

period of time from the beginning of one cell division to the next, varies in different tissues and at different times

how is plant and animal mitosis different?

plant mitosis is ipmatc. animal mitosis is pmat. plant cells can't split in half so they form a plate which becomes a cell wall. animal cells can split in half

G2 phase

prepares for division, organelles are replicated, chromatin condenses into chromosomes

apoptosis

process of programmed cell death, plays a role in development of fingers and toes in humans

meiosis

process where reproductive (sex) cells are formed-gametes, chromosome number is divided in 1/2, 2 rounds of cell division

pros and cons of using adult stem cells

pros: able to create various types of cells, led to early stage clinical trials to test usefulness and safety in people, more adaptable

pros and cons of using iPS stem cells

pros: can use reprogrammed cells instead of embryonic stem cells, can prevent immune system rejection of new stem cells cons: might cause adverse effects in humans

pros and cons of using embryonic stem cells

pros: it can become any of the body's cell types, can divide into more stem cells, can be used to regenerate or repair diseased tissue and organs cons: must match the cells that its going to repair, can grow irregularly or specialize in different cell types spontaneously, might trigger an immune response

the cell cycle is controlled by what?

proteins inside and outside the cell

benefits of using stem cells

repairs stroke and brain injuries, spinal cord injuries, heart attacks

prophase I

same as mitosis prophase-nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear, chromosomes from each parent pair up

anaphase

sister chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite sides

anaphase II

sister chromatids are pulled apart like mitosis

why is it important that the cells DNA is duplicated before cell divison?

so the new cell has the same DNA

telophase

spindle fibers disappear, nucleolus and nuclear membrane reappear in each side, chromosomes uncoil into chromatin

proto oncogenes

starts cell division when the body needs to repair or replace tissue

mutagen

substances that can damage DNA and affect it in a negative way

treatments for cancer

surgical removal, chemotherapy, radiation

where does prostate cancer tend to metastasize to?

the bone

what do cells need to do between cell divisions to make sure that a full set of DNA gets passed on to each daughter cell?

the cells need to make another copy of DNA so you have a copy for each cell

where does colon cancer tend to metastasize?

the liver

what do cells need to do between divisions to make sure they don't just get smaller and smaller?

they grow until they can't divide

how is a stem cell different from other cells?

they have a more specific function such as blood cells, heart muscle cells, or bone cells

Interphase

time in between cell divisions-G1, S, G2 phases together: period of growth and replication, DNA in chromatin form

what top 3 for 5 year relative survival? which are the bottom 3?

top three survival: prostate, thyroid, testis bottom three survival: esophagus, liver and intrahepatic bile duct, pancreas

tumor suppressor

turns of cell division when the repairs have been made

how is it possible to get a second form of cancer if you are first diagnosed with another type?

you can get a second form of cancer from some of the effects of treatment or because of hereditary or genetic problems

meiosis I stages

Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase ICytokinesis

homologous chromosomes

a pair of chromosomes that share little bits of eachother

cyclin

a protein that activates cell division when it builds up to a certain level

metastasis

absorbs nutrients from other cells, can prevent organs from working

how are all cancers the same? how can they be different?

all cancers are the same because they all have abnormal cells forming. they are different by how they grow, spread, and respond to treatment

what's the difference between asexual and sexual cells?

asexual: DNA is a circular chromosome, no nucleus, and called binary fission sexual: DNA is chromatin or chromosomes, DNA coils into chromosome so that the DNA can be split easily

what are some examples of asexual cells?

bacterium, hydra, and kalanchoe

why do you sex cells need 1/2 the number of chromosomes as your body cells?

because gametes have 23 chromosomes because sperm and egg fuse together

cells differentiate

become specialized, all start off as stem cells-unspecialized cells

embryonic 2nd

becomes pluripotent-can become any of the bodys cell types, but not placental tissue, can last indefinitely

embryonic 1st

begins as a totipotent, can develop into any type of cells in the body, including an organism and the placental cells, lasts 4 days

human embryos begins as a what?

blastocyst: hollow ball of cells

how do cells know when to divide?

body sends signals, hormones, cell size, and cyclin

xy

boy

In what phase does a cell spend most of its life?

Interphase