Cell Reproduction
females
1 egg and 3 small nonfunctioning polar bodies are formed
telophase 2
4 cells are formed. each with half the chromosome number as the parent cell. each will now become a gamete (meiosis)
interphase
4 chromosomes present. dna replication occurs
males
4 functioning haploid sperm cells are made
decreases
a cells surface area to volume ratio ____ as it grows in size
vegetative propagation
a part of a plant grows into a new plant
crossing over
a process where homologous chromosomes cross over and exchange chromosome parts during meiosis 1
synapsis
a process where homologous chromosomes pair up with each other during prophase 1
independent assortment
a process where homologous pairs of chromosomes can line up on either side of the metaphase plate
spore
a spore is a specialized asexual reproductive cell that contains a nucleus and a small amount of cytoplasm
tetrad
a structure formed from "paired up" homologous chromosomes
diploid
a term used to describe the normal species chromosome number (for organisms with their chromosomes in pairs)
haploid (n)
a term used to descrive a cell with one copy of each type of chromosome
budding
a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops as an outgrowth of the parent
volume
as a cell grow, its surface area doesnt grow as quickly as its ____
invertebrate animals
asexual reproduction is more common in what type of animals?
nucleus, cytoplasm
budding results in equal division of the ______ and unequal division of the ____
kinases
cell division can be regulated by proteins called _____
more cells
cell growth usually involves an organism making ___
metaphase 1
chromosomes line up down the middle of the cell in homologous pairs (meiosis)
metaphase 2
chromosomes line up single file down the middle of the cell (meiosis)
sporulation
formation of spores
anaphase 1
homologous pairs are pulled apart (unpaired) (meiosis)
46
how many chromosomes do humans have in each body cell?
oxygen and nutrients fast enough to meet the needs of its volume
if a cell gets too big, the surface area of its membrane cannot bring ___________
one chromosome from the mom and one from the dad
in each pair humans have,
binary fission, budding, and sporulation
name three types of asexual reproduction
ameba and paramecia
name two organisms that divide by binary fission
artificial vp
occurs as a result of human activities (cuttings and graftings)
natural vp
occurs naturally w/o human interference (tubers, runners, rhizomes, bulbs)
bread mold, mushrooms, mosses, ferns
organisms in which sporulation occurs
yeast and hydra
organisms that reproduce by budding
homologous pairs
pairs of chromosomes (these 46 chromosomes are organized into 23 pairs)
types of traits
pairs of chromosomes contain information for the same ____
gametes
sex cells produced by meiosis
anaphase 2
sister chromatids are pulled apart (meiosis)
they have tough protective coats that enable them to survive unfavorable weather
state one advantage of spore formation
independent assortment and crossing over
the 2 ways the meiosis introduces variety into sex cells
mitosis
the cell will divide when it gets too big through a process called ____
regeneration
the development of a new organism from a part of the parent organism
cells surface area to volume ratio
the size a cell reaches is limited by what
strawberries, onions, potatoes
three plants that reproduce by vp
starfish and lobsters
two animals that reproduce by regeneration
telophase 1
two cells are made (homologous chromosomes have been pulled apart) (meiosis)
prophase 2
two cells are made (meiosis)
cancer
uncontrolled cell growth can result in _____
sex cells
what does meiosis produce?
binary fission
when a unicellular organism divides to form two daughter cells of equal size
asexual reproduction
when one cell divides into two identical daughter cells
prophase 1
when they show up, they are in homologous pairs (meiosis)