Cell structure and Function

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Golgi

found in eukaryotes; modifies lipids, proteins to secrete or send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface

Organelle

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

antibiotic

A chemical that kills bacteria or slows their growth without harming body cells.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

hypertonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution

hypotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution

Endosymbiosis

A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.

prokaryotic cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

cell theory

A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things

Movement across a membrane that requires both energy and a protein is called _______. Movement that requires a protein but not energy is called _______. Question 4 options: Facilitated diffusion, active transport Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion Active transport, simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion Active transport, facilitated diffusion

Active transport, facilitated diffusion is the correct answer.

Which statement is accurate regarding the discovery of penicillin? (Hint: Be sure you read the chapter in the book.) Question 9 options: It was discovered because bacteria were killing off an orange mold. Alexander Fleming was able to produce it in large quantities so that millions of lives were saved. Orange mold produced penicillin but no one understood why. Alexander Fleming noticed that some bacteria could become resistant to the antibiotic when given sub-lethal doses. None of the above.

Alexander Fleming noticed that some bacteria could become resistant to the antibiotic when given sub-lethal doses is the correct answer.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.

Which of the following statements about cell theory is FALSE? Question 6 options: Bacteria are not considered living because they do not possess membrane-bound organelles. All new living cells come from the division of pre-existing cells, so all living cells on Earth are considered related to one another. Viruses are considered to be non-living because they are not made up of cells. Cells are the smallest units of life.

Bacteria are not considered living because they do not possess membrane-bound organelles is the correct answer.

cell

Basic unit of life

Which of the following statements about prokaryotic cells is FALSE? Question 11 options: Prokaryotic cells are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells. All microorganisms are prokaryotic. Prokaryotic ribosomes are structurally distinct from eukaryotic ribosomes. Prokaryotes have mitochondria. Both all microorganisms are prokaryotic and prokaryotes have mitochondria are false.

Both all microorganisms are prokaryotic and prokaryotes have mitochondria are false is the correct answer.

Which of the following organelles are found in both plants and animals? Question 5 options: Chloroplasts Ribosomes Mitochondria Both ribosomes and mitochondria None of the above

Both ribosomes and mitochondria is the correct answer.

Which of the following is not a component shared by all living organisms? Question 10 options: Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Cell wall Both the nucleus and and cell wall are not a component shared by all living organisms.

Both the nucleus and and cell wall are not a component shared by all living organisms is the correct answer.

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Eukaryotic cells

Larger, complex, with nucleus, membrane bound organelles, DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins in chromosomes, cellulose in plant cell walls.

Which of the following organelles is not involved in protein production and/or processing in a eukaryotic cell? Question 3 options: Mitochondria Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus All of the above are involved.

Mitochondria is the correct answer.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Which of the following is most likely to get into cells by simple diffusion? Question 1 options: N2 (non-polar) H2O (polar) Ca2+ (charged) Myoglobin (a protein) None of the above, they all probably require proteins to cross cell membranes.

N2 (non-polar) is the correct answer because small and not having a charge make something more likely to cross cell membranes.

Which of the following types of cells have a cell wall? Question 8 options: Prokaryotic cells Bacterial cells Plant cells Animal cells Prokaryotic cells, bacterial cells, and plant cells have a cell wall.

Prokaryotic cells, bacterial cells, and plant cells have a cell wall is the correct answer.

Movement across a membrane that does not require energy and does not require a protein is called: Question 7 options: Active transport Facilitated diffusion Simple diffusion None of these

Simple diffusion is the correct answer.

What happens when an antibiotic disrupts a bacterial cell wall? Question 2 options: Bacteria don't have cell walls. Nothing; there is still a cell membrane. Ribosomes are shut down. The internal osmotic pressure causes the cell to rupture. Both bacteria don't have cell walls and there is still a cell membrane.

The internal osmotic pressure causes the cell to rupture is the correct answer.

sodium-potassium pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

Chromosomes

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Mitochondrion

bean-shaped organelle that supplies energy to the cell and has its own ribosomes and DNA.

Lysosome

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

Isotonic soultion

concentration of solute molecules are equal inside and outside the cell

Ribosomes

protein synthesis

phosholipid bilayer

two layers of phospholipids are arranged to allow the membrane to exist in a watery environment