Cells to Organisms

Explain how a gene's environment influences the development of multicellular Organisms. Give an example of an environmental factor that can affect the development of a multicellular organism

Genetic factors as well as local conditions affect the growth of an adult plant. The growth of an animal is controlled by genetic factors, food intake, and interactions with other organisms, and each species has a typical adult size range.

Contrast haploid (n) cels and diploid (2n) cells.

Haploid cells contain only one set of Chromosomes (n). Diploid, as the name indicates, contains two sets of chromosomes (2n). Haploid cells are formed by the process of meiosis. Diploid cells undergo mitosis.

List and explain 5 differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Two daughter cells are produced after mitosis, while four daughter cells are produced after meiosis. Daughter cells resulting from mitosis are diploid, while those resulting from meiosis are haploid. Meiosis reproduces germ cells and Mitosis reproduces somatic cells. Meiosis has two genetic separations, and Mitosis has one genetic separation. Meiosis ends up with sister cells, not being identical to each other or the parent cell while Mitosis has two sister cells, being identical to the parent cell.

Describe what happens when cells become cancerous.

When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. Sometimes this orderly process breaks down, and abnormal or damaged cells grow and multiply when they shouldn't. These cells may form tumors, which are lumps of tissue.

What is a gamete?

a reproductive cell of an animal or plant

Name the levels of structural organization from smallest to largest.

Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

What is a tetrad and when does it form during meiosis?

Between prophase I and metaphase I when homologous chromosomes line up together, they form a tetrad. Tetrads consist of two homologous chromosomes, with a total of four sister chromatids held together by a structure named the chiasmata.

Compare and contrast eukaryotic cells (plant & animal) to prokaryotic cells (bacteria).

Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and organelles bound by plasma membranes. Prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles.

Identify and describe the phases of the cell cycle.

M, G1, S, and G2- cell increases in size (G1), copies its DNA ( S), prepares to divide (G2), and divides (M). The stages G1, S, and G2 make up interphase.

Explain the relationship between genes, proteins and differentiation.

Most genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins. Cell differentiation is caused by changes in gene expression

What is the role of the spindle fibers in cell division.

equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells

What is independent assortment and when does it occur during meiosis? What is the importance of independent assortment?

metaphase I the process where the chromosomes move randomly to separate poles during meiosis. responsible for the production of new genetic combinations in the organism

Identify and describe the phases of M phase (mitosis & cytokinesis)

mitosis, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis is the final physical cell division that follows telophase.

What is crossing over and when does it occur during meiosis? What is the importance of crossing over?

pachytene stage, a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up. increase genetic diversity

What are homologous chromosomes?

paired chromosomes with genes for the same traits arranged in the same order

Compare and contrast animal and plant cells.

same: structurally, plant and animal cells are very similar because they are both eukaryotic cells. they both contain cytoplasm, cell membrane, and ribosomes. different: plant cells are larger than animal cells. plant cells also have chlorophyll which have the ability to perform photosynthesis. plant cells have chloroplasts, large vacuoles, and cell walls while animal cells have cili/flagella, lysosomes, and centrioles