Cellular Respiration

How many high-energy phosphate bonds are in ATP, ADP, AMP?

ATP 2 ADP 1 AMP 0

What is the product of this enzyme (ATP synthase), what does this enzyme make?

ATP energy

Products of the ETC enter what enzyme?

ATP synthase

Ketosis

Abnormal rise in the concentration of Ketone bodies in the blood

In the mito. The pyruvate is converted to ?-? and carbon dioxide is released

Acetyl CoA

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions of the body

The products of the Kreb's cycle move to ?-? of which is located in the inner membrane of the mito.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Where do the free fatty acids enter into ATP production?

Enter at Acetyl CoA

What enzyme controls Glycogenolysis pathway?

Glycogen Phosphorylase

What enzyme controls glycogenesis pathway?

Glycogen synthase

Where in the mito. does the Kreb's cycle occur?

In the matrix region

The Acetyl CoA then enters the ?-? and carbon dioxide is released

Kreb Cycle

Under anaerobic conditions happens to the lactic acid?

Lactic acid moves to the liver liver converts lactic acid to glucose by a process called Gluconeogenesis

Can access amino acids be stored as excess proteins?

NO

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

Occurs in the cytoplasm

What are the products of triglyceride degradation?

Occurs in the mito. matrix

Under anaerobic conditions what happens to the pyruvate?

Pyruvate converts to lactic acid

Catabolic rxn

RXN that forms smaller molecules from a larger molecule

Anabolic rxn

RXN that makes a larger molecule from smaller molecules

Glycogenolysis

The conversion of glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate

Gluconeogenesis

The conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules (lactic acid, amino acids, glycerol) into glucose

Glycogenesis

The formation of glycogen from glucose

Ketogenesis

The production of ketone bodies from Acetyl CoA in the mito. of the liver

Lipolysis

The splitting of a triglyceride to glycerol and free fatty acids

Can Ketones be converted back to the Acetyl CoA and used in the production of ATP?

YES, they can!

Are the products the same under both conditions (aerobic and anaerobic)

Yes

Will the pathways that occur in the mito. only occur if oxygen is present?

Yes this only occurs when oxygen is present

Will glycolysis occur in the presence or absence of oxygen?

Yes. It occurs in BOTH the presence OR absence of oxygen

Cori cycle

A cycle in which lactic acid produced by skeletal muscle is transformed to glucose through gluconeogenesis in the liver and return to the muscle cells by way of the blood

Can amino acids and fatty acids be used to produce ATP under anaerobic conditions?

-NO! They produce under aerobic.

Under aerobic conditions what happens to pyruvate?

-Pyruvate from glycolysis moves to mito. -pyruvate converted to Acetyl CoA and CO2

Where can the carbon skeleton of the a.a. enter the production of ATP?

1) Pyruvate 2) Acetyl CoA 3) Intermediates of the Kreb's Cycle

What pathways occur in the mito?

1) pyruvate to acetyl CoA 2) Krebs cycle 3) electron transport chain (ATP)

When does ketosis like occur?

1) starvation 2) unwise dieting (very low carbohydrate diet) 3) diabetes mellitus

Write out the composition of an ATP molecule

1. Adenine base 2. Ribose sugar 3. Three phosphate radicals -last 2 are connected by a high energy phosphate bond -high-energy phosphate bond is indicated as ~

What nutrients may be used to produce ATP?

1. Glucose (carbohydrates) 2. Fatty acids (triglycerides) 3. Amino acids (proteins)

When does the liver produce ketones?

When the rate of lipolysis exceeds the right ofAcetyl CoA utilization the liver will convert some of the excess Acetyl CoA to Ketone Bodies